油菜终花后角果和叶片光合对籽粒产量和品质的影响

以‘秦优7号’油菜品种为材料,设置叶片和角果遮光及摘除叶片处理,通过田间试验测定分析终花后角果和叶片的光合特性及其对籽粒产量、含油量及脂肪酸组成的影响。结果显示:(1)终花后油菜角果遮光使籽粒的千粒重、产量、含油量分别显著降低54.7%、62.1%、44.2%,且籽粒中硫甙含量及脂肪酸中棕榈酸、硬脂酸含量显著升高,亚麻酸含量显著降低。(2)叶片遮光和摘除叶片分别显著降低角粒数11.7%、11.3%,降低籽粒千粒重22.5%、17.9%,单株产量分别降低35.3%、44.7%,使籽粒脂肪酸中亚油酸、亚麻酸等含量显著增加,但对籽粒含油量无显著影响。(3)终花后油菜绿色角果皮最大面积是绿叶面积的1.54倍,角果叶绿素a、b以及类胡萝卜素含量显著低于叶片,但角果的净光合速率、蒸腾速率显著高于叶片;且角果层的光辐射强度显著高于角果层下的叶片层;角果响应光辐射强度的光补偿点、光饱和点均显著高于叶片;即角果能够适应较高强度光辐射环境。研究发现,油菜结角期角果层接受大部分光辐射,角果的光合活性显著高于叶片,是主要的光合器官,角果光合状况对籽粒产量、含油量及脂肪酸组成有显著影响。     

植物叶片和角果的碳酸酐酶与光合速率的关系研究

以3种植物为材料,对其叶片、角果的碳酸酐酶活性日变化和相应的净光合速率日变化以及不同叶位的叶片和不同长度角果的CA活性和净光合速率关系进行研究.结果表明,在日变化中,油菜和诸葛菜的CA活性与其净光合速率之间存在显著性正相关,羽衣甘蓝则不明显.但3种植物不同叶位的叶片和不同长度角果的CA活性与净光合速率之间都呈显著正相关,说明无论是植物的营养器官叶片,还是生殖器官角果,CA活性的高低对净光合速率都有较大的影响.     

甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数全基因组关联分析

为挖掘甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数显著关联单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点及相关候选基因。本研究以300份甘蓝型油菜自交系为试验材料,对甘蓝油菜每角果粒数进行一年两地表型考察,并结合该群体前期开发的201 817个SNPs标记,采用一般线性模型（GLM）和混合线性模型（MLM）进行全基因组关联分析（GWAS）,此外,对性状显著关联SNP位点两侧100 kb区域内相关候选基因进行功能预测。300份甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数在两地均表现出广泛的表型变异,筛选出2份每角果粒数较多的油菜种质资源。基于GLM模型检测到39个与油菜每角果粒数显著关联SNPs,采用MLM分析发现,两地共检测到的3个每角果粒数显著关联SNPs位点均在GLM检测到。8个位点附近找到CIK,ERF022和EDE1等19个拟南芥已报道角果籽粒发育相关的同源基因。研究结果有助于解析甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数的遗传基础,为研究每角果粒数的调控机制、指导每角果粒数的遗传改良奠定基础。     

甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的遗传研究

用在中国发现的甘蓝型油菜长角果变异体的优良后代“鄂油长角”及短角果品种“中油821”为亲本,研究了角果长及与角果长密切相关的两个性状――千粒重和每果粒数的遗传。结果表明,角果长、千粒重、每果粒数3个性状受核基因控制,不存在任何形式的母性遗传。供试双亲间角果长性状存在2对基因的差异。长角果对短角果为显性。数量遗传分析表明,角果长、千粒重的遗传符合加性显性二基因互作模型,存在显著的上位性效应。角果长性状在两个基因座上呈联合分布,显性效应均大于加性效应,且存在超显性。千粒重性状以加性效应为主。 Abstract：Eryou long-pod,which was derived from the unique long-pod mutant discovered in China,was crossed with the commercial broad rapeseed cultivar Zhongyou 821.From the crossing six basic generations were generated for studying the genetical behaviors of pod length and two related characters i.e.1000?seed weight and seed number per pod.The results showed that the three characters were governed by nuclear genes.The difference in pod length between two parents was related to two loci.Generation mean analyses revealed that the 6?parameter mode was to interpret the inheritance of the characters studied and the epistasis was significant.Pod length mainly showed association of its genes and highly significant dominant effect,and even superdominant effect too.Meanwhile,additive effect was predominant in 1000-seed weight.     

