滇中小百草岭种子植物区系的初步研究

小百草岭具有野生种子植物141科、576属、1406种。区系统计分析表明：(1)科级组成中,热带性质的科有55科,占总科数的56．12％,具较强的热带性质;属级组成中,温带性质的属有293属,占总属数的56．35％,表现出较强的温带性质,从科到属的区系成分变化表明：古热带起源的区系在喜马拉雅造山运动及滇中高原形成过程中,区系成分逐渐分化发展,在亚热带山地相应的海拔地段保留了相应的喜热成分,又分化出适应亚热带山地的喜温成分,从而使其区系的整体外貌呈现出热、温带成分的共存发展,是亚热带山地植物区系的一个基本特征;(2)区系成分新老兼备,既有第三纪古老孑遗的类群,也有新近分化衍生的类群,众多的中国特有分布型(种)中,表现出与周边地区较为广泛的地理联系,而与横断山地区共有的成分占据了明显优势,揭示了两地间紧密的区系联系。     

永德大雪山中山湿性常绿阔叶林植物区系的初步研究

中山湿性常绿阔叶林是永德大雪山亚热带山地植被垂直带上最具特征性的植被类型,也是该地区面积最大、保存最为完整、最有保护价值的植被类型。从该类型植被中219种常见和优势植物的种类结构分析看,只有热带亚洲成分、中国-喜马拉雅成分及中国特有成分能够贯穿于乔木Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ层,灌木层,草本层和层外植物各层次之中;其区系成分以中国-喜马拉雅和中国特有成分占优势,同时热带亚洲成分也占有相当的比例,说明其区系具有亚热带向温带过渡的性质;而中国特有种的进一步分析亦表明其区系的过渡性质。这表明永德大雪山处于中国-喜马拉雅森林植物区系和热带亚洲植物区系的分界面上,其植物区系的过渡特征非常明显。通过永德大雪山中山湿性常绿阔叶林与邻近地区同类型植被的优势种和主要伴生种的比较,我们初步认为该地此类森林植被环境更“温湿”。     

无量山中山湿性常绿阔叶林及其植物区系的初步研究

无量山中山湿性常绿阔叶林是其垂直带上最具特征性的植被类型。从这类森林中２３１种优势和常见植物的种类结构分析看,只有热带亚洲成分、东亚中的中国－喜马拉雅成分、和中国特有成分贯穿乔木Ａ、Ｂ层,灌木层,草本层和层外植物几大类中;而中国特有种的进一步分析表明了它的区系成分的亚热带性质,温带性质不是很显著。该地这类森林与云南同类型植被有诸多方面的相似性,但是大致上每一个大的山头有一套植物种类成分,而以各种石栎树种加以区分,其它重要伴生种及伴生种的各类组合千差万别。对这类森林中３５个特有种的分析显示区系平衡点邻近范围有较大的物种分化水平;它们所隶属的属的分析表明,这类植被的温带性质又较该地整体水平为强;它们的近缘种分布区域对无量山此类森林与这些区域相应类型植被的区系联系和分化有一定指示意义     

云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林生物量的初步研究

 中山湿性常绿阔叶林是云南省亚热带山地植被垂直带的主要类型,其中分布在哀牢山上的木果石栎、景东石栎、腾冲栲林(Lithocarpus xylocarpus、 L. chintungensis、Castanopsis wattii forest)尤其具有代表性。本文用收获法、相关曲线法测定并估算了该群落近熟林和成过熟林的生物量与年平均净积累量,结果分别为508.57t/hm2,12.1051t／(hm2·a);293.04t／hm2,7.7443t／(hm2·a),对产生差异的原因作了分析。林分的叶面积指繰果分别为508.57t/hm2,文中还提出了群落乔木优势种各器官生物量估测的回归模型,并从生物量的角度阐明建群种在群落中的地位。     

广西石栎林分类的研究

石栎林属于常绿阔叶林的一个群系组,在广西见有粤桂石栎林、华南石栎林、烟斗石栎林和长果石栎林4个群系。前者主要见于中亚热带地区山地,后三者分布在南亚热带范围的山地。文中主要论述其群落分类、种类组成和动态变化,为其科学管理提供基本资料和依据。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林凋落物和粗死木质物的初步研究

