梯牧草属(Phleum)叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对禾本科梯牧草属及其近缘属共17属35种2变种植物的叶片上下表皮微形态特征进行了研究。结果显示,梯牧草属植物叶片上下表皮脉间长细胞都为长筒形或长菱形,细胞壁平直或弯曲,脉上硅细胞结节形,气孔副卫细胞平行形,脉上刺细胞常见,脉间偶见或缺失,无乳突,无微毛;同时,根据叶表皮微形态性状构建了系统发育树,结果表明梯牧草属与早熟禾族聚为一支,显示其亲缘关系较近,而与燕麦族、剪股颖族和虉草族的亲缘关系则相对较远,因此叶表皮微形态证据支持将梯牧草属置于早熟禾族中。     

中国早熟禾属植物部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对中国早熟禾属20种、6亚种及2变种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行了观察, 以明确叶表皮微形态特征在早熟禾属植物中的分类学意义。结果显示：(1)早熟禾属植物的叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或纺锤形,少数短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲或近平直;脉间具有短细胞或缺如;气孔器多数常见,副卫细胞平行形至低圆屋顶形;脉上具有刺细胞或缺如,脉间刺细胞多为缺如;脉上硅细胞单生或对生,椭圆形、肾形、新月形、近方形、长方形边缘波状弯曲或结节形;部分早熟禾属植物叶下表皮存在冠细胞。(2)早熟禾属植物叶下表皮微形态特征在长细胞的形状及其细胞壁的弯曲与否、短细胞的有无及其形状、气孔器的分布与副卫细胞的形状、刺细胞的分布、脉上硅细胞的形状、冠细胞的有无这些方面存在着一定的差异,可为该属植物种间分类提供参考依据。叶表皮微形态证据支持高原早熟禾、细叶早熟禾作为草地早熟禾亚种的处理意见。     

中国看麦娘属植物颖片与外稃微形态研究

通过扫描电子显微镜对中国看麦娘属7种植物的颖片和外稃微形态进行观察,以明确颖片和外稃微形态特征的系统分类学意义。结果显示:(1)看麦娘属颖片的长细胞为长筒状,细胞壁多为波状弯曲;短细胞为近圆形或肾形;气孔器常见或缺如或稀少;冠细胞密布或者稀少;刺细胞常见或少见;硅细胞的形状多为椭圆形或者近圆形。颖片的不同主要体现在冠细胞和气孔器的有、无及刺细胞的分布。(2)看麦娘属外稃的长细胞长筒状或短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲;短细胞椭圆形或近圆形或近长方形;气孔器常见或无;刺细胞均常见;硅细胞多椭圆形或近圆形或长方形;冠细胞偶见或密布。外稃的不同主要体现在短细胞和气孔器的分布或缺如及硅细胞的不同形状。(3)对看麦娘属的颖片和外稃微形态特征进行聚类分析,看麦娘属植物分成了2个分支,分支Ⅰ由看麦娘、长芒看麦娘和日本看麦娘组成,分支Ⅱ包括苇状看麦娘、大看麦娘、短穗看麦娘和大穗看麦娘;7种植物的颖片和外稃微形态分类检索表依次列出。研究表明,颖片和外稃微形态特征都可以作为看麦娘属植物种间的分类依据,除短穗看麦娘外,颖片和外稃聚类分析的结果与看麦娘属内划分的组一致,颖片和外稃微形态支持短穗看麦娘划入sect.Alopecurus。     

从叶片表皮细胞结构讨论尾稃草属与臂形草属的分合问题

尾稃草属Urochloa Beauv.与臂形草属Brachiaria Griseb.的外部形态很相似,中外禾本科分类学者对这两属分合问题存在不同看法。为此取该两属的国产11种,67份材料作叶片表皮细胞结构的观察研究,共拍摄显微照片22张。 制片方法:参见南京中山植物园研究论文集,1980年版。 两属11种叶片表皮的微形态特征的共性是硅细胞为哑铃形、节结形或十字形,气孔辅卫细胞为圆屋顶形,显示本两属应隶属于黍亚科Panicoideae,黍族Paniceae,雀稗亚族Paspalinae之下。但其脉间细胞结构可分析归纳如下:     

