A remark on the distribution of conservative quantities

In line with a suggestion made in the recent book by the author, a distribution function is derived for the distribution in a social group of such conservative quantities for which every individual has a minimum requirement, this minimum requirement varying from individual to individual.     

A remark on Landahl's theory of learning

It is pointed out that the equations of Landahl's learning theory may be formally interpreted in terms of a different neural network than that considered originally by Landahl. The suggested interpretation is based on this author's theory of elimination of a wrong act through a delayed conditioned reflex which produces a reaction opposite to the wrong act.     

A remark on the course of development of organismic sets

The basic postulate la, which governs the development of organismic sets, introduced previously (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,31, 159–198, 1969), is generalized so as to contain also the rates of changes of the number and variety of differentQ-relations which determine an organismic set. It is thus brought closer to the Lagrangian principle in physics. It is pointed out that the postulate also provides a criterion of stability of an organismic set.     

高中生物学新教材学生使用情况调查与研究

对学生使用教材情况进行调查与研究,从知识内容、能力方法、学习效果及评价3个维度对新教材进行分析评价,指出教材编写和教学中存在的一些问题,对教师的教、学生的学以及教材的完善提出了建议。     

Comparative biology of the endocannabinoid system possible role in the immune response.

In this review we discuss data showing that the endogenous cannabinoid system, represented by cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands and enzymes for the biosynthesis and degradation of these ligands, is conserved throughout evolution from coelenterates to man. This signaling system has been suggested to play several roles in animals, including the regulation of cell development and growth, nervous functions, reproduction and feeding behavior. In this article, however, we shall describe with more detail the possible function of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the modulation of immune response in organisms from the lower to the higher levels of animal evolution.     

The use of computers in molecular biology studies

The paper contains a brief review of the studies involving application of computers, carried out at the Institute of Molecular Biology (investigation of the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids; modelling of the DNA-ligand interactions; analysis of the spectral data of different types: electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic circular dichroism, absorption and fluorescence spectra; analysis of the thin-layer samples labelled by radioactive elements; chromosome analysis).     

A remark on sensory deprivation from the point of view of organismic sets

It is shown that from the definition of organismic sets (Rashevsky,Organismic Sets. Some Reflections on the Nature of Life and Society, Holland, Michigan, Mathematical Biology, Inc. and Grosse Pointe, Michigan, J. M. Richards Laboratory) a complete sensory deprivation of an organismic set of ordern=2 should result in malfunctioning of the set. A generalization to higher order sets is suggested.     

A note on the geometrization of biology

In connection with a recently proposed topological model of an organism (Bull. Math. Biophysics,18, 31–56, 1956), it is pointed out that the dependence of some properties of the studied topological spaces on the type of space in which they are imbedded reflects some aspects of the dependence of the organism on its environment.     

A remark on the notions of gene and gametic frequencies for sex-linked genes

Summary A general model describing the evolution of genotypic frequencies at a heterosomal locus with n alleles is introduced. The treatment includes as a special case the standard derivation for X-linked loci as well as different concepts encountered in the literature which seem to contradict this derivation. The disagreement, however, is easily solved by distinguishing between gene and gametic frequencies.     

A review of current proteomics technologies with a survey on their widespread use in reproductive biology investigations

Proteomics is very much a technology-driven field. The ambition is to identify, quantify and to assess the state of posttranslational modification and interaction partners for every protein in the cell. The proteome is in a state of flux and is thus extremely complex. Analysis of the proteome is exacerbated by the huge dynamic concentration range of proteins in the cellular environment. The impact that mass spectrometry-based proteomics has had on the field of biology has heavily depended on dramatic improvements in mass spectrometry that have been made in recent years. We examined 1541 reports indexed in PubMed relating to proteomics and reproduction to identify trends in the field and to make some broad observations for future work. To set the scene, in the first part of the report, we give a comprehensive overview of proteomics and associated techniques and technologies (such as separations and mass spectrometry). The second part examines the field in light of these techniques and suggests some opportunities for application of these tools in the area of reproduction.     

Segmentation: a remark on the Syncretism Principle

Morphological analyses usually prefer ‘deriving’ form-identities as systematic syncretism over just stating them in terms of accidental homophony. While such anti-homophony is mostly assumed implicitly, Müller (2004) spells it out more explicitly as violable Syncretism Principle guiding both language acquisition and linguistic analysis (‘same form → same meaning’). However, as soon as the child or linguist decomposes word forms into smaller formatives (morpheme segmentation, subanalysis), it is unclear what instances of form-identity exactly are to be avoided (e.g. substring-identities?). This paper frames the logical space of possible Syncretism Principle interpretations, which relate to their functional motivation (ambiguity avoidance) demonstrating their concrete consequences for analysis with a paradigm learning algorithm offering segmentation and meaning assignment.     

Contributions to topological biology: Some considerations on the primordial graph and on some possible transformations

This paper is a continuation of some discussions published previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 317–347, 1954). A different example of a primordial graph is suggested and discussed. Then six different types of geometric transformations, similar in some respects to the one discussed in the previous paper are proposed. Another set of seven different transformations which emphasize the central role of the circulatory system is described. A theorem about the “lumping” of several points of a graph into one point is proved and possible biological aspects of it are discussed.