中山湿性常绿阔叶林是我国山地常绿阔叶林中一个重要而特殊的类型。云南哀牢山原生中生湿性常绿阔叶林的小凋落物量（叶、直径＜ ２．５ ｃｍ 枝、花果和杂物）为（６．７７±１．４３）ｔ／（ｈｍ ２·ａ）,大枯枝（直径≥２．５ ｃｍ ）凋落量为（０．４５±０．１８） ｔ／（ｈｍ ２·ａ）,凋落高峰发生在干季末期４～５ 月和初冬时１０～１１ 月。由倒木、枯立木和大枯枝等组成的粗死木质物在该类森林中的现存量达９８．４６ ｔ／ｈｍ ２,其中倒木占其总量的８５．８％ ,且它们在林内分布不均匀,增加了森林生态系统结构和生境的多样性。粗死木质物是森林中重要的养分库,其中的Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ａｌ和Ｆｅ元素的总贮量达到４８６９９ ｔ／ｈｍ ２,每年通过凋落物方式积累于林地表的养分元素只占其总量的７．７７％     

云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林起源的探讨

云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林广泛分布于海拔1800~3400 m的山地,这类常绿阔叶林在生态外貌上具有亚热带常绿阔叶林特征,但其分布生境却是暖温带-温带气候,且植物区系组成与热带植物区系有古老的渊源。该文以研究得比较深入的哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为例,对其植物区系与其气候条件的不协调进行剖析。哀牢山的中山湿性常绿阔叶林记录了种子植物110科386属821种。在植物区系科的地理成分上,无论是含种数多的科,还是所有科的分布区类型,都是以热带分布科为主,体现了它的远古热带起源背景。在该种子植物区系中,热带分布属占总属数的47.75%,热带分布种占总种数的33.45%,在近代演化上仍体现出明显的热带亲缘特征。按照哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林分布地区的暖温带-温带气候条件,它相当于中国东部的暖温带落叶阔叶林地区。在中国东部地区类似气候条件的地带性植被的植物区系中,热带分布属通常只占总属数的25%~27%,云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林植物区系的地理成分与所在地的温带气候明显不协调。对这种现象的解释,笔者认为结合哀牢山地区曾经是低海拔夷平面,在第四纪以来才迅速抬升形成的地质历史,可能这里曾经在第四纪以前的热带-亚热带性质的植物区系和常绿阔叶林随着地形的迅速抬升,逐渐适应了因海拔上升而形成的温带气候,成为在云南高海拔山地存在的所谓中山湿性常绿阔叶林,其植物区系和植被的热带-亚热带性质及常绿阔叶生态外貌并未因气候改变而发生改变。     

滇中常绿阔叶林及云南松林水文作用的初步研究

 本文研究了滇中地区山地常绿阔叶林及云南松林的林冠截留量,冠流和茎流量,地表水土流失量,林地枯枝落叶层持水量,土壤含水量以及雨水、冠流、茎流和地表迳流中营养元素(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)的含量,并分析比较了针、阔两类森林调节和涵养水分的作用和降水中林冠养分的淋溶、迁移特点,对了解滇中亚热带山地森林生态系统的功能和生产力的研究,对本区森林资源的保护,林业的合理经营,均有重要意义。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林窗特征研究

本研究以哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为研究对象,分析了该植被群落林窗的大小结构及干扰形成等空间特征。研究表明,林窗大小取决于林窗形成方式和形成木的种类、大小。实际林窗面积远小于扩展林窗面积,前者的平均面积仅约为后者的33．2％。在数量上,实际林窗和扩展林窗的面积分布均呈以上小林窗为主的偏态分布。但在总的林窗面积比例上,大林窗的所占的面积比更大。实际林窗中,100—200m2的林窗所占面积比达66．4％。扩展林窗中,200—300m2和400—500m2大小的面积比分别为33．1％和20．6％。由于该地区冬季强劲的风力,林窗形成方式以根倒和折干,分虽占形成木总数的35％和28％。风力是哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林窗形成的主要外部驱动力。多数林窗由1—3株形成木造成的。林窗形成木的种类绝大多数为变色锥、木果柯和硬壳柯三种群范上层的优势树种。这三个树种约占林窗形成木的78％。因此,对于林窗发生这种中小尺度干扰事件,群落上层的成势树种起着决定性的影响作用。其它冠层水平的乔木(如亚冠层)的扰动也可以产生林窗,但所占比例很小。林窗形成木的径级呈明显的偏正态分布,且以21-40、41-60和61-80cm的径级最为普遍,分别占总数的31．6％、20．0％和18．3％。这种径级的偏正态分布于林窗面积偏态分布十分吻合,表明形成木的径级大小与所产生的林窗的面积大小呈正比。     