中国看麦娘属植物叶表皮微形态研究

看麦娘属是禾本科早熟禾亚科的重要类群,中国分布有8种。该研究采用光学显微镜和电子扫描电镜,对中国看麦娘属7种植物的叶下表皮(含叶鞘下表皮)微形态特征进行观察并探讨其分类学意义。结果表明：(1)看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮长细胞的形状呈长筒状或短筒状,深波状弯曲的细胞壁,脉间短细胞密布,单生或对生,形状多为新月形或椭圆形,脉区硅细胞为椭圆形,平行形或低圆屋顶形的气孔器,看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮特征高度一致,分类价值不大。(2)看麦娘属植物叶下表皮和叶鞘下表皮的显微结构存在很大不同,看麦娘属植物叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或短筒状或长菱形,平周壁平直或不明显弯曲,脉间区短细胞分布或无,脉区刺毛密布,脉间区有或无刺细胞的分布,平行形的气孔器,脉区分布的硅细胞多为长方形边缘呈波状弯曲。看麦娘属植物叶下表皮的不同主要体现在脉间区长细胞的形状及平周壁的弯曲与否,脉间区短细胞出现或无,脉间区刺细胞的分布数量以及气孔器的列数。7种植物的叶表皮微形态的分类检索表据此列出。依据叶表皮微形态划分的组与根据外部特征划分的组并不完全一致。但是,由于该文仅研究了7种,叶表皮微形态对于看麦娘属的分类意义还需要更深入的研究。     

中国剪股颖属部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

用光学显微镜对中国剪股颖属植物14种及1变种叶下表皮微形态特征进行了研究.结果显示:(1)剪股颖属植物叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒形,副卫细胞为平行形,脉上常见刺细胞,脉间有刺细胞或无或偶见,脉间具有短细胞或缺如;脉上硅细胞大多为结节形.(2)种间叶表皮的差异主要表现在脉间长细胞的形状及细胞壁的平直与否,气孔器分布的列数,脉间短细胞的有无,脉间刺细胞的有无,表明叶下表皮的差异可以作为种间的分类依据.(3)叶下表皮微形态的证据不支持山东剪股颖(Agrostis shandongensis F.Z.Li)作为玉山剪股颖(A.infirma Büse.)的异名处理,支持山东剪股颖和昆嵛山剪股颖(A.transmorrisonensis Hayata var.kunyushanensis F.Z.Li)的成立.并对昆嵛山剪股颖重新命名为[A.sozanensis Hayata var.kunyushanensis(F.Z.Li)F.Z.Li & C.M.Xu].     

基于trnL-F序列探讨菵草植物的系统位置

以淡竹为外类群,用PAUP4.0b10软件采用最大简约法对菵草及其近缘植物的叶绿体trnL-F序列进行了系统发育分析,结果表明:(1)菵草和看麦娘聚成一小支,自展支持率为91%,说明两者之间亲缘关系较近。(2)菵草、看麦娘以及梯牧草与早熟禾族的早熟禾属、碱茅、硬草等聚合为一分支,得到了较高的支持率,而燕麦族的剪股颖属、拂子茅属、野青茅和棒头草组成另一分支,自展支持率为99%,分子证据支持菵草、看麦娘、梯牧草并入早熟禾族。因此,早熟禾族和燕麦族的范围需要重新界定。     

