利用响应面法优化固氮类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.1–49的发酵培养基（英文）

【目的】固氮类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.1–49是本实验室分离的具有潜在生物肥料价值的微生物菌剂。该菌在常见的培养基中不能高效生长(OD_(600)≤1)。本文拟优化发酵培养基成分以获得最大菌体生物量。【方法】运用响应面分析中的因素筛选实验设计和最陡爬坡实验以及中心复合设计法,对菌株的发酵培养基进行了响应面优化。【结果】利用响应面优化法最终确定了菌株最佳培养基:蔗糖36.22g/L,Tryptone 5.31 g/L,Yeast Extract 10.92 g/L,Mg SO_4 0.51 g/L,Na Cl 3.5 g/L,Na_2Mo O_4 0.02 g/L,FeS O_4 0.02 g/L。通过摇瓶发酵后菌体OD600=10.280,达到预测值的94.6%。【结论】利用响应面法成功地对Paenibacillus sp.1-49的发酵培养基进行了优化,为该菌株和其他类芽孢杆菌的大规模发酵提供了参考。     

枯草芽孢杆菌产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的响应面优化

【目的】采用响应面法(RSM)优化枯草芽孢杆菌5 L发酵罐产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的发酵条件。【方法】利用Box-Behnken设计和方差分析。【结果】获得最佳发酵条件为:转速、通气量和培养基pH分别为500 r/min、1.05 vvm和5.08,发酵时间仅为22 h产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活力达2 294.4 U/mL。【结论】实验结果表明响应面法优化5 L发酵罐发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的条件合理可行。     

响应面法优化提高萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303抑制马铃薯干腐病病原菌活性的研究

【背景】萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303可以有效地抑制马铃薯干腐病病原菌的活性,而响应面法可在较少的试验次数下优化生防菌发酵培养基配方与发酵条件,获得的最优组合将为马铃薯干腐病生防菌剂的制备与应用提供参考。【目的】以分离自青海察尔汗盐湖湖泥中且对马铃薯干腐病病原菌具有较高抑菌活性的萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303为研究对象,利用响应面法对其培养基配方和发酵条件进行优化,以期提高其对马铃薯干腐病病原菌的抑菌活性。【方法】采用单因素试验、中心组合设计试验及响应面法设计优化萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303发酵培养基配方及发酵条件。【结果】培养基最优发酵配方(g/L):淀粉10.72、酵母粉23.60、七水合硫酸镁16.00、碳酸钙1.14、磷酸二氢钾8.00和磷酸氢二钾16.00,优化后抑菌率由46.51%提高至62.00%;最优发酵条件为装液量102.89 mL、pH 8.64、温度28.73℃、转速200 r/min、培养时间3 d、接种量2%,优化后抑菌率由51.15%提高至72.51%。【结论】实验获得了对马铃薯干腐病病原菌的抑菌活性明显提高的萎缩芽孢杆菌E20303发酵配方及发酵条件,为马铃薯干腐病生防制...     

产L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶细菌的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

【目的】从葡萄园土壤中分离L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶的产生菌株,对其进行分类鉴定,优化其产生L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶的发酵条件,为β-丙氨酸的生物合成提供基础。【方法】采用变色圈法和液体复筛培养基分离筛选具有L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶活力的菌株,对菌株进行形态、生理生化特征试验及16S r RNA序列同源性分析鉴定菌株的系统发育学地位,采用单因素及正交设计试验优化培养基及发酵条件。【结果】筛选到一株L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶高产菌株Pan D37,其亲缘关系和特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)较近,且形态与培养特征、生理生化特性与特基拉芽孢杆菌基本相符。研究表明其最佳发酵配方和培养条件为:蔗糖22.5 g/L、富马酸7.5 g/L、蛋白胨20 g/L、L-天冬氨酸6 g/L、Triton X-100 2g/L,起始p H为7.0,装液量50 m L/500 m L,摇床转速220 r/min,种子液接种量为5%(V/V),35°C培养28h。在最优条件下L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶活力可达44.57 U/m L,比初筛时提高2.57倍。【结论】分离并获得一株特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)Pan D37,经条件优化后具有较高的L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶产生能力,有望应用于β-丙氨酸的工业生产。     

暹罗芽孢杆菌高产γ-聚谷氨酸的发酵条件优化

【背景】γ-聚谷氨酸（poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA）产生菌多为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）、地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）等,而暹罗芽孢杆菌（Bacillus siamensis）相关研究较少。【目的】研究暹罗芽孢杆菌产γ-PGA的液体发酵条件。【方法】以自行分离的暹罗芽孢杆菌CAU83为出发菌株进行液体发酵,通过单因素试验和正交试验法研究了碳氮源、前体物质、发酵温度及pH对菌株生产γ-PGA的影响。【结果】经摇瓶优化,γ-PGA的最适碳源、氮源和前体物质分别为乳糖30g/L、酵母提取物5g/L和L-谷氨酸钠60 g/L,最适培养条件为发酵温度37℃和pH 7.0,γ-PGA产量由8.4 g/L提升至30.1 g/L,比优化前提高了260%。经分批补料发酵,60 h时γ-PGA产量最高为59.5 g/L,比摇瓶提高了98%,产率为0.99 g/（L·h）。所产γ-PGA分子量为3.8×10⁶ Da,聚合度较高。【结论】...     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌物质培养基及发酵条件优化

