Pichia pastoris X-33 ΔGT2缓解甘油对AOX1的阻遏并用于外源蛋白的高效表达

巴斯德毕赤酵母是甲醇酵母,作为应用最广泛的真核表达系统之一,在以甲醇为唯一碳源时可以利用醇氧化酶启动子PAOX1进行外源蛋白的表达,但是这一过程会被甘油阻遏。近几年有研究表明,甘油转运体不仅有运输甘油的功能,还与甘油、甲醇的代谢有一定的联系。目的:构建了甘油转运体GT2(PAS_chr3_1076)缺失菌株P.pastoris X-33ΔGT2,研究该菌株的甘油去阻遏效应和在不同碳源培养基中诱导PAOX1启动子驱动外源蛋白的表达水平。方法:构建以甲醇诱导型启动子PAOX1调控外源基因EGFP的表达载体PAOX1-EGFP,经酶线性化后电转野生型菌株P.pastoris X-33获得重组菌株x-EGFP;通过同源重组的方法敲除GT2基因,获得ΔGT2-EGFP敲除菌株;以ΔGT2-EGFP和X-EGFP为出发菌株,在甘油、甲醇,以及甘油甲醇混合为碳源诱导醇氧化酶AOX1及绿色荧光蛋白EGFP的表达和生长情况,并检测在以甘油为唯一碳源时,胞外的甘油含量。结果:在以甘油甲醇混合碳源培养时,突变体ΔGT2-EGFP菌株中AOX1单位酶活比野生型菌株高出近35%,单位荧光强度要高出近70%;在以甘油为唯一碳源时,X-EGFP最终收获时的生物量比ΔGT2-EGFP多,且发酵液中甘油含量相对较少;以混合碳源培养时ΔGT2总外源蛋白表达水平最高。结论:实验表明,GT2参与甘油的吸收与代谢,ΔGT2突变株可在一定程度上解除甘油对甲醇的代谢抑制,暗示甘油转运体与PAOX1相关,且基于此研究结果有望优化出更高效的酵母表达系统。     

毕赤酵母醇氧化酶2启动子上游调控序列的随机突变研究

巴斯德毕赤酵母是表达外源蛋白的重要宿主之一.醇氧化酶2启动子(PAOX2)与醇氧化酶1启动子(PAOX1)的启动模式相同,但是启动强度不同.为了研究其醇氧化酶启动子PAOX2的上游调控序列,本文利用随机突变的方法对醇氧化酶启动子PAOX2的上游调控序列进行了随机突变,构建了PAOX2上游调控序列突变文库,检测突变体启动...     

以葡萄糖为生长相基质的重组毕赤酵母表达植酸酶发酵

甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白是在醇氧化酶（alcohol oxidase,AOX）启动子（PAOXI）严格调控下进行的,然而这种启动子在转录水平受到葡萄糖的阻遏。本文研究了毕赤酵母在葡萄糖替代甘油为生长相碳源时表达重组植酸酶蛋白的发酵特征。结果表明：初始葡萄糖浓度为20dL的细胞得率高,为0．39g[DCW]／g。通过基于实时参数（溶氧和呼吸商）调控的葡萄糖补料策略,生长相40h后细胞密度达到100g[DCW]／L,甲醇诱导100h后植酸酶产量达到2200FTUphytase／mL,甲醇得率系数为0．25FTU phytase／gmethnol。因此,在毕赤酵母高表达重组蛋白培养中葡萄糖能够用作生长相基质,并能实现重组蛋白的高效表达。     

新型重组毕赤酵母产人胰岛素前体的表达工艺研究

以毕赤酵母为异源表达宿主合成人胰岛素前体,在实验室研究和工业生产中已有广泛应用。目前研究主要使用天然甲醇诱导型AOX1启动子,以甲醇为单一基础碳源进行胰岛素前体的诱导发酵生产。但在毕赤酵母高密度发酵生产过程中,甲醇代谢过程耗氧大、产热高,补料控制工艺复杂,限制了发酵生产的放大。基于前期对启动子AOX1的转录调控设计研究,提出以人工设计的高效组成型转录调控器件CSAD_5驱动胰岛素前体基因表达,开发了以葡萄糖为碳源的发酵生产工艺,以解决甲醇体系中的产热、耗氧及工艺控制问题。在此基础上,通过增强筛选压力提高异源基因拷贝,获得了一株胰岛素前体高表达重组毕赤酵母,利用优化的培养工艺在5L反应器水平发酵生产,胰岛素前体产量在108h达到1. 85g/L,为目前报道以葡萄糖为碳源,生产人胰岛素前体的最高水平,为胰岛素前体的工业生产及毕赤酵母的应用提供了新的思路和方法。     