滇中武定狮山植物区系地理的初步研究

狮山地处康滇古陆边缘,自然地理条件优越;植被以元江栲Castanopsis orthacantha林为主,另有云南松Pinus yunnanensis林及华山松Pinus armandii林,还有各类灌丛草坡等,分布混杂。元江栲林结构复杂,种类丰富,种系饱和度大,计有种子植物137科,537属,1157种。区系起源古老,为康滇古陆的衍生区系;种类以温带成分为多;植被优势种则为狭域的古老类型,区系具明显过渡性及热带亲缘,含不少与华东及滇中周围的地理替代种;从大范围看,狮山与热亚及东亚的区系联系最密切(分别占12.59％、27.80％),在东亚范围则主要是中国-喜马拉雅成分,其中滇-横断山脉、滇-华中和云贵高原成分最多,分别占狮山中国特有种总数的22.52％、21.37％、16.99％。 狮山区系是滇中区系的缩影,和整个滇中一样具有独特古老等特征,同时,对认识中国西部亚热带常绿阔叶林区系也有一定意义。     

东北地区蒙古栎群落区系成分

根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法, 分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中２６１ 种维管植物的区系成分, 其中温带成分占４７－４７ ％ , 东亚成分占４２－０２ ％ , 中国特有成分占１０－５１ ％ （ 世界分布不统计在内） 。并分析了种所在属的分布区类型, 温带分布属占９０－３％ 。还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。     

哀牢山木果柯林及退化植被下土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用(英文)

采用封顶埋管法,我们于11月对21至次年4月15日,分3个培养期共165天(包括干季初期、中期和末期),对哀牢山原生本果柯林(Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest)、栎类次生林(sccondary oak forest)和人工茶叶地(tea planation)三种群落类型的土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用进行了研究。结果表明:在3个培养期中,不同群落下土壤的氮素矿化和硝化作用都具有明显差异;而且它们均具有明显的干季动态,但变化趋势不尽相同。净氨化速率远高于净硝化速率,后者约为前者的0.5％～10％。结果表明,培养期、群落类型和样方诸因子对净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率的影响均存在不同程度的交互作用。人为干扰能导致氮素矿化和硝化速率等生态系统过程的变化,我们的研究结果为此提供了证据支持。与木果柯原始林相比,茶地和次生林的氮素转化过程更多地受物理因素的控制(如温度和水分)。这意味着哀牢山地区的木果柯原始林的保护应该受到重视。     

利用大样地平台研究种子植物区系

大型固定样地是研究生物多样性、群落系统演化和生态系统功能的重要平台.本文选取西双版纳、鼎湖山、古田山和长白山四个具有代表性的中国森林大样地,按照吴征镒等的方法,分析了不同大样地种子植物科、属和种三个层次的分布区类型.发现热带西双版纳大样地具热带北缘的地理性质;南亚热带鼎湖山大样地呈现出由热带向亚热带过度的特点;中亚热带古田山大样地各分布区类型所占的比率均与全国水平接近,显示出典型的亚热带特征;温带长白山大样地具温带性质.表明中国森林随着纬度的变迁,种子植物区系成分也随之发生显著的变化,这证实了前人有关中国种子植物区系的研究结果,同时也说明通过大样地平台进行植物区系跨区域和比较性研究,方法可行,结果可信.     

Floristic diversity and co-occurrences in a subtropical broad-leaved forest and two contrasting regrowth stands in central-west Yunnan Province,China

