壳聚糖纳米磁性微球固定脂肪氧合酶的研究

实验采用溶胶凝胶法制备了纳米磁性Fe3O4,并用壳聚糖对颗粒2四川大学,生命科学学院,四川成都表面进行了表面修饰得到壳聚糖纳米磁性微球复合载体,再以戊二醛为交联剂将脂肪氧合酶固定在复合载体上,并测定了不同因素对游离酶和固定化酶活性的影响;实验表明,微粒在电镜观察下呈亮黑色球状,直径约为150nm,并具有良好的磁性,固定在载体上酶的含量约为7.6%,游离酶的最适温度为30℃,最适p H8.0,而固定化酶的最适温度为30℃,最适p H9.0,当H2O2浓度为12.0 g/L时,游离酶和固定化酶的活性最强;实验结果表明通过交联的方法成功将脂肪氧合酶固定在了纳米磁性四氧化三铁颗粒上,并表现出了较好的活性。     

功能化磁性纳米粒子在固定化酶研究中的应用

酶是高效的生物催化剂,在生物技术领域有广泛的应用。然而,不可再生催化的高成本和酶的有效成分分离回收,是实现大规模工业化应用需要解决的关键问题。磁性纳米粒子(magnetic nanoparticles,MNPs)具有优异的磁回收性质。通过设计和制备功能化MNPs作为固定化酶的多功能载体,是解决这一问题的有效途径之一,可为酶的工业化大规模应用提供条件。近年来,功能化磁性纳米粒子在酶的固定化领域基于载体性质、固定化方法和应用有广泛研究。文中重点介绍了近年来各种功能化磁性纳米载体,特别是Fe3O4纳米粒子,在固定化酶中的应用。根据功能化试剂的差异分类,实例讨论了不同功能化修饰的磁性纳米载体对酶的固定化,包括硅烷修饰的磁性纳米载体、有机聚合物修饰的磁性纳米载体、介孔材料修饰的磁性纳米载体以及金属-有机骨架材料(metal-organic framework,MOF)修饰的磁性纳米载体。同时,结合可持续工业催化的发展要求,对磁性复合载体固定化酶的发展前景进行了展望。     

磁性Fe_3O_4/聚苯胺纳米纤维的制备及其固定漆酶研究

合成优良的漆酶固定化载体有利于其进一步应用。通过将磁性纳米颗粒包埋在苯胺的聚合物中形成磁性Fe_3O_4/聚苯胺纳米纤维,作为漆酶固定化载体。透射电镜和红外图谱分别显示了载体的形态结构特征。不同比例的Fe_3O_4与苯胺对载体结构没有明显影响,但会影响酶的负载量。合成载体最大酶负载量为210 mg/g,固定漆酶后的载体导电性能发生变化。固定化漆酶最适pH从4偏移到3.5,在酸性pH范围保持较高的酶活性,最适温度为60℃;在50℃下孵育240 min,能保持约50%的酶活性,于4℃下保存30 d能保持约60%的酶活性;重复使用8次后还能保留70%的酶活性;结果证实了磁性Fe_3O_4/聚苯胺纳米纤维成功合成,对酶有较高的负载量。随着Fe_3O_4的比例增加,载体对漆酶的负载量却减少;漆酶与载体间存在有一定电子交流。固定化漆酶的最适pH向酸性偏移可能和聚苯胺的导电性有关,合成载体显示出良好的热稳定性、储存稳定性和重复使用稳定性,表明磁性Fe_3O_4/聚苯胺纳米纤维是一种优良的酶固定化载体,可以实现酶的高效固定化。     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌氨基酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的克隆、表达及细胞固定化研究

将嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的氨基酰化酶(amaA)基因克隆到E.coli中进行表达,同时利用渗透交联法固定化E.coli细胞,并对固定化细胞氨基酰化酶进行了温度和pH等理化性质的初步探讨.结果显示amaA基因在E.coli中获得了高效表达,酶活性达1043U/g湿菌体.最佳固定化条件为3%卡拉胶,30%细胞.当以1.25%多乙烯多胺渗透交联固定化细胞10min和0.1%戊二醛硬化处理20min,酶学性质研究表明,酶反应的最适温度为65℃,最适pH为7.0.细胞固定化后仍保留有83%活性,pH稳定范围更广,热稳定性更高,55℃酶活性不损失,4℃保存23d仍保留有固定化时73.6%的酶活性,连续10批次转化酶活性仅损失约20%,预示该固定化E.coli具有良好的操作和保存稳定性.     