通过非甲醇诱导游离型表达载体改善毕赤酵母中β-半乳糖苷酶表达

β-半乳糖苷酶是一种重要的食品工业用酶,目前主要通过毕赤酵母甲醇诱导型表达系统进行生产,但甲醇的使用存在火灾、残留毒性等安全隐患,已逐渐成为食品工业用酶生产中备受关注的问题之一.为满足β-半乳糖苷酶安全生产的需要,本研究利用强组成型启动子PGCW14和源自酵母的自我复制序列PARS构建了一种新型非甲醇诱导游离型表达载体pGCW14ZαA-PARS,并且在此基础上分别构建了非甲醇诱导游离型重组表达菌株KM71/pGCW14ZαA-PARS-Aoβ-GAL,用以改善米曲霉Aspergillus Oryzae RIB40(ATCC42149)来源的β-半乳糖苷酶基因(Aoβ-GAL)在毕赤酵母中的表达.实验结果表明,该非甲醇诱导游离型表达载体在毕赤酵母中传代培养90代后仍保持83.22％的遗传稳定性,完全能够满足工业上大规模生产的需要.在10％流速补充碳源的条件下,非甲醇诱导游离表达菌株KM71/pGCW14ZαA-PARS-Aoβ-GAL经高密度发酵的最高酶活性和比活性分别为126.4 U/mL和26.2 U/mg,分别是传统甲醇诱导型表达菌株KM71/pPIC9k-Aoβ-GAL的1.94倍和3.12倍,且发酵周期缩短了36h.可见,本研究构建的非甲醇诱导游离型表达载体可有效改善β-半乳糖苷酶在毕赤酵母中的表达,且在食品工业用酶的安全、高效工业化生产中具有一定的应用前景.     

用于异源基因表达的毕赤酵母启动子研究进展

甲醇营养型毕赤酵母是一个广泛使用的蛋白表达宿主系统,易于高密度发酵、具有真核细胞翻译后加工修饰特点,适于异源蛋白分泌表达。转录调控是控制蛋白高效表达的关键环节,启动子是其中重要的元件。毕赤酵母表达系统中应用最为广泛的是甲醇诱导型AOX1启动子和组成型的GAP启动子,已成功用于一些异源蛋白的表达。近年来,发现了其他一些可供利用的启动子,包括来自管家基因的启动子如TEF、PGK1,以及具有特殊调控机制的启动子如FLD、PHO89等。此外,通过对启动子进行序列改造,构建启动子文库,实现了对启动子的精细调控。不同的启动子具有各自独特的调控机制与特点,就毕赤酵母启动子在异源蛋白表达应用中的相关研究进展进行综述。     

巴斯德毕赤酵母甲醇诱导表达磷脂酶A2的转录组学分析

【目的】基于转录组学技术研究表达磷脂酶A_2的毕赤酵母重组菌在甲醇诱导表达外源蛋白时的基因表达差异,从而解析外源蛋白高效诱导表达机制,为进一步工程菌株的改造提供理论支撑。【方法】以一株产磷脂酶(PLA_2)的毕赤酵母为出发菌株,采用RNA-Seq二代测序方法,研究在甘油培养和甲醇诱导两种条件下,重组毕赤酵母转录组基因表达差异情况。【结果】重组毕赤酵母中共鉴定到5225个转录本。甘油培养与甲醇诱导相比,共有857个基因发生显著变化。依据代谢途径分类,差异基因集中在核糖体成分、甲醇代谢、磷酸戊糖途径、糖酵解途径、柠檬酸循环、乙醛酸循环以及蛋白质加工过程。【结论】通过分析甲醇诱导前后的差异表达基因,结果表明碳源改变对胞内代谢会产生全局影响。本研究结果为进一步研究毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白的机制提供了基础。     

提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)表达系统是基因工程研究中广泛使用的真核表达系统 ,与现有的其它表达系统相比 ,巴斯德毕赤酵母在表达产物的糖基化修饰、折叠、加工、外分泌及表达量等方面有明显的优势。外源基因在该系统中表达时 ,由于受基因内部的结构、分泌信号、甲醇诱导的浓度及诱导时间、培养温度、启动子、表达环境的 pH值等诸多因素的影响 ,一些外源蛋白的表达也存在着表达不够稳定、表达量较低 ,甚至不表达的情况。对影响巴斯德毕赤酵母表达的各种可能因素进行了分析 ,结合具体实践经验 ,就如何提高外源基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达量的问题进行了综述。     

