土壤养分变化对鄱阳湖湿地植物叶片氮磷及其化学计量关系的影响

在鄱阳湖湿地典型分布区采集常见植物的叶片与根际土壤样品,以探讨土壤养分变化对湿地植物叶片氮磷含量及其化学计量关系的影响。结果表明:鄱阳湖湿地植物叶N含量变化范围为4.98~52.29 g·kg~(-1),平均值为(21.71±8.99) g·kg~(-1);叶P含量波动范围为0.44~3.02 g·kg~(-1),平均值为(1.38±0.53) g·kg~(-1); N∶P平均值为(17.19±8.23);叶片N、P含量受土壤P含量的影响显著,对土壤P含量的变化较N更敏感;叶片N∶P化学计量关系具有稳定性特征,不随土壤N、P养分变化而产生显著差异,且叶片N-P线性关系在不同土壤养分环境下没有发生策略位移现象。     

黄土高原刺槐叶片-土壤生态化学计量参数对降雨量的响应特征

以黄土高原10个典型样点的20年刺槐人工林为研究对象,测定了样地中刺槐叶片碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量,以及0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤的主要理化指标,探讨了黄土高原刺槐叶片-土壤生态化学计量特征参数随水分梯度的变化规律。研究结果发现：①随着降水量增加,刺槐叶C、N含量呈增加趋势,叶片P含量无一致性规律。② 0-10 cm土层中土壤SOC、TN、TP、铵态氮含量以及C ∶ P和N ∶ P均随降雨量增加呈逐渐增加趋势,而C ∶ N比变化不明显。③刺槐叶片C、N、P及其化学计量比与土壤化学计量比相关性较弱,但叶片N、P与土壤铵态氮、速效磷等速效养分含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。本研究叶片N ∶ P>16,说明黄土高原刺槐生长主要受P元素限制,且随着降水的增加,土壤P养分的限制加强。     

野生酸枣光合及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为探究鲁中地区自然条件下野生酸枣光合生理参数对土壤逐渐干旱的响应机制,明确其与土壤水分的定量关系。该研究以2年生野生酸枣盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工给水和自然耗水相结合法模拟自然条件下土壤干旱过程,分析野生酸枣叶片光合作用和荧光参数对土壤水分含量(RWC)的响应过程及其机制。结果表明:(1)野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均随着土壤含水量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。当RWC38.5%时,P_n下降,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)上升,气孔限制值(L_s)下降,叶片光合速率下降主要是非气孔限制因素所致;当RWC在38.5%~65.1%范围内,野生酸枣P_n下降,伴随C_i、气孔导度(G_s)均降低,野生酸枣叶片光合速率下降处于气孔限制阶段。(2)通过P_n和WUE对土壤水分的阈值模拟,发现维持野生酸枣叶片具有较高光合生产力的土壤水分范围为46.0%~0.5%,维持其较高水分利用效率的水分范围为56.3%~73.9%。(3)在土壤逐渐干旱过程中(RWC范围为29.9%~86.5%),野生酸枣最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)逐渐降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,光化学猝灭(qP)先升高再降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在过高(RWC83.7%)或过低(RWC38.5%)的土壤水分下呈现较高值,表现出热耗散增加。研究认为,野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分均具有明显的阈值响应,阈值点的土壤相对含水量大约为38.5%,低于阈值时叶片光合速率由气孔限制转向非气孔限制,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻,光合机构受到破坏。     