油菜每角果粒数差异的细胞学基础和分子机理

每角果粒数在油菜不同品种、品系或其他种质资源之间存在着较大的变异.该性状的研究对于利用优良变异提高油菜产量具有重要意义.对多个DH系和常规栽培种进行分析,研究了油菜每角果粒数差异形成的细胞学基础和分子机理.结果表明,部分胚珠原基在发育过程中败育而不能最终形成成熟的种子,正常发育胚珠百分比是每角果粒数差异的重要决定因素.细胞学分析确定了胚珠败育发生的时期是在大孢子退化之后,单核期配子体形成之前.研究结果还显示,油菜胚珠败育率的差异可能是由BRs-BRI1信号途径调控水平的差异所致.     

油菜光合器官面积与导数光谱特征的相关关系

 运用导数光谱分析技术,研究了不同氮肥水平下不同品种油菜(Brassica napus)的 叶面积指数（Leaf area index, LAI）及角果皮面积指数 （Pod area index,PAI ）与冠层导数光谱及其衍生参数的定量关系。结果表明,油菜导数光谱与花前LAI和花后PAI均有良好的相关关系,在 750 nm附近相关关系最好,相关系数达到0.9左右。三边参数与油菜LAI和PAI的相关性顺序为：红边＞黄边＞蓝边,面积参数＞振幅参数＞位置 参数。油菜红边导数光谱的双峰现象降低了红边位置对油菜LAI和PAI的敏感程度,利用线性外推法拟合红边位置能 提高其对油菜LAI和PAI的敏 感程度。在三边参数及其衍生参数中,红边面积及其与蓝边面积的差与LAI及PAI的相关性最好,且适用于该研究中使用的不同品种。因此,750 nm 处的一阶导数光谱、红边面积及其与蓝边面积的差可用于有效地监测油菜的光合器官面积。     

西藏野生油菜种群间角果趋同生长格局研究

西藏地处我国西南边陲,素有"世界屋脊"和"地球第三极"之称。由于地质史独特,地形地貌复杂,气候带全,土壤类型繁多,野生植被多样,凡此种种,西藏油菜生境具有全球最典型的立体生境特色,其生态环境千差万别,堪称全球之最,独特而复杂的油菜生境,产生了丰富多样的野生白菜型油菜(Brassica Campestris)和野生芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea)遗传资源。本文根据植物种群的构件理论,采用大样本取样方法,对西藏野生白菜型油菜和野生芥菜型油菜分枝进行了角果种群统计的生长分析。结果表明,西藏野生白菜型油菜和野生芥菜型油菜一级分枝的角果数、角果生物量、角果生物量比例均呈现Peel-Reed模型变化规律,角果宽度与角果长度之间的生长关系均呈现Yield Density模型变化规律,显示出角果种群形成与生长过程的趋同生长格局与物质分配策略。     

竹柏2种颜色叶片的光合特性研究

为了解竹柏(Podocarpus nagi)的光合特性,以3 a生全绿叶和花叶竹柏为材料,测定其光合色素含量和气体交换参数。结果表明,全绿叶竹柏叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b和叶绿素a+b/类胡萝卜素均显著高于花叶竹柏;全绿叶竹柏叶片的初始量子效率、最大光合速率和暗呼吸速率均显著高于花叶,而光饱和点和光补偿点均显著低于花叶;全绿叶竹柏叶片的初始羧化效率、光合速率、CO2饱和点和光呼吸速率均高于花叶,而CO2补偿点低于花叶。2种颜色叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均随着光合有效辐射的增大而增大,且均表现为全绿叶花叶,而胞间CO2浓度则相反,表现为花叶全绿叶。因此,全绿叶竹柏利用弱光的能力强于花叶竹柏,而花叶竹柏利用强光的能力更强,在园林绿化配置中,可根据2种颜色叶片的光合特性合理配置。     