双碳源流加对重组毕赤酵母高效表达葡萄糖氧化酶的影响

葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)是一种具有广泛应用前景的工业酶.为了实现葡萄糖氧化酶的高效生产,提高重组毕赤酵母生产GOD的产量和增强生产强度,对重组毕赤酵母诱导阶段的初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度进行了优化.在此基础上,诱导期采用了双碳源(甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇)与甲醇混合流加的模式.研究发现,最佳诱导前初始菌体浓度和甲醇浓度分别为100 g/L和18 g/L,此时GOD产量为427.6 U/mL.在诱导阶段采用甘油、山梨醇和甘露醇与甲醇的混合添加均可以提高GOD产量,其中甘露醇与甲醇的混合流加效果最为显著.当甲醇与甘露醇混合流加的比例为20∶1(W/W)时,诱导156h GOD产量和生产强度分别可达711.3 U/mL和4.60 U/(mL·h),比甲醇单一流加策略结果分别提高了66.3％和67.9％.此外采用合适的甘露醇混合流加策略不但不会抑制AOX1启动子的表达,甚至有一定促进作用,AOX酶活性为8.8 U/g(对照为5.2 U/g).双碳源流加方式还能推广到毕赤酵母其他表型中,为该系统高效表达外源蛋白提供一种新策略.     

采用混合策略提高葡萄糖氧化酶在毕赤酵母中的表达水平

为了提高葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD) 在毕赤酵母中的表达水平,提出了甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导和共表达分子伴侣二硫键异构酶 (PDI) 和透明颤菌血红蛋白 (VHb) 两种策略。利用对照菌株X33/pPIC9k–GOD 在5 L发酵罐放大培养时,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活为456 U/mL,比只采用甲醇作为单一碳源诱导时GOD最终酶活提高了20%。利用整合伴侣蛋白菌株X33/pPIC9k-GOD/pPICZ-PDI-VHb在5 L发酵罐进行高密度发酵,采用甲醇/山梨醇混合碳源诱导,GOD最终酶活达到716 U/mL,蛋白浓度为7.4 g/L。研究结果对提高外源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达有重要参考价值。     

Improved production of human type II procollagen in the yeast <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis> in shake flasks by a wireless-controlled fed-batch system

Background  

Here we describe a new technical solution for optimization of Pichia pastoris shake flask cultures with the example of production of stable human type II collagen. Production of recombinant proteins in P. pastoris is usually performed by controlling gene expression with the strong AOX1 promoter, which is induced by addition of methanol. Optimization of processes using the AOX1 promoter in P. pastoris is generally done in bioreactors by fed-batch fermentation with a controlled continuous addition of methanol for avoiding methanol toxification and carbon/energy starvation. The development of feeding protocols and the study of AOX1-controlled recombinant protein production have been largely made in shake flasks, although shake flasks have very limited possibilities for measurement and control.     

Regulation of alcohol oxidase of a recombinant Pichia pastoris Mut+ strain in transient continuous cultures

In the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, alcohol oxidase (AOX) is a key enzyme involved in the dissimilation of methanol. Heterologous proteins are usually expressed under the control of the AOX1 promoter, which drives the expression of alcohol oxidase 1 in the wild-type strain. This study investigates the regulation of the alcohol oxidase enzyme of a recombinant P. pastoris Mut+ strain in cultures on glycerol and methanol as sole carbon sources and in mixed substrate cultures on both substrates. The aim was to have a better insight in the transition from growth on glycerol to growth on methanol, which is a key step in standard high cell density P. pastoris cultures for the production of foreign proteins. Nutrient shifts in chemostat cultures showed that after growth on glycerol use of mixed feeds of glycerol and methanol allowed faster induction of alcohol oxidase and faster adaptation of cellular metabolism than with a feed containing methanol as sole carbon source. The results of this study showed also how critical it is to avoid transient methanol accumulation during P. pastoris cultures operated at low residual methanol concentrations. Indeed, pulse experiments during chemostat cultures showed that sudden increase in methanol concentrations in cultures performed under methanol-limited or dual methanol and glycerol-limited growth conditions leads to wash-out of the culture because of too high consumption rate of methanol, which leads to excretion of toxic intermediates. High rate of methanol consumption was due to high specific AOX activities observed at low residual methanol concentrations.     