金属框架结构材料MOF-199对漆酶的固定化及其性质

以金属框架结构材料MOF-199为载体对漆酶进行固定化,并对固定化酶的性质进行初步研究。首先,以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷对载体MOF-199进行表面氨基化修饰,再用戊二醛对载体进行活化,最后对漆酶进行固定化。固定化条件优化结果表明:在漆酶质量浓度0.3 g/L,戊二醛用量1%(体积分数),pH 4.8下固定7 h,制得固定化酶活性最高。对固定化酶的研究发现:最适反应温度为40℃,最适pH为5.2,在连续操作7次后,固定化酶的活力仍能保持在51%。固定化漆酶热稳定性,pH耐受性,贮存稳定性均明显高于游离漆酶。     

树脂载体固定S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

目的:筛选一种适合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶固定化的树脂载体,进行固定化工艺优化及固定化酶性质研究。方法:以固定化率和表观酶活回收率为指标,筛选固定化效果最佳的一种树脂,采用单因素实验对固定化条件进行优化。结果:阴离子交换树脂载体ESR-2表现出最优的固定化率(94.03%)和酶活回收率(47.45%);最佳固定化条件为加酶量4U/g、pH 8.0、15℃吸附10h,最佳条件下固定化酶表观酶活为2.1U/g,表观酶活回收率达51.6%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为35℃,连续反应10批次后酶活剩余77.92%。结论:树脂载体ESR-2固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶酶活及稳定性较好,能够用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的工业化大规模生产。     

氨基载体共价结合固定化海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶

共价结合法是重要的工业酶固定化方法,利用稳定的共价键固定化工业酶,在载体和酶间形成多点共价连接,可以制备稳定性较好的固定化酶,更具有实际应用价值。利用氨基载体共价结合固定化海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶,采用较为廉价的戊二醛进行辅助交联,通过单因素和正交试验,确定最佳固定化条件为:25℃、pH5. 0、0. 1%戊二醛、0. 25g载体、交联0. 5h、固定化1h、加酶量为800U,最终得到的固定化酶酶活达到83. 01U/g。固定化脂肪酶的最适pH较游离酶向碱性方向偏移,最适反应温度提高10℃,固定化酶的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性比游离酶好且重复使用性和储存稳定性明显优于游离酶。同时发现交联剂是制备固定化脂肪酶的重要因素,因此探索新型交联剂对于固定化效果的提高具有重要意义,为海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶的固定化工艺技术和工业应用奠定了良好基础。     

环氧基高分子磁性复合微球固定化木瓜蛋白酶的研究

研究以甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)为单体,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EDMA)为交联剂,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为分散剂,在Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子存在的条件下,合成了交联度为25%的磁性高分子复合微球(GMAE-DMA).并以这种微球为载体,进行了对木瓜蛋白酶的固定化研究.探讨了最佳的固定化条件如下:温度为25℃,反应时间20h,pH值为8.5,给酶量为160mg/g.同时以酪蛋白为底物,研究了固定化酶的酶学性质,结果表明:固定化酶对不同pH值环境的耐受力、热稳定性和操作稳定性都有较大幅度的提高.实验证明这种高分子磁性复合微球是一种优良的固定化酶载体.     