栽培方式对夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花7号花生品种为材料,研究了不同栽培方式对麦后夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:与传统栽培方式相比,采用夏直播高产保护性栽培方式可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高和胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式下花生单株生产力较高,荚果产量显著增加,经济系数明显提高.地膜覆盖和秸秆还田均可改善夏直播花生叶片光合特性,提高花生产量.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式能够有效缓解夏直播花生生育期较短、单株生产力低等不利因素,是一项实用的夏直播花生高产栽培方法.     

MITE转座子在不同甘蓝型油菜品种中的多态性研究

微型反向重复转座因子(MITE)在真核生物基因组中普遍存在,其活动能够在物种内形成丰富的多态性,在基因组进化和基因调控中均发挥重要作用。该研究利用286对不同MITE家族侧翼序列筛选的特异引物,对101个中国油菜、27个加拿大油菜和29个合成油菜品系(共157个品系)的基因组DNA进行多态性研究,以明确MITE家族的插入/缺失多态性以及在不同油菜品种之间插入的遗传多样性,进而探讨他们之间的亲缘关系。结果显示：(1)286对引物中筛选出60对条带清晰重复性高的多态性引物,多态性比例21.0%;其中Stowaway like家族和Tourist like家族特异引物的多态性比例分别为24.6%和20.0%。(2)PCR扩增结果显示,60对多态性引物对中国、加拿大、合成油菜品系的基因组DNA分别扩增出4 029、1 044、1 087条清晰可辨的条带。(3)UPGMA聚类显示,中国油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.59~0.95,加拿大油菜品种间遗传相似系数在0.73~0.95;合成油菜品种间遗传相似系数值在0.64~0.93。研究表明,MITE在基因组中大量随机插入,形成种内丰富的多态性,利用MITE家族引物检测不同地区的油菜种质资源的多态性,可为油菜的育种找到许多尚未被开发的遗传变异。     

Sulphur uptake and distribution in double and single low varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Sulphur (S) uptake and distribution in double low (Cobra) and single low (Bienvenu) winter oilseed rape were studied in field experiments at Cockle Park, Northumberland, at a site where the S supply was adequate. Total S uptake at maturity of between 80–100 kg ha^-1 was similar in both varieties. Applications of S at a rate of 100 kg ha^-1 increased S uptake by 10–15 kg ha^-1. while applications of nitrogen (N) at a rate of 300 kg ha^-1 increased S uptake by 29–34 kg ha^-1. Sulphur distribution in the vegetative tissues varied little between the two varieties but the distribution within the pods differed significantly between the two varieties. In Bienvenu 65.8% of pod S was located in the seeds, while in Cobra 57.4 and 68.8% in the 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons, respectively, was retained in the pod walls. The high S content of the seeds of Bienvenu was due to their high glucosinolate content, whereas the high content of S in the pod walls of Cobra was associated with the presence of free SO₄ ^2-, which accounted for 70.6 to 89.4% of total S in the pod walls. The percentages of total plant S present in the pods were significantly increased by N applications and slightly decreased by S applications.     

Time and substrate dependent exudation of carboxylates by Lupinus albus L. and Brassica napus L.

Root exudates influence significantly physical, chemical and biological characteristics of rhizosphere soil. Their qualitative and quantitative composition is affected by environmental factors such as pH, soil type, oxygen status, light intensity, soil temperature, plant growth, nutrient availability and microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of growth substrate and plant age on the release of carboxylates from Lupinus albus L. and Brassica napus L.Both plant species were studied in continuously percolated microcosms filled with either sand, soil or sand + soil (1:1) mixture. Soil solution was collected every week at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after planting (DAP). Carboxylate concentrations were determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-TOFMS).Oxalate, citrate, succinate, malate and maleate were detected in soil solutions of both plant species. Their concentrations were correlated with the physiological status of the plant and the growth substrate. Oxalate was the predominant carboxylate detected within the soil solution of B. napus plants while oxalate and citrate were the predominant ones found in the soil solutions of L. albus plants.The sampling determination of carboxylates released by plant roots with continuous percolation systems seems to be promising as it is a non-destructive method and allows sampling and determination of soluble low molecular weight organic compounds derived from root exudation as well as the concentration of soluble nutrients, which both might reflect the nutritional status of plants.     

