土壤干旱胁迫对沙棘叶片光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

在半干旱黄土丘陵区,采用盆栽控水试验,通过测定3年生沙棘苗木在8个土壤水分梯度下的光合速率、叶绿素荧光、抗氧化酶活性等光合生理生化指标,探讨沙棘叶片光合作用在土壤干旱逐渐加重过程中的变化过程、机制及其与土壤水分的定量关系.结果表明:(1)土壤相对含水量(RWC)在38.9％-70.5％范围内,随干旱胁迫加重,沙棘的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)明显下降,而气孔限制值(Ls)显著上升,即Pn下降主要是由气孔限制造成的;当RWC＜38.9％时,干旱胁迫继续加剧,Pn和Ls都降低,而Ci显著上升,即Pn下降的主要原因已经转变为非气孔因素的限制.(2)土壤适度水分胁迫能够提高沙棘叶片的水分利用效率(WUE),维持沙棘Pn和WUE处于较高水平的RWC范围为58.6％-82.9％和48.3％-70.5％.(3)土壤干旱加重过程中,沙棘的最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ,光化学猝灭(qP)均表现出逐渐降低的趋势,而初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)则表现出先上升后下降的趋势;RWC在38.9％-70.5％的范围内,热耗散是沙棘重要光保护机制;RWC＜38.9％时,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻.(4)土壤干旱加重过程中,沙棘叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现出先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量则表现出逐级递增趋势;土壤干旱程度在RWC为48.3％-70.5％时,对沙棘叶片的抗氧化酶系统活性有诱导作用;而土壤干旱到严重胁迫(RWC＜38.9％)时,沙棘叶片的抗氧化酶系统损伤,抗氧化酶活性下降,细胞膜遭到破坏.土壤干旱程度在RWC为48.3％-70.5％时,沙棘叶片可以通过热耗散和酶活性调节协同作用,稳定光合机构的正常功能,Pn下降的主要原因是气孔限制;而干旱到严重胁迫(RWC＜38.9％)时,PSⅡ系统和抗氧化酶系统损伤,是光合作用发生非气孔限制的主要原因.在半干旱黄土丘陵区,沙棘生长所允许的最大土壤水分亏缺在RWC为38.9％,维持沙棘具有较高WUE和Pn的土壤水分阈值为RWC在58.6％-70.5％之间.     

野生酸枣光合及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为探究鲁中地区自然条件下野生酸枣光合生理参数对土壤逐渐干旱的响应机制,明确其与土壤水分的定量关系。该研究以2年生野生酸枣盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工给水和自然耗水相结合法模拟自然条件下土壤干旱过程,分析野生酸枣叶片光合作用和荧光参数对土壤水分含量(RWC)的响应过程及其机制。结果表明:(1)野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均随着土壤含水量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。当RWC38.5%时,P_n下降,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)上升,气孔限制值(L_s)下降,叶片光合速率下降主要是非气孔限制因素所致;当RWC在38.5%~65.1%范围内,野生酸枣P_n下降,伴随C_i、气孔导度(G_s)均降低,野生酸枣叶片光合速率下降处于气孔限制阶段。(2)通过P_n和WUE对土壤水分的阈值模拟,发现维持野生酸枣叶片具有较高光合生产力的土壤水分范围为46.0%~0.5%,维持其较高水分利用效率的水分范围为56.3%~73.9%。(3)在土壤逐渐干旱过程中(RWC范围为29.9%~86.5%),野生酸枣最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)逐渐降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,光化学猝灭(qP)先升高再降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在过高(RWC83.7%)或过低(RWC38.5%)的土壤水分下呈现较高值,表现出热耗散增加。研究认为,野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分均具有明显的阈值响应,阈值点的土壤相对含水量大约为38.5%,低于阈值时叶片光合速率由气孔限制转向非气孔限制,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻,光合机构受到破坏。     