长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征

探讨外源养分的输入对土壤系统内碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响,对于深刻认识农田土壤有机碳(C)和养分循环及其相互作用过程具有重要意义。以26年的农田长期定位施肥试验为平台,分析长期不同施肥条件下土壤、有机态及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量学特征,并根据内稳性模型y=c x~(1/H)计算其化学计量内稳性指数H。结果表明:与长期撂荒处理(CK_0)相比,种植作物条件下26年化肥配施有机肥处理(MNPK和1.5MNPK)显著降低微生物生物量氮含量,但显著提高了微生物生物量磷的含量。相对于撂荒处理,即使长期配施化肥磷处理(NP、PK、NPK),其土壤有机磷降低显著。对于C∶N比而言,化肥配施有机物料处理(秸秆或有机肥)的土壤C∶N比、有机质C∶N及微生物生物量C∶N比均显著低于化肥处理(N、NP、PK和NPK)。对于C∶P比而言,相对于撂荒处理,26年施用磷肥(化肥磷或有机磷)显著降低了土壤C∶P比和微生物生物量C∶P比,而CK和偏施化肥处理(N、NP和PK)显著降低了土壤有机质C∶P比。对于土壤N∶P比而言,撂荒处理土壤N∶P比显著高于其他处理,而撂荒处理土壤有机质N∶P比显著高于CK和化肥处理,表明不施肥或化肥条件下作物种植加剧了土壤有机质中氮素的消耗。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比的内稳性指数H分别为0.24、0.75、0.64,不具有内稳性特征。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比呈显著正相关关系,但与土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比之间无显著相关性。表明土壤碳、氮、磷元素的改变会直接导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷化学计量比的改变,但微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比对土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比无显著影响,土壤有机质的碳氮磷计量比可能更多是受到作物和施肥等养分管理措施的影响。     

控释肥对菊花叶片叶绿素荧光特性及观赏品质的影响

以切花菊品种‘白马’为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了控释肥对菊花叶片叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素和养分含量及观赏品质的影响.结果表明:未施肥处理(对照)的菊花叶片PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)与施肥处理相比显著下降;两种普通复合肥CCFA(N∶P∶K=20∶8∶10)和CCFB(N∶P∶K=14∶14∶14)处理的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ在前期(30~60 d)比两个控释肥CRFA(N∶P∶K=20∶8∶10)和CRFB(N∶P∶K=14∶14∶14)处理有所增高,但在中后期(75~120 d)比两个控释肥处理显著下降.CRFA处理的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和光化学猝灭系数(qP)比CRFB处理有所增高.两种控释肥处理的非化学猝灭系数(NPQ)与对照和两种普通复合肥处理相比显著下降.各处理叶绿素含量变化规律与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ基本一致.切花采收期CRFA和CRFB处理的叶片N、P、K含量以及花梗长、花梗粗、花径、花鲜质量和干质量均高于CCFA、CCFB和对照,而且CRFA处理的花鲜质量和干质量比CRFB处理显著增高.表明控释肥可以通过提...     

盐胁迫对‘鄞红’葡萄光合特性及叶片细胞结构的影响

采用水培法,研究了不同浓度(0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)Na Cl处理对1年生‘鄞红’葡萄幼苗生长、光合特性及叶片细胞结构的影响,为盐碱地‘鄞红’葡萄的栽培提供参考。结果表明:低浓度盐分(Na Cl≤0.4%)对葡萄生长、叶绿素含量、叶片细胞结构、气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光参数影响不显著。随着盐浓度增大,葡萄生长受到抑制,叶片表皮层、栅栏组织、海绵组织变厚,海绵组织和栅栏组织细胞间隙变大,栅栏组织细胞叶绿体肿胀,内含淀粉粒和嗜锇颗粒变大且增多;同时,叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光化学电子传递效率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数q P以及栅栏组织/海绵组织比逐渐下降,非光化学猝灭系数q N逐渐上升;尤其在0.8%Na Cl浓度胁迫下,葡萄生长、叶绿素含量、叶片细胞结构、气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光参数均发生显著性变化。由此表明,‘鄞红’葡萄能在较低含盐量(Na Cl≤0.4%)的基质中正常生长。     

降水量及N添加对荒漠草原植物和土壤微生物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征的影响

基于2017年在宁夏荒漠草原设立的降水量(减少50%、减少30%、自然降水、增加30%以及增加50%)和N添加(0和5 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))野外试验,研究了植物和土壤微生物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征,分析二者与土壤C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征及其他土壤因子的关系,以探讨降水格局改变和大气N沉降增加下荒漠草原植物和土壤微生物C∶N∶P平衡特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)减少降水量对荒漠草原植物和土壤微生物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征的影响较小,反映了二者对短期干旱的适应性;增加降水量降低了植物和土壤微生物生物量N和P含量,不同程度地提高了C∶N和C∶P,但其影响程度与N添加有关。(2)增减降水量条件下, N添加对植物生态化学计量特征影响较小,但对土壤微生物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响较大,尤其在增加降水量条件下表现得更明显,意味着降水激发了N添加效应。(3)植物全N含量、N∶P以及土壤微生物生物量N含量的内稳性较低,可较好地反映土壤N供给水平以及N、P受限类型。(4)与植物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征关系较强的土壤因子为速效P含量、磷酸酶活性、电导率、C∶P和有机C含量,与土壤微生物C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征关系较强的土壤因子有电导率、含水量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性,表明植物和土壤微生物C∶N∶P平衡特征主要受其他土壤因子的调控,而非土壤元素平衡关系。     