【目的】优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2产抑菌活性物质发酵培养基及发酵条件。【方法】以马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基为基础,依据发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈的单因素试验结果,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵培养基,二次通用旋转组合设计,频率分析法优化发酵条件。【结果】影响发酵液抑菌活性的培养基主要组分为马铃薯、蔗糖和L-谷氨酸钠,最优发酵培养基配方为:马铃薯188.0 g/L,蔗糖22.0 g/L,L-谷氨酸钠1.80 g/L,培养基成本为0.81元/L;最佳发酵条件为:接种量6%、发酵温度30°C、装液量40 mL/250 mL、摇床转速185 r/min、发酵时间24 h、初始pH 7.0。优化后发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为30.82 mm,较优化前的18.22 mm增加了12.60 mm。【结论】优化后的培养基和发酵条件提高了解淀粉芽胞杆菌PC2发酵液的抑菌活性,为该菌株的工业化生产应用提供了依据。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955发酵培养基优化及其泡腾颗粒的研制

【背景】植物病害的生物防治及生防产品的开发一直是植物保护研究的重点方向,但现有的生防产品多为可湿性粉剂和水剂,存在剂型单一、货架期短及运输和使用不便等问题。【目的】优化贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955菌株发酵培养基,并利用其开发出一种容易使用和保存的新生防产品——泡腾颗粒。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman设计、中心组合设计和响应面分析等方法,优化了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955的发酵培养基成分;采用L₉（3³）正交设计,以溶液pH和活菌数为指标,优化了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955泡腾颗粒配比,并评价了其物理性质和抑菌效果。【结果】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌CC0955最优发酵培养基成分为（g/L）:蛋白胨12.00,酵母粉1.00,葡萄糖15.00,MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.40,K₂HPO₄ 0.05。用此培养基发酵48h,发酵液对立枯丝核菌的抑制率达到89.78%。泡腾颗粒最佳配比为:碱酸摩尔比为2.00,白炭黑1.50 g,黄腐酸钾0.03 g。泡腾颗粒的平均崩解...     

重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-苯丙氨酸培养基的优化

【目的】提高重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-苯丙氨酸(L-phenylalanine,L-Phe)的产量。【方法】使用正交试验设计以及响应面优化法分别对种子培养基及发酵培养基进行优化,确定了重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-Phe的最佳种子培养基及最佳发酵培养基。【结果】重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-Phe最佳种子培养基(g/L):葡萄糖25.0,玉米浆25.0,硫酸铵15.0,硫酸镁1.0,磷酸二氢钾2.0,尿素2.0,p H 6.8-7.0;最佳发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖110.0,玉米浆7.0,硫酸铵25.0,硫酸镁1.0,磷酸二氢钾1.0,柠檬酸钠2.0,谷氨酸1.0,碳酸钙25.0,p H 6.8-7.0;在最佳培养基条件下L-Phe产量最高达到9.14 g/L,较优化前的7.46 g/L提高了22.5%。【结论】通过正交试验和响应面分析对重组谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵L-Phe培养基进行优化,明显提高了L-Phe的产量,并确定了葡萄糖、玉米浆和硫酸铵为发酵培养基中影响L-Phe产量的3个关键因子。研究结果为L-Phe的发酵放大提供了依据。     

丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis SIIA-F1108产纽莫康定B0发酵条件的研究

【目的】采用响应面法优化丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis SIIA-F1108发酵生产纽莫康定B_0培养基,提高发酵产量;通过氮源优化,降低发酵液菌体浓度,改善发酵过程的溶氧水平。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法进行培养基优化,筛选出对纽莫康定B_0产量具有显著影响的因素;通过最陡爬坡实验及Box-Behnken设计,并利用Design-Expert软件对实验数据进行回归分析,得到优化的发酵培养基配方;通过对优化培养基中氮源组分进行全因子实验,最终得到高产量和低菌体浓度发酵培养基。【结果】实验数据表明:甘露醇、脯氨酸和葡萄糖对纽莫康定B_0产量影响最大;最佳浓度分别为甘露醇167.3 g/L、脯氨酸26.1 g/L、葡萄糖28.5 g/L。采用优化后的培养基进行摇瓶发酵,纽莫康定B_0产量达到了1 840 mg/L,较优化前提高了42%,与预测结果一致。用硫酸铵部分替换棉籽饼粉后,发酵液菌体浓度降低,在100 L发酵罐上对优化后的结果做了进一步的验证,纽莫康定B_0产量达到1 980 mg/L。【结论】模型预测值与实验值有较高吻合度,具备较高可信度和显著性,发酵产量提高了42%,响应面实验设计和分析方法能够有效地用于丝状真菌Glarea lozoyensis SIIA-F1108产纽莫康定B_0发酵培养基进行优化。通过调整培养基中的氮源组成,降低了发酵液菌体浓度,改善了发酵过程的溶氧水平。     

高产几丁质酶巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌的筛选和发酵条件优化

【目的】鉴定一株来源于中国南海海水样能够分泌多种胞外几丁质酶的类芽孢杆菌CAU904,并优化其产几丁质酶的发酵条件。【方法】采用形态学观察、16S r DNA序列比对及生理生化实验鉴定;通过碳源、氮源、温度、初始p H、表面活性剂种类以及发酵时间的单因素优化实验获得最佳发酵条件。【结果】菌株CAU904被鉴定为巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus barengoltzii),其最优发酵产酶条件为:0.5%胶体几丁质,0.2%酵母浸提物,0.1%吐温-80,培养基初始p H 7.0,45°C培养72 h。在最优发酵条件下,该菌株最大产酶水平达到8.2 U/m L,比优化前提高了5.4倍。几丁质酶的酶谱分析表明该菌株能够产生多达11种具有几丁质水解活性的同工酶,其中主要酶谱带对应分子量分别为54、47和38 k D。【结论】实验结果为巴伦葛兹类芽孢杆菌几丁质酶的分离纯化和酶的应用提供了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.