黄土丘陵区土壤水分对黄刺玫叶片光响应特征参数的影响

在半干旱黄土丘陵区,以3年生黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina L.)植株为材料采用盆栽控水试验,利用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用测定系统在8个土壤水分含量下测定了黄刺玫叶片的光响应过程。探讨了黄刺玫光合生理参数与土壤水分的定量关系及土壤水分效应等级划分问题。结果表明:黄刺玫的净光合速率(P_n)、光合量子效率(Φ)、水分利用效率(WUE)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)和蒸腾速率(T_r)对土壤水分都具有明显阈值响应特征。土壤相对含水量(RWC)在36.2%—81.2%范围内,黄刺玫在强光下的P_n和WUE水平较高,光合作用不会发生明显的光抑制。RWC为66.5%左右时,Φ与P_n达到最高水平,表现出较强的光能利用潜力;RWC为81.2%为时,T_r达最大值,RWC为44.5%时,WUE为最大值。依据黄刺玫叶片P_n、C_i、T_r和WUE与土壤水分的定量关系确定RWC在低于36.2%时为"低产低效"等级,在36.2%—44.5%之间为"低产高效"等级,44.5%—66.5%为"高产高效"等级,66.5%—81.2%为"高产中效"等级,在高于81.2%时为"低产低效"等级。     

珙桐苗木叶片光合特性对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

通过控制土壤含水量,研究了土壤干旱胁迫对2年生珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)幼苗叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨珙桐光合作用对土壤干旱胁迫的响应机理.结果表明,干旱胁迫后,珙桐叶片失水脱落,各干旱胁迫处理叶面积比对照显著降低23%～98%,但单位面积的叶绿素含量却无显著变化;干旱处理的珙桐幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)显著低于对照(P<0.05);干旱胁迫对珙桐幼苗叶片的初始荧光产量(F0)及最大荧光产量(Fm)没有产生显著影响,却显著降低了PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP),使非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著升高(P<0.05).研究发现,土壤水分亏缺对珙桐叶片的光合系统造成了不可逆的伤害,严重抑制了其正常的光合作用和生长发育;珙桐幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫极为敏感.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺对50mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗植株生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数(PSⅡ光化学效率)的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了黄瓜植株生长量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)(P<0.05),但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)、有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)、非光化学淬灭(qN)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著影响(P>0.05);外源亚精胺显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜植株生长量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度,增加了ФPSⅡ、qP、Fv′/Fm′,降低了qN(P<0.05);外源亚精胺对Fv/Fm影响不显著(P>0.05)。外源施加亚精胺可增强盐胁迫下黄瓜植株的光合能力,主要是由于减弱了盐胁迫对植株的气孔限制,但对PSⅡ实际光化学效率影响较小,且叶面喷施比根施处理对改善盐胁迫下植株的生长和光合作用更有效。     

干旱胁迫对丹参叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究了干旱处理15d后,大叶型丹参和小叶型丹参2个品种幼苗气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在干旱胁迫15d后,大叶型丹参叶片净光合速率(Pn)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)分别下降了66.42%和10.98%,而小叶型丹参的Pn和Fv/Fm分别下降了29.32%和5.47%,干旱胁迫对大叶型丹参Pn和Fv/Fm的影响明显大于小叶型丹参.小叶型丹参Pn下降主要由气孔因素造成,而大叶型则主要由非气孔因素所致.干旱胁迫使丹参叶片的气孔导度(Gs)下降,但明显诱导了水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和光呼吸速率与净光合速率比率(Pr/Pn)的增加,以提高干旱胁迫抗性.其中小叶型丹参的增幅明显大于大叶型丹参.表明小叶型丹参的抗干旱胁迫能力更强.     

模拟酸雨对龙眼叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响（英文）

 研究了模拟酸雨对龙眼(Dimorcarpus longana)叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数的影响,结果表明：酸雨胁迫抑制龙眼光合作用,受胁迫叶片光补偿点上升。pH 3.0的酸雨处理6 h后叶片气体交换和叶绿素a荧光参数下降,停止处理后72 h可以恢复。pH 2.5的酸雨处理6 h后净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(Cs)、蒸腾速率（Tr）,叶绿素a荧光参数Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、PSII非环式电子传递的量子产量（ΦPSⅡ）、荧光下降比值（Rfd）、非光化学猝灭系数（qN）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）急剧下降,停     