环氧交联剂和氨基载体固定化海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶*

游离酶经过固定化后,稳定性和环境耐受性得到提高,在食品、医药、化工、环境和皮革等领域可以很好的提高酶的利用率并降低生产成本,具有极大的应用潜力。新型交联剂在固定化酶工艺的应用极大推进了固定化酶研究的深入。借助新型交联剂聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(PEGDGE),利用氨基载体LX-1000HA固定化海洋假丝酵母脂肪酶,结合单因素和正交试验优化得到交联及固定化条件为:交联温度30℃,交联2h,交联剂浓度0.75%,pH7.0,加酶量800U,载体量0.5g,固定化2h,固定化温度45℃。根据上述最佳固定化工艺,制备得到固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL在最适条件下测得酶活达到160.81U/g,约为此前制备的固定化酶LX-1000HA-GA-CRL(由LX-1000HA和戊二醛交联脂肪酶得到)和LX-1000EA-PEGDGE-CRL(由短链氨基载体LX-1000EA和PEGDGE交联脂肪酶得到)酶活的2倍,发现固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL的最适反应温度相比于游离酶提高15℃;在70℃的环境中3h后酶活仍存留70%;循环使用6次后残留65%左右的酶活;酸碱耐受性和储存稳定性也表现良好,4℃保存30天后剩余约70%的初始酶活。同时,将制备的固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL与游离酶、固定化酶LX-1000HA-GA-CRL、固定化酶LX-1000EA-PEGDGE-CRL进行了比较,发现固定化酶LX-1000HA-PEGDGE-CRL在温度耐受性和重复使用性等方面具有更好的使用效果。     

Immobilization of D-lactonohydrolase by adsorption-crosslinking method

选择6种吸附树脂和离子交换树脂对D-泛解酸内酯水解酶进行固定化,筛选出了固定化效果较好的大孔弱碱性丙烯酸系阴离子交换树脂D-380为载体,用先吸附后交联的方法固定化.通过实验对固定化条件进行了优化,得出最佳的固定化条件为:加酶量6 U/g树脂、吸附pH7.5、吸附时间4h、吸附温度30℃、交联剂戊二醛终浓度0.1％、交联时间2h.实验表明在此条件下制得的固定化酶有很好的稳定性:固定化酶在连续20次的底物水解反应后,剩余酶活达到71％.当温度达到80℃时游离酶几乎失去酶活,而固定化酶剩余酶活为60％以上.游离酶的pH稳定性范围为pH7～8,而固定化酶为pH 6.5～8.5.     

聚乙烯醇-明胶复合膜固定化重组大肠杆菌NAD激酶的研究

为提高烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)激酶的稳定性,采用复合膜对NAD激酶进行固定化研究。选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乳酸(PLA)、海藻酸钠(SA)和明胶(GEL)膜材料固定化NAD激酶。通过单因素实验确定最佳固定化条件为:PVA∶GEL为4∶1,加酶量为0.6 mL,固定化时间为6h,固定化温度为35℃,此时酶活力回收率达到最高值84%。固定化酶酶学性质分析结果表明,与游离酶进行比较,固定化后NAD激酶的最适温度由50℃提高至55℃,最适pH由8.0降至7.0,NAD激酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性均得到显著提高,但固定化酶的亲和力降低。固定化NAD激酶重复利用6次后,酶活性依然可维持初始酶活性的75%以上,表明聚乙烯醇-明胶复合膜固定化酶具有良好的操作稳定性。     

纳米磁性壳聚糖微球固定化酵母醇脱氢酶的研究

建立了以纳米级磁性壳聚糖微球(magnetic chitosan microspheres , M-CS)为载体固定化酵母醇脱氢酶(yeast alcohol dehydrogenase,YADH)的方法,优化了YADH的固定化条件,考察了固定化酶的性质。结果表明,M-CS 呈规则的圆球形,粒径在30nm 左右,具有较好的磁响应性。酵母醇脱氢酶固定化适宜条件为:50 mg 磁性壳聚糖微球,加入20mL 0.25 mg/mL 酵母醇脱氢酶(蛋白质含量)磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L ,pH 7.0) ,在4 ℃固定2h。M-CS 容易吸附酵母醇脱氢酶,但吸附的酶量受载体与酶的比例、溶液的离子浓度、溶液pH的影响明显,而温度对吸附的酶量的影响则相对较弱。相对于游离的酵母醇脱氢酶,固定化酶的最适温度略有升高,可明显改善其热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、操作稳定性和贮存稳定性。     