Many of the natural forested ecosystems that still remain in mainland China are being cleared with potentially detrimental effects on woody plant species diversity on both local and regional scales. The most extensive stand of subtropical broad-leaved forest remaining in China is located in Yunnan Province. In an effort to document the influence of human-induced disturbance on Yunnan's woody flora, floristic inventories were conducted in a stand of primary forest and in regrowth stands located in its interior and along its outer margin in the Xujiaba Nature Sanctuary in the Ailao Mountain Range. Of particular interest was the location of the disturbance relative to the primary forest source area. A total of 134 woody plant species representing 74 genera and 43 families were recorded. The floristics of the two regrowth stands were significantly different from each other, with < 10% of their respective floras comprised of co-occurring species. The interior regrowth stand had a higher number of co-occurring species with the primary forest; however, > 40% were still non-co-occurring.The principal families represented in the primary forest and the interior regrowth stand were Aquifoliaceae, Berberidaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Smilacaceae, Symplocaceae, Theaceae, and Vacciniaceae. The three dominant species with relative importance values ranging from > 5% to 18% in both the primary forest and the interior regrowth stand were Castanopsis wattii, Lithocarpus jingdongensis, and Symplocos sumuntia. The edge regrowth stands had the lowest species diversity and were dominated by the native pine Pinus yunnanensis, with a relative importance of 24%. The principal families represented in the edge regrowth stand were Betulaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Myricaceae, Pinaceae, and Theaceae. Only the Fagaceae and Theaceae were well-represented in all three stands. The results of the study document the low species diversity in post-cutting regrowth on the margins of the primary forest as compared with post-cutting regrowth in the forest interior.     

中越边境西隆山(中国部分)的山地苔藓林

报道了西隆山中国部分的植被,详细地记述了山地苔藓常绿阔叶林和山顶苔藓矮林的群落组成。该两种植被类型的优势类群分别以金缕梅科红花荷属和石楠科杜鹃属的多种植物为特征。比较研究显示该地区的两种苔藓林与云南西北部的有一定的相关性。     

Impacts of Selective Logging and Agricultural Clearing on Forest Structure, Floristic Composition and Diversity, and Timber Tree Regeneration in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo

Mature tropical forests at agricultural frontiers are of global conservation concern as the leading edge of global deforestation. In the Ituri Forest of DRC, as in other tropical forest areas, road creation associated with selective logging results in spontaneous human colonization, leading to the clearing of mature forest for agricultural purposes. Following 1-3 years of cultivation, farmlands are left fallow for periods that may exceed 20 years, resulting in extensive secondary forest areas impacted by both selective logging and swidden agriculture. In this study, we assessed forest structure, tree species composition and diversity and the regeneration of timber trees in secondary forest stands (5-10 and ~40 years old), selectively logged forest stands, and undisturbed forests at two sites in the Ituri region. Stem density was lower in old secondary forests (~40 years old) than in either young secondary or mature forests. Overall tree diversity did not significantly differ between forest types, but the diversity of trees ≥10 cm dbh was substantially lower in young secondary forest stands than in old secondary or mature forests. The species composition of secondary forests differed from that of mature forests, with the dominant Caesalpinoid legume species of mature forests poorly represented in secondary forests. However, in spite of prior logging, the regeneration of high value timber trees such as African mahoganies (Khaya anthotheca and Entandrophragma spp.) was at least 10 times greater in young secondary forests than in mature forests. We argue that, if properly managed and protected, secondary forests, even those impacted by both selective logging and small-scale shifting agriculture, may have high potential conservation and economic value.     

浙江开化森林植被的区系特点及开发

本文概述浙江开化森林植被的概况及特点。该森林植被区系木本植物种类丰富,区系起源古老,珍稀濒危植物繁多,区系地理成分复杂,与世界各地有广泛联系,温带成分占优势。为了便于合理开发利用开化的植被资源,本文将其分为森林旅游、材用、药用、果类、观赏、油料、淀粉、芳香、纤维等九类植物资源。     

Species Composition,Physiognomy and Plant Diversity of the Tropical Montane Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in Southern Yunnan

Species composition, physiognomy and plant diversity of the less known tropical montane forests in southern Yunnan were studied based on the data from 15 sampling plots in three sites. These forests are mainly dominated by the families Theaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae and Euphorbiaceae in floristic composition, and dominated by evergreen phanerophytes with mesophyllous leaves. These forests are similar to lower montane rain forests in equatorial southeastern Asia in floristic composition and altitudinal distributions, but differ in physiognomy by having few epiphytes, but more lianas and more plants with compound leaves. These differences could be due to strongly seasonal climate and so-called mass elevation effect in southern Yunnan. They also differ from the tropical seasonal rain forests at lower altitudes in southern Yunnan by having conspicuously lower species richness, few epiphytes, fewer mega-mesophanerophytes, more abundant micro-nanophanerophytes and hemicryptophytes and more plants with microphyllous leaves. It is suggested that these forests could be termed tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests, and be a vegetation type from the northern margin of mainland southeastern Asia controlled by a strongly seasonal climate.