土壤极端干旱对金银花光合生理生化特性的影响

为探索金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)光合作用对土壤逐渐干旱的响应过程及其与土壤水分的定量关系,以沂蒙山区3年生金银花苗木为试验材料,测定分析其叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光及抗氧化酶活性等对土壤水分的响应特征,为进一步研究金银花光合效率响应"极端干旱水分阈值-阈值持续-复水恢复"的机制提供依据。结果显示:(1)当29.7%≤土壤相对含水量(RSWC)≤79.6%时,随着RSWC的降低,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)逐渐减小,Pn降低的主要原因是气孔限制;而其非光化学猝灭(NPQ)及抗氧化酶活性逐渐增大,表明金银花叶片主要通过热耗散消除掉PSⅡ过多激发能,同时抗氧化酶活性提高,清除了细胞内过多的活性氧。(2)当11.4%≤RSWC≤29.7%时,金银花叶片Pn降低伴随着Ci增大和Ls减小,Pn降低的主要限制因素转变为非气孔因素,同时其PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递效率(ETR)、光化学猝灭(qP)及NPQ显著降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著增大,表明此水分范围内PSⅡ遭到破坏,光合电子传递受到抑制;且叶片抗氧化酶活性显著降低,而丙二醛含量显著增大,导致活性氧过量积累,膜系统受到严重破坏。(3)当RSWC为11.4%时,叶片Pn接近0,植物发生萎蔫,光合机构受损伤程度最大。研究表明,金银花光合作用由气孔因素限制向非气孔因素限制转折的水分点(RSWCSL-NSL)、Pn≈0的水分点(RSWCPn≈0)以及植物叶片萎蔫水分点(RSWCwilting)分别为29.7%、11.4%和11.4%。     

干旱胁迫对金花茶幼苗光合生理特性的影响

以金花茶一年生实生苗为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同水分处理(CK、T1、T2、T3,土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的85%~90%、65%~70%、50%~55%、35%~40%)对金花茶幼苗光合生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)在重度干旱胁迫(T3处理)下,金花茶植株都因干旱而死亡,表明金花茶幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受极限为田间持水量的50%~55%(土壤含水量为15.04%~16.54%)。(2)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,金花茶幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)和PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)均显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)无显著变化,干旱胁迫下金花茶光合速率降低的主要原因是由非气孔因素所致。(3)与CK相比,T1处理下叶片初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著变化,而T2处理下F0、MDA含量显著升高,Fm、Fv/Fm显著降低;T1处理下金花茶的PSⅡ反应中心还未受到伤害,而T2处理下其光合机构发生了不可逆的破坏。(4)叶片叶绿素总量(Chl)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Chl a/Chl b、Car/Chl、叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫的增强而降低,脯氨酸(Pro)含量随干旱胁迫的加剧呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。研究表明,金花茶对干旱胁迫极为敏感,水分稍有亏缺,便会明显抑制其光合作用;金花茶不耐干旱的生理特性可能是限制其种群扩散的一个重要原因。     

干旱胁迫对吉首蒲儿根光合机构的影响

为了探讨干旱胁迫对吉首蒲儿根光合机构的影响,通过大棚盆栽实验于7月测量了阴生环境中吉首蒲儿根的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、净光合速率(Pn)等光合作用气体交换参数及初始荧光(F0)等叶绿素荧光参数在土壤自然干旱过程中的变化。结果显示:(1)随着干旱处理时间的延长,吉首蒲儿根叶片相对含水量持续下降;于干旱处理第12天时,叶片相对含水量低于15%,且吉首蒲儿根植株已经死亡。(2)自然干旱处理下,吉首蒲儿根叶片Pn、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)大幅降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加或与对照接近;非气孔因素是导致其Pn下降的主要原因。(3)停止灌水第9~12天时,吉首蒲儿根叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光量子效率[Y(Ⅱ)]显著降低,PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散[Y(NO)]显著增加,PSⅡ已损伤严重,叶片吸收的光能逐渐向非光化学途径分配增加。研究表明,在夏秋高温季节,吉首蒲儿根对土壤干旱较为敏感,其PSⅡ受到了一定的伤害,光能分配发生改变,严重影响其光合作用和生长发育,这可能是其分布受到限制的重要原因。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.