雄性不育基因工程及其在蔬菜上的应用

基因工程是创造雄性不育的一种新途径。概述了雄性不育基因工程的主要方法 ,并且对利用基因工程创造蔬菜雄性不育系和恢复系的研究进展进行了综述 ,探讨了这一技术在蔬菜上的应用前景。     

植物雄性不育基因工程的研究及应用(综述)

本文基于植物花粉花药的发育分子生物学研究成果,介绍了几种创造基因工程核雄性不育系和胞质雄性不育系的途径,保持与恢复基因工程雄性不育系的途径和雄性不育基因工程应用中亟待解决的问题.     

应用基因工程技术创造植物雄性不育系

基因工程开辟了创造植物雄性不育系的一个新的途径 ,综述了利用基因工程技术创造植物雄性不育的机制及相关启动子和基因 ;创造雄性核不育和质不育的途径 ;探讨了存在的问题和应用前景。     

雄性不育基因工程及其在园艺植物中的应用

利用基因工程创造植物雄性不育是近年研究的活跃领域之一。本文较全面地综述了创造雄性不育的各种基因工程途径,包括通过核酸酶基因的特异空间表达、使胼胝质提前降解、利用反义基因、改变某些激素含量与比例、导入细胞质雄性不育的有关基因、将特异启动子与催化产生某种毒素的酶基因结合转化植物、通过共抑制、通过双重转基因系杂交及一些新的设想如RNAi、凋亡;及上述不育系的保持与恢复的各种基因工程途径,包括利用引起雄性不育基因的抑制基因、利用雄性不育基因的反义基因、通过化学调控、利用定位重组系统。文中还尽可能列出了上述技术在园艺植物中的应用情况,并就该技术存在的问题与发展前景进行了探讨。     

基因工程创造新的植物雄性不育系研究的新进展

报道了利用基因工程方法创造植物雄性不育系,恢复系及不育系的筛选和保留的研究成果。     

基因工程培育可恢复的植物雄性不育系的研究进展

植物雄性不育是植物杂种优势利用的资源, 具有重要的生产利用价值。植物雄性不育可从自然突变、人工诱变和远缘杂交中发现, 现在可通过细胞工程和基因工程等方法来创造。文章综述了利用基因工程方法制备雄性不育品系及其相应的育性恢复策略, 分为“单组分策略”和“双组分策略”。其中利用“单组分策略”制备的不育植株是条件型雄性不育(可逆转的雄性不育), 它能在特定的条件下实现雄性可育与不育的转换, 实践中可直接作为两用系(不育系和保持系)用于两系法杂交制种; “双组分策略”是利用基因互作和亲本杂交直接培育雄性不育系, 或利用基因互作原理分别研制不育系和恢复系, 用于三系法生产杂交种。文章分析了 “单组分策略”和“双组分策略”的基因工程方法培育雄性不育系及其相应育性恢复策略优缺点, 对以上两种技术路线在实际应用中的现状作了分析和展望。     

利用基因工程创造植物雄性不育的策略

本文对利用基因工程创造植物雄性不育系和恢复系的研究进展进行了综述,并对其在杂种优势利用中的应用前景进行了展望。 Abstract：The progress in studies on induction of male sterili ty and restorer line in plant by gene engineering was reviewed.The prospects on application of this method in heteriosis utilization were discussed.     

基因工程产生植物条件型雄性不育的研究进展

条件型雄性不育是指植株在特定的条件下育性相互转换,可以作为两用系,用于两系法杂交制种。文章综述了基因工程产生条件型雄性不育及其相应的恢复策略,并对其存在的问题做了评价,展望了其应用的前景。      

小麦雄性不育遗传及基因定位研究进展

雄性不育的研究对于杂种优势的利用具有重要意义。本文综述了小麦雄性不育遗传及基因定位研究进展,介绍了小麦雄性不育的基因工程,对小麦雄性不育的应用进行了讨论。 Abstract:The study of plant male sterility plays an important role on utilization of heterosis.This paper reviews the current status of the studies of the heredity and mapping of the male sterile genes in wheat and the gene engineering of wheat male sterility.The application of male sterility in wheat breeding is discussed.     