甘蓝型油菜BnTCP7基因的克隆和表达分析

该研究克隆获得了甘蓝型油菜预测转录因子TCP7-like同源编码基因,命名为BnTCP7,与甘蓝型油菜TCP7-like NC_027757基因的核苷酸序列相似性为95.68%。BnTCP7基因开放阅读框全长为648bp,编码215个氨基酸。BnTCP7氨基酸序列与十字花科(Brassicaceae)中其他19条TCP7或者TCP7-like氨基酸序列比对发现,BnTCP7与芸薹属和萝卜属等TCP7同源蛋白具有很强的相似性和保守性,尤其在靠近N端的TCP保守结构域,具有典型的螺旋-环-螺旋结构,且BnTCP7属于TCP家族Ⅰ类,为亲水性不稳定蛋白。通过BnTCP7和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)AtTCP7(NC_003076)蛋白的二级和三级结构在线预测比对分析,进一步证实BnTCP7具有TCP家族典型结构。进化树分析表明,BnTCP7蛋白与甘蓝型油菜TCP7-like NC_027757蛋白聚在同一分支,两者亲缘关系最近。利用转录组数据对不同时期不同器官BnTCP7基因表达模式分析发现,其表达量呈现一定差异性,其中营养器官中的表达量高于生殖器官。非生物胁迫及激素处理对甘蓝型油菜幼苗植株中BnTCP7基因的表达影响分析发现,BnTCP7基因不仅响应了冷、热、损伤等非生物胁迫,而且参与了ABA和GA3激素的信号转导,表明BnTCP7基因在植物维持正常生长发育和逆境胁迫中可能发挥重要作用。     

The responses of the cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis) to the odour of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and to some volatile isothiocyanates

The responses of the cabbage seed weevil,Ceutorhynchus assimilis Payk. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to volatiles from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were tested using a linear track olfactometer. Weevils were attracted towards the odour of rape during a short period before diapause and for most of their postdiapause life. Odours from both the flowering and green parts of the plant were attractive, but the odour of a non-host plant (Bellis perennis L.) was not. An entrainment extract of flowering rape volatiles in pentane was attractive, but significantly less so than the odour of flowering rape itself. Attraction was found to 3-butenyl and 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate (NCS), but not to 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate. A mixture of the three NCSs was more attractive than the individual NCSs. However, the concentration required to produce a response was still relatively high. Isothiocyanates, along with other volatiles from rape, probably play a role in host plant recognition by the seed weevil.     

除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应

通过田间试验研究了4种除草剂(2,4-D丁酯、‘巨星’、‘世玛’和‘骠马’)对2个小麦品种(‘临优145’和‘临汾138’)光合特性、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明:2,4-D丁酯使小麦灌浆期间旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率(Pn)一直较低,千粒重和籽粒产量显著低于对照;‘巨星’使灌浆前期的SPAD值和Pn较高而中后期快速下降,灌浆持续时间缩短,产量与对照相近;‘世玛’使灌浆前中期SPAD值和Pn较低但后期下降缓慢,灌浆持续时间延长,千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于对照和其它处理;‘骠马’对光合特性和产量影响较小。2,4-D丁酯和‘骠马’使籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、评价值显著或极显著提高,稳定时间延长,而形成时间与对照相近;‘巨星’和‘世玛’处理的品质指标大多低于或接近对照。研究发现,除草剂通过调控小麦旗叶光合特性和灌浆进程来影响其千粒重和籽粒产量,且除草剂和品种间存在差异;2,4-D丁酯虽能明显改善小麦品质但却显著降低籽粒产量,‘骠马’使小麦品质特性改善的同时也使籽粒产量有所提高,‘世玛’虽能显著提高籽粒产量却使品质特性变差。     