毕赤氏酵母醇氧化酶-2基因启动子突变体的分离和鉴定

巴斯毕赤我苯酵母表达系统已被广泛用于生产外源蛋白的寄主菌。利用该系统将外源基因整合交换到染色体上时,ＡＯＸ１基因被破力的甲醇利用缓慢,给发本报生产千古 定影响。在不改变现有表达系统前提下,从ＡＯＸＩ功能缺陷 株分离出Ｍｕｔ＾＋自发突变化突变体,通过突变体在甲醇培养基中生长曲线的测定,ＨＳＡ表达产物的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,证明突变体的甲醇利用能力和蛋白表达比原始菌株大大提高,突变体ＡＯＸ２基因上游     

毕赤氏酵母P_(AOX2)突变体序列分析

近年来巴斯德毕赤氏酵母（Ｐｉｃｈｉａｐａｓｔｏｒｉｓ）已被广泛用于商业化生产外源蛋白的基因工程菌［１］。与常用的酿酒酵母表达系统相比,该系统具有以下优点：１有强有力的、受甲醇严格诱导调控的启动子;２表达蛋白高分泌;３表达菌株稳定;４适合于高密度培养。但目前使用的系统也有其不足之处,当利用该系统的载体将外源基因通过双交换整合到染色体中ＡＯＸ１基因位置时,ＡＯＸ１基因被破坏［２］。已知醇氧化酶是细胞利用甲醇的关键酶,该酶分别由ＡＯＸ１基因和ＡＯＸ２基因编码合成［３］。虽然ＡＯＸ２与ＡＯＸ１的…     

Characterization of methanol utilization negative Pichia pastoris for secreted protein production: New cultivation strategies for current and future applications

The methanol utilization (Mut) phenotype in the yeast Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella spp.) is defined by the deletion of the genes AOX1 and AOX2. The Mut⁻ phenotype cannot grow on methanol as a single carbon source. We assessed the Mut⁻ phenotype for secreted recombinant protein production. The methanol inducible AOX1 promoter (P_AOX1) was active in the Mut⁻ phenotype and showed adequate eGFP fluorescence levels and protein yields (Y_P/X) in small-scale screenings. Different bioreactor cultivation scenarios with methanol excess concentrations were tested using P_AOX1HSA and P_AOX1vHH expression constructs. Scenario B comprising a glucose-methanol phase and a 72-hr-long methanol only phase was the best performing, producing 531 mg/L HSA and 1631 mg/L vHH. 61% of the HSA was produced in the methanol only phase where no biomass growth was observed, representing a special case of growth independent production. By using the Mut⁻ phenotype, the oxygen demand, heat output, and specific methanol uptake (q_methanol) in the methanol phase were reduced by more than 80% compared with the Mut^S phenotype. The highlighted improved process parameters coupled with growth independent protein production are overlooked benefits of the Mut⁻ strain for current and future applications in the field of recombinant protein production.     

Evaluation of copper-inducible fungal laccase promoter in foreign gene expression in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

The promoter region of copper-inducible laccase gene, LCC1, from Pycnoporus coccineus was explored in the heterologous expression of foreign protein in Pichia pastoris. The promoter region (P_PPLCC1) was isolated and used to replace the methanol-inducible AOXI promoter (P_AOX1) of pPICHOLI-2, an episomal expression vector for P. pastoris, to generate a new copper-inducible expression vector. The promoter activity of P_PPLCC1 was compared with those of P_AOX1 and P_CUP1, a copper-inducible promoter of a commercial vector pPICHOLI-C, using a laccase gene as a reporter gene in P. pastoris GS115. Reporter laccase activity of the culture broth reached 182 and 43 units/L for P_PPLCC1 and P_CUP1, respectively, after induction with 0.2 mM CuSO₄ at OD₆₀₀ = 1 and culture for 120 h at 15°C in complex medium containing 1% glucose. For P_AOX1 activity, yeast cells harboring P_AOX1-laccase plasmid were cultured for 120 h at 15°C in complex medium with intermittent feeding with 1% methanol every 12 h to avoid methanol toxicity. Laccase activity of culture broth was 124 units/L. Conclusively, P_PPLCC1 is a new copper-inducible promoter that shows superior performance in terms of efficiency of laccase production compared to commercial vectors. P_PPLCC1 is additionally superior to P_AOX1 since it does not require laborious feeding with a carbon source.