盐胁迫对鸡爪槭幼苗生长及其叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以鸡爪槭幼苗为材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了不同盐浓度[0.042%(对照)、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%]对鸡爪槭幼苗生长的伤害和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果显示:当土壤NaCl含量为0.2%、0.4%和0.6%时,鸡爪槭幼苗分别表现为轻度、中度和重度盐害;叶片含水量、叶绿素a和b及叶绿素总含量均随盐浓度的增加而显著下降,花色素苷含量则表现为随盐浓度的增大而显著上升,分别比对照高出48.7%、280.3%和382.7%;叶片叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、潜在量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学量子产量(Yield)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均随着盐浓度的增大呈显著下降趋势,但非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)在低盐胁迫时则较对照显著提高,0.2%NaCl处理时比对照显著增加33.3%,而高盐胁迫下则显著下降。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制了鸡爪槭幼苗叶片叶绿素合成和光合作用进行,而幼苗叶片在低盐胁迫下则可能通过增加PSⅡ反应中心非辐射热能量耗散来保护光合机构不受损害,从而表现出一定的耐盐胁迫能力。     

干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞幼苗光合特性的影响

以当年生黑果枸杞幼苗为试验材料,通过称重控水的方法设置对照(土壤含水量为32.96%~35.35%)、轻度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为21.18%~22.32%)、中度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为12.20%~13.82%)和重度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为7.89%~8.73%)4个水分梯度,研究了干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞叶片光合色素、光合特性、叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以揭示黑果枸杞对干旱胁迫的适应能力和适应机制。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,黑果枸杞幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著下降趋势。(2)黑果枸杞幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)在中度和重度干旱胁迫下显著下降;其胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、水分利用效率(WUE)随干旱胁迫强度的增加而逐渐增加,而气孔限制值(L_s)随干旱胁迫强度的增加而逐渐降低。(3)随着土壤含水量的降低,黑果枸杞幼苗叶片初始荧光(F_0)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)逐渐增加,而其最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Ф_(PSⅡ))和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均逐渐降低。研究表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,黑果枸杞叶片过多的能量以热的形式被耗散,反应中心开放程度降低,从而避免PSⅡ反应中心受到损伤,表现出一定的耐旱性;黑果枸杞生长所允许的最大土壤水分亏缺为7.89%,维持黑果枸杞具有较高的WUE和P_n的土壤水分阈值为12.20%~13.82%。     

混播下柳枝稷叶绿素荧光参数及对水氮条件的响应特征

采用盆栽试验,按照白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)与柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)株数比设置5个混播比例(0∶8、2∶6、4∶4、6∶2、8∶0),在两种氮肥处理(不施氮和0.1g N·kg-1)下,测定分析柳枝稷叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分短期自然干旱并复水[土壤含水量从80%FC(田间持水量为20%)逐渐降至20%FC后再复水至80%FC]的响应,以期揭示不同水氮及混播比例下柳枝稷与白羊草竞争关系的生理生态机制。结果显示:(1)随干旱胁迫加剧,柳枝稷最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qP)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和表观光合量子传递速率(ETR)逐渐下降,复水后第2天各指标均可恢复到对照水平;(2)两氮肥处理下,单播柳枝稷的ETR显著高于混播,施氮处理下单播的qP显著高于混播,但非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)相反(P0.05),且柳枝稷比例越小各指标降幅越大,表明混播后柳枝稷PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,显示出其对混播竞争的适应;(3)施氮显著提高了柳枝稷的ΦPSⅡ(13.64%~23.53%)和qP(6.12%~11.11%),降低了NPQ值(9.76%~12.82%)(P0.05),表明施氮可提高其光能利用能力,增强其与白羊草的竞争力。研究认为,不同水氮条件下,柳枝稷表现出较强的混播竞争适应性,施氮会提高其对白羊草的生态竞争能力。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.