利用生物技术创建主要作物雄性不育杂交育种和制种的技术体系

雄性不育技术在作物杂种优势利用和杂交种生产中发挥着重要作用。基于核质互作雄性不育的“三系法”与光温敏核不育的“两系法”已经在水稻等主要作物的杂交制种中获得了广泛应用,但是存在着资源利用效率低、育性不稳定、易受外界环境影响等诸多问题。近三十年来,利用生物技术创建不同类型的植物雄性不育系取得了一系列突破性进展。主要针对玉米、水稻、小麦三大作物的基因工程雄性不育技术的最新进展进行总结,特别详细地描述了本实验室最近研究创制的玉米多控不育技术体系,以期为相关研究和产业化应用提供技术参考。     

雄性不育在作物杂种优势中的应用途径分析

雄性不育是植物雄性细胞或生殖器官丧失生理机能的现象,该现象的利用大大提高了杂交种生产的效率。植物雄性不育包含细胞质雄性不育、不受环境影响的核雄性不育、光温敏型雄性不育及化学诱导的雄性不育。这些不育类型也已经被以三系或二系的方式应用于很多作物的杂交种生产中。综述了雄性不育各个途径的研究进展及其在作物杂种优势中的应用。     

玉米核雄性不育材料的研究及其分子育种中的利用

玉米核雄性不育材料是宝贵的种质资源。本文概述了玉米核雄性不育材料的发现、研究和利用的最新进展情况,重点针对核不育基因在染色体上的定位、细胞学研究和标记性状的利用进行了简要综述,并对这一宝贵的种质资源在生物技术迅速发展条件下的利用提出了新构想。     

玉米核雄性不育材料的研究及其在分子育种中的利用

玉米核雄性不育材料是宝贵的种质资源。本文概述了玉米核雄性不育材料的发现、研究和利用的最新进展情况,重点针对核不育基因在染色体上的定位、细胞学研究和标记性状的利用进行了简要综述,并对这一宝贵的种质资源在生物技术迅速发展条件下的利用提出了新构想。     

Genetic complexity underlying hybrid male sterility in Drosophila

Recent genetic analyses of closely related species of Drosophila have indicated that hybrid male sterility is the consequence of highly complex synergistic effects among multiple genes, both conspecific and heterospecific. On the contrary, much evidence suggests the presence of major genes causing hybrid female sterility and inviability in the less-related species, D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Does this contrast reflect the genetic distance between species? Or, generally, is the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility more complex than that of hybrid female sterility and inviability? To clarify this point, the D. simulans introgression of the cytological region 34D-36A to the D. melanogaster genome, which causes recessive male sterility, was dissected by recombination, deficiency, and complementation mapping. The 450-kb region between two genes, Suppressor of Hairless and snail, exhibited a strong effect on the sterility. Males are (semi-)sterile if this region of the introgression is made homozygous or hemizygous. But no genes in the region singly cause the sterility; this region has at least two genes, which in combination result in male sterility. Further, the males are less fertile when heterozygous with a larger introgression, which suggests that dominant modifiers enhance the effects of recessive genes of male sterility. Such an epistatic view, even in the less-related species, suggests that the genetic complexity is special to hybrid male sterility.     

iTRAQ‐Based Proteomics Reveals that the Tomato ms1035 Gene Causes Male Sterility through Compromising Fat Acid Metabolism

So far, over 50 spontaneous male sterile mutants of tomato have been described and most of them are categorized as genetic male sterility. To date, the mechanism of tomato genetic male sterility remained unclear. In this study, differential proteomic analysis is performed between genetic male sterile line (2‐517), which carries the male sterility (ms10³⁵) gene, and its wild‐type (VF‐11) using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification‐based strategy. A total of 8272 proteins are quantified in the 2–517 and VF‐11 lines at the floral bud and florescence stages. These proteins are involved in different cellular and metabolic processes, which express obvious functional tendencies toward the hydroxylation of the ω‐carbon in fatty acids, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic, and pentose phosphate pathways. Based on the results, a protein network explaining the mechanisms of tomato genetic male sterility is proposed, finding the compromising fat acid metabolism may cause the male sterility. These results are confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring, quantitative Real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR), and physiological assays. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the metabolic pathway of anther abortion induced by ms10³⁵ and offer useful clues to identify the crucial proteins involved in genetic male sterility in tomato.     