基于trnL—F序列探讨茼草植物的系统位置

以淡竹为外类群,用PAUP4．0b10软件采用最大简约法对蔺草及其近缘植物的叶绿体trnL-F序列进行了系统发育分析,结果表明：（1）蔺草和看麦娘聚成一小支,自展支持率为91％,说明两者之间亲缘关系较近。（2）蔺草、看麦娘以及梯牧草与早熟禾族的早熟禾属、碱茅、硬草等聚合为一分支,得到了较高的支持率,而燕麦族的剪股颖属、拂子茅属、野青茅和棒头草组成另一分支,自展支持率为99％,分子证据支持蔺草、看麦娘、梯牧草并入早熟禾族。因此,早熟禾族和燕麦族的范围需要重新界定。     

山东莎草属叶表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜对山东莎草属14个种和1个亚种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行研究,结果表明:脉间区长细胞为长筒形、短筒形,少数为近方形,边缘为波状、深波状;无短细胞存在;气孔器副卫细胞为三角形、圆屋顶形至三角形、高圆屋顶形和圆屋顶形;乳突存在于脉区长细胞上;刺毛仅存在于个别种中。根据脉区刺毛的有无,结合外部形态,可以分为有刺毛类型和无刺毛2个类型及4个亚类型。莎草属叶下表皮微形态特征高度一致,表明莎草属是一个自然类群,但在种间存在着一定的差异,可以为种的划分提供参考依据。     

禾本科广义拂子茅属的叶表皮形态研究

禾本科广义拂子茅属Calamagrostis Adans. s.l.是广布于全球温带和热带亚热带高山的一个大属, 常分为拂子茅属Calamagrostis Adans. s.s.和野青茅属Deyeuxia Beauv.。对国产5种拂子茅属和26种、1变种野青茅属植物在光镜下进行了叶表皮特征的观察。发现广义拂子茅属植物的叶表皮特征为典型的狐茅型, 很多结构在种间有丰富的变异式样, 如脉间长细胞形状、大小和细胞壁的厚度与弯曲程度, 短细胞形状和分布式样, 硅质体形状和分布式样, 气孔形状和分布式样, 以及刺毛形态和分布式样等。在国产种类中首次发现微乳突结构, 在很多种类中发现刺毛硅质化现象。用UPGMA对15个叶表皮性状进行分析, 结果分为两大支: 具加厚的长细胞、密集分布的短细胞和(或)刺毛以及刺毛硅质化的种类聚为一支; 具薄壁的长细胞、较稀疏的短细胞和(或)刺毛以及刺毛不发生硅质化的种类聚为另一支。这种分异与广义拂子茅属的属下系统相关性不大, 但与种的海拔分布有关。前一支的种类大多生长于高海拔(2600 m以上)地区, 而后一支的种类则大多生长在低海拔(2600 m以下)地区。     

A phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation inPoaceae subfam.Pooideae

A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in 34 genera of grasses (familyPoaceae), including 28 genera from subfam.Pooideae (representing tribesAveneae, Brachypodieae, Bromeae, Meliceae, Poeae, Stipeae, andTriticeae) and representatives of three other subfamilies,Arundinoideae, Oryzoideae, andPanicoideae. Analyses of all 34 genera always distinguishedPooideae as monophyletic, regardless of which nonpooid genus functioned as outgroup; six separate analyses of all 28 pooid genera, each including one of the six nonpooid genera as outgroup, resolved five identically-constituted clades withinPooideae (in four cases), or (in the other two cases) yielded results that were less well resolved, but not in conflict with those of the other four analyses. The four best-resolved analyses distinguishedMeliceae as the earliest diverging lineage withinPooideae, andStipeae as the next. Above the point of divergence ofStipeae is a dichotomy between supertribeTriticodae (including tribesBrachypodieae, Bromeae, andTriticeae), and a clade comprisingPoeae andAveneae. The analysis supports some tribal realignments, specifically the assignment ofBriza, Chascolytrum, Microbriza, andTorreyochloa toAveneae, andArctagrostis, Catabrosa, andSesleria toPoeae. The analysis also suggests that the pooid spikelet (i.e., glumes shorter than lemmas and florets two or more) is plesiomorphic inPooideae, and that spikelets with one floret, and those with glumes longer than the first lemma, each have evolved more than once withinPooideae. Results also indicate that small chromosomes and chromosome numbers based on x=c. 10–12 are plesiomorphic withinPooideae. Alternative states of these characters (chromosomes large, chromosome numbers based on x=7) are interpreted as synapomorphies or parallelisms of clades that includeTriticodae, Aveneae, andPoeae. Lanceolate lodicule shape may be a synapomorphy of the clade that includesStipeae, Triticodae, Aveneae, andPoeae, and loss of lodicule vascularization a synapomorphy of the entirePooideae.     