甘蓝型油菜BnaCIPK15基因的表达分析与功能鉴定

CBL-CIPK是高等植物中广泛存在的一类解析Ca~(2+)信号的蛋白。该研究在前期工作基础上,对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)的BnaCIPK15基因进行了亚细胞定位、双分子荧光互补(BiFC)、酵母双杂交和qRT-PCR检测等一系列分析,以探究BnaCIPK15蛋白在ABA激素响应中的作用。结果显示:(1)亚细胞定位发现,BnaCIPK15蛋白定位于细胞质和细胞核中; BiFC分析发现,BnaCIPK15蛋白与BnaCBL1/3/4/9蛋白之间的互作较强,与BnaCBL10仅有微弱互作。(2)qRT-PCR检测发现,BnaCIPK15基因受ABA和冷胁迫的诱导极显著上调表达,而对百草枯(Paraquat)、活性氧(H_2O_2)和热胁迫的诱导较弱,表明BnaCIPK15基因很可能参与ABA和冷胁迫的调控过程。(3)酵母滴定实验结果显示,BnaCIPK15蛋白与脱落酸(ABA)信号通路中的BnaHAB1蛋白(属于蛋白磷酸酶PP2C家族)存在明显的互作,而与BnaABFs/AREB3/ABI5转录因子无明显互作;BiFC验证显示,BnaCIPK15与BnaHAB1蛋白之间存在互作信号,而BnaCIPK15与BnaHAB2组合没有观察到信号,证明BnaCIPK15与BnaHAB1磷酸酶具有特异互作特征,推测BnaCIPK15可能参与调控ABA信号转导。研究认为,甘蓝型油菜中可能存在基于BnaCIPK15-BnaHAB1的互作模块,并参与ABA的信号转导和网络调控。     

Fatty acid composition in microspore-derived secondary embryos of Brassica napus L.

Fatty acid (FA) composition was determined in secondary embryos (SeEs) of Brassica napus L. of the cv. ‘Topas’ and ‘Janetzki’, and compared with the FA composition in microspore-derived embryos (MDEs) and seeds. SeEs of ‘Topas’, a rapessed cultivar with low erucic acid, revealed the same FA composition as observed in the MDEs. The FA pattern was, in most of the cases, independent of the procedures used for induction of SeEs e.g. low density cultures, transversal wounding, auxin treatment, and light conditions. However, non-embryogenic calli, as well as leaves from greenhouse- and in vitro-grown material had a FA composition distinctly different from the MDEs or SeEs. SeEs with an abnormal phenotype revealed differences in FA composition compared to MDEs or SeEs, but was distinct from the composition of non-embryogenic tissues. Virtually no erucic acid (22:1) or eicosaenoic acid (20:1) could be detected in SeEs of ‘Topas’. However, its presence in SeEs of ‘Janetzki’, a high erucic acid rapeseed cultivar, demonstrates that SeEs contain embryo-specific FAs. Under standard culture conditions, the levels of 22:1 and 20:1 were the same as observed in MDEs, which was approximately half the content observed in the seeds. The similarity in FA composition between SeEs and MDEs, of both low and high erucic acid rapeseed cultivars, is a unique characteristic which differs from most other somatic embryogenic systems.     

甘蓝型油菜水苏糖合成酶基因克隆及表达分析

以甘蓝型油菜品种‘德油5号’为试材,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法首次从油菜中获得水苏糖合成酶基因cDNA全长序列,命名为BnSTS,GenBank登录号为HQ285880.1。该cDNA全长3 210bp,包含一个长为2 619bp的开放阅读框,编码873个氨基酸。通过构建原核表达载体,成功表达出预期蛋白。同源性比对结果显示,该基因编码蛋白与拟南芥STS相似性最高为82.08%。荧光定量PCR结果显示,基因表达水平与油菜种子发育过程中水苏糖含量变化具有相关性,与种子脱水耐性的获得具有时间一致性。该基因可能在种子脱水耐性形成机制中具有一定的作用。