Ecological and genetic factors contributing to the low frequency of male sterility in Chamaecrista Fasciculata (Fabaceae)

Bumble bee pollinated Chamaecrista fasciculata provides pollen as the sole reward to its pollinators. Male sterility, expressed as an absence or nearly complete absence of pollen production, occurs in low frequency in populations of C. fasciculata. Here we describe experiments, using C. fasciculata, to examine frequently cited determinants of the spread and maintenance of male sterility: compensation and the genetic basis of male sterility. In addition, we examine the role the pollination system plays in determining the reproductive success of the male steriles. Seventeen populations in Maryland, Illinois, and Kansas were surveyed and found to range from 0 to 6% male sterility per population. An artificial population of male-sterile simulants and hermaphrodites was created to examine how the local frequency of nonrewarding male steriles might affect male-sterile female reproductive success. Male steriles performed equally poorly, with respect to seed production, whether surrounded by other male-sterile simulants or hermaphrodites. Compensation was examined by comparison of male steriles and hermaphrodites with respect to several reproductive and nonreproductive characters. Male steriles outperformed hermaphrodites in terms of nonreproductive biomass, but performed equally in terms of ovule number and produced many fewer flowers. The genetic basis of male sterility was examined by performing both intra- and interpopulational crosses of male steriles to hermaphrodites and indicate that male sterility is not purely cytoplasmic. The low frequency of male sterility in C. fasciculata populations may reflect reduced female reproductive success because of pollinator avoidance, lack of reproductive compensation, and a mode of inheritance that is not purely cytoplasmic.     

Genetics of Male and Female Sterility in Hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis

The genetic basis of male and female sterility in hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura-Drosophila persimilis was studied using backcross analysis. Previous studies indirectly assessed male fertility by measuring testis size; these studies concluded that male sterility results from an X chromosome-autosome imbalance. By directly scoring for the production of motile sperm, male sterility is shown to be largely due to an incompatibility between genes on the X and Y chromosomes of these two species. These species have diverged at a minimum of nine loci affecting hybrid male fertility. Semisterility of hybrid females appears to result from an X chromosome-cytoplasm interaction; the X chromosome thus has the largest effect on sterility in both male and female hybrids. This is apparently the first analysis of the genetic basis of female sterility, or of sterility/inviability affecting both sexes, in an animal hybridization.     

Molecular Control of Male Reproductive Development and Pollen Fertility in Rice

Anther development and male fertility are essential biological processes for flowering plants and are important for crop seed production. Genetic manipulation of male fertility/sterility is critical for crop hybrid breeding. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterility phenotypes, including genic male sterility, hybrid male sterility, and cytoplasmic male sterility, are generally caused by mutations of fertility‐related genes, by incompatible interactions between divergent allelic or non‐allelic genes, or by genetic incompatibilities between cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Here, we review the recent advances in the molecular basis of anther development and male fertility‐sterility conversion in specific genetic backgrounds, and the interactions with certain environmental factors. The highlighted findings in this review have significant implications in both basic studies and rice genetic improvement. [ Yao‐Guang Liu (Corresponding author)]     

A simple genetic incompatibility causes hybrid male sterility in mimulus

Much evidence has shown that postzygotic reproductive isolation (hybrid inviability or sterility) evolves by the accumulation of interlocus incompatibilities between diverging populations. Although in theory only a single pair of incompatible loci is needed to isolate species, empirical work in Drosophila has revealed that hybrid fertility problems often are highly polygenic and complex. In this article we investigate the genetic basis of hybrid sterility between two closely related species of monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus and M. nasutus. In striking contrast to Drosophila systems, we demonstrate that nearly complete hybrid male sterility in Mimulus results from a simple genetic incompatibility between a single pair of heterospecific loci. We have genetically mapped this sterility effect: the M. guttatus allele at the hybrid male sterility 1 (hms1) locus acts dominantly in combination with recessive M. nasutus alleles at the hybrid male sterility 2 (hms2) locus to cause nearly complete hybrid male sterility. In a preliminary screen to find additional small-effect male sterility factors, we identified one additional locus that also contributes to some of the variation in hybrid male fertility. Interestingly, hms1 and hms2 also cause a significant reduction in hybrid female fertility, suggesting that sex-specific hybrid defects might share a common genetic basis. This possibility is supported by our discovery that recombination is reduced dramatically in a cross involving a parent with the hms1-hms2 incompatibility.