Silicon Deposition in the Roots, Culm and Leaf of Phalaris canariensis L

Silicon deposition in the roots, culm and leaf of canary grass(Phalaris canariensis L.) was investigated using light microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. In adventitious roots grown in solution silicon was concentratedin four endodermal walls. Silicon was not detected in the endodermisof aerial adventitious roots, but was present in the epidermisand outer cortical cell layers. Silicon deposition in the culm mainly took place in the epidermis,and particularly in epidermal papillae. The silica deposition pattern in the leaf was typical of thesub-group Festucoideae. The leaf blade showed deposits in costalprickle hairs and wavy rods, but few intercostal deposits. Inthe ligule deposition was confined to isolated groups of pricklehairs on the abaxial surface. The major sites of silica depositionin the leaf sheath were the stomatal subsidiary cells, papillaeand intercostal idioblasts. Prickle hairs were much less commonin the sheath than the blade, and costal wavy rods appearedto be absent in the sheath. Phalaris canariensis L., canary grass, silicification, root, culm, leaf, electron probe microanalysis     

Comparative morphometry as a diagnostic tool applied to species delimitation in the genus Gastridium P. Beauv. (Poaceae)

Based on critical examination of both fresh and dried specimens and a morphometric analysis of herbarium specimens we performed a comparative study of the three closely related Gastridium (Poaceae, Tribe: Poeae, Subtribe: Agrostidinae) species G. ventricosum, G. phleoides and G. scabrum collected in Italy. The study aimed to provide new diagnostic tools to improve the taxonomy of the genus and confirm species delimitation. Variation in floral morphology in the three species was explored using seven quantitative and ten qualitative characters measured on 318 spikelets, both awned and unawned. Statistical methods, including principal components analysis (PCA) and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), were used. Numerical analyses showed a general distinctness of spikelets and florets, consistent with the three studied species, and revealed among and within species variation patterns in both spikelet types. Accordingly, the most informative quantitative characters appeared to be the width and length of glumes and the length of awns, useful to distinguish G. phleoides which has the narrowest glumes and longer awns than the other species, while G. scabrum has the widest glumes. The most informative qualitative characters appeared to be the presence/absence of thick hairs or minute tubercles on the upper side of the lemma. The autonomy of the three studied species was confirmed. The taxonomic significance of the results is briefly discussed, and notes on the species distribution are included. Some nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on G. scabrum, of which literature still showed evidence of a general unawareness, are provided.     

Micromorphological studies on Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran with emphasis on seed surface, capsule ornamentation and trichomes

Seed micromorphology in 22 species, capsule surface in 28 species and capsule hairs in 20 species of genus Verbascum distributed in Iran were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The seed surface is ridged or alveolate among the studied species. Depth and density of the alveoli or ridges, size of polygonal cells along with arrangement of vesicles on the walls separating the polygonal cells on the seed surface seem to be species-specific in Verbascum. The capsule surface is striate, distinctly or indistinctly, or even smooth in Verbascum. The capsules are rarely glabrous (in V. orientale and V. intricatum), densely covered by branched hairs, or loosely by glandular hairs, depending on species. From the results of this study it is obvious that no correlation exists between the studied species concerning the micromorphological aspects studied here.     

Trichome morphology provides phylogenetically informative characters for Tremandra, Platytheca and Tetratheca (former Tremandraceae)

Summary Trichomes of Tremandra R.Br. ex DC., Platytheca Steetz and Tetratheca Sm. (Elaeocarpaceae, former Tremandraceae), together with two outgroup species of Elaeocarpus L., are illustrated using scanning electron microscopy, and their distribution on various plant organs is documented. Various trichomes types were identified that relate taxa: simple hairs, stellate hairs, short glandular trichomes, long glandular trichomes, and three forms of tubercules. Both outgroup and ingroup taxa have simple hairs. Stellate hairs are confirmed as unique to Tremandra. Prominent and sculptured multicelled tubercules, some bearing a stout hair, are characteristic of Platytheca. Smaller multicelled tubercules occur in both Platytheca and Tetratheca, except for the Western Australian taxon Te. filiformis Benth. (possibly plesiomorphic). Unicellular tubercules (papilla) characterise two species of Tetratheca. Short glandular trichomes, usually found on the ovary, also occur in both of these genera but not in all species (possibly secondary losses), while long glandular trichomes, usually on stems and leaves, occur only in some groups of Tetratheca. Within Tetratheca, Western Australian taxa that have five-merous flowers fall into three ‘groups’: seven species (together with one from South Australia) that have short glandular trichomes but no long glandular trichomes; six species that have long glandular trichomes but no short glandular trichomes; and four species that have both trichome types. All other species of Tetratheca have four-merous flowers and form two ‘groups’: 12 eastern species (including one from South Australia) that have both short glandular trichomes and long glandular trichomes; 4 western species and six eastern species that lack short glandular trichomes. On the basis of these characters, a phylogenetic hypothesis for the three genera is presented.     

来宾赤车, 广西荨麻科一新种

描述了自广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3～4枚花被片,其中1～2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。     

Micromorphology of the leaf epidermis in taxa of the Agropyron-Elymus complex (Poaceae)

WEBB, M. E. & ALMEIDA, M. T., 1990. Micromorphology of the leaf epidermis in taxa of the Agropyron-Elymus complex (Poaceae). A comparative analysis by scanning electron microscopy was carried out on both leaf epidermes (adaxial and abaxial) of Elymus pychnanthus (Godr.) Meld, and Agropyron glaucum Roemer & Schultes.
The adaxial epidermes of E.pychnanthus and A. glaucum are similar in the position and the shape of the long cells, silica bodies and costal and papillate prickles. They differ in the higher number of silica cells in E. pychnanthus and in the presence of intercostal hooks in A. glaucum.
The abaxial epidermes of both species are similar in the shape of interstomatal cells, silica bodies and papillate prickles. They differ in the distribution of the stomata and in the contact zones of the long cells. Elymus pychnanthus and A. glaucum differ also in the trichomes situated along the margins of the leaf blade.
These micromorphological differences, especially those of the abaxial epidermis, are useful taxonomic features.     

新疆委陵菜属不同花柱组植物叶表皮微形态结构的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,观察了新疆委陵菜属5组不同花柱组10种4变种植物叶表皮的微形态特征,测量统计叶表皮毛的类型、表皮细胞的形状及大小、气孔器的分布及类型、气孔的形状、大小、密度及指数、气孔外拱盖形态及其纹饰等指标。结果显示:新疆委陵菜属10种4变种植物叶的下表皮均有气孔器的分布,形状为长椭圆形、椭圆形、宽椭圆形和近圆形;气孔器的类型多为无规则四细胞型、无规则型、围绕型和辐射型;表皮毛的类型为针状毛、带状柔毛和腺毛;表皮细胞的形状分为不规则形和多边形2种类型。研究表明,新疆委陵菜属植物表皮毛特征、叶片表皮细胞的形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器的形状类型、气孔密度指数及外围蜡质纹饰等存在差异,对属以下等级的划分有重要价值,可作为物种分类及鉴别的依据,同时也为本属一些分类群间的系统关系的探讨提供佐证。