Preparation and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles

The covalently immobilized of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase (SCAD) to magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles via glutaraldehyde coupling reaction was studied. The magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method using H(2)O(2) as an oxidizer. Functionalization of surface-modified magnetic particles was performed by the covalent binding of chitosan onto the surface. The amino functional group on the magnetic Fe(3)O(4)-chitosan particles surface and the amino group of the dehydrogenase were coupled with glutaraldehyde. The immobilization process did not affect the size and structure of magnetic nanoparticles. For the reduction of phenylglyoxylic acid by immobilized SCAD, the kinetic analysis data indicated that the immobilized SCAD retained 48.77% activity of its original activity. The activation energy within 20-40 degrees C, the maximum specific activity and the Michaelis constants for phenylglyoxylic acid were 7.79 KJ mol(-1), 279.33 nmol min(-1) and 37.77 mmol l(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the immobilized SCAD enhanced thermal stability and good durability in the repeated use after recovered by magnetic separations.     

Simple-kinetic descriptions of alcohol dehydrogenase after immobilization on tresyl-chloride-activated agarose

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase was successfully immobilized on tresyl-chloride-activated agarose; the optimized conditions allowed an enzyme activity recovery of over 90%. Comparison of free and immobilized enzyme properties showed an unchanged intrinsic activation energy of the reaction and a shift of optimum activity to a higher pH medium after immobilization. Comparison of the kinetic parameters for both substrates of the reaction showed that the Michaelis-Menten model could not take into consideration all the constraints induced by the immobilization on the enzyme properties but that the Theorell-Chance model was more appropriate. These results are discussed taking into consideration the factors affecting the immobilized enzyme. Finally, we discuss the possibilities of cofactor regeneration with this immobilized alcohol dehydrogenase.     

Preparation and characterization of a thermostable enzyme (Mn-SOD) immobilized on supermagnetic nanoparticles

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been widely applied in medical treatments, cosmetic, food, agriculture, and chemical industries. In industry, the immobilization of enzymes can offer better stability, feasible continuous operations, easy separation and reusing, and significant decrease of the operation costs. However, little attention has focused on the immobilization of the SOD, as well as the immobilization of thermostable enzymes. In this study, the recombinant thermostable manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) of Thermus thermophilus wl was purified and covalently immobilized onto supermagnetic 3-APTES-modified Fe(3)O(4)@SiO(2) nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde method to prepare the Mn-SOD bound magnetic nanoparticles. The Mn-SOD nanoparticles were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. The results indicated that the diameter of Mn-SOD nanoparticles was 40 (± 5) nm, and its saturation magnetization value was 27.9 emu/g without remanence or coercivity. By comparison with the free Mn-SOD, it was found that the immobilized Mn-SOD on nanoparticles exhibited better resistance to temperature, pH, metal ions, enzyme inhibitors, and detergents. The results showed that the immobilized Mn-SOD on nanoparticles could be reused ten times without significant decrease of enzymatic activity. Therefore, our study presented a novel strategy for the immobilization of thermostable Mn-SOD and for the application of thermostable enzymes.     

溶胶凝胶法固定化黑曲霉脂肪酶的性质研究

近年来溶胶-凝胶法固定脂肪酶已成为研究热点。选用TMOS、MTMS、ETMS和PTMS 4种硅烷试剂对黑曲霉脂肪酶进行了固定化研究。固定化的最佳配方为ETMS/TMOS=5：1、水与硅烷试剂分子比为8;固定化脂肪酶的固定率为80.2%、相对活性为136.3%;以乳化橄榄油作为底物,在50℃和pH4.0的条件下,固定化脂肪酶与游离脂肪酶K_m分别为1.899×10^-4M和2.789×10^-4M;最适反应pH均为pH4.0,固定化脂肪酶在pH4.0~pH5.5之间其活性能保持95%以上;固定化脂肪酶最适反应温度为60℃,较游离脂肪酶提高了10℃;固定化脂肪酶的酸碱稳定性和热稳定性较非固定化酶有显著的提高。固定化脂肪酶的使用寿命和保存稳定性良好,使用12次后仍能够保留71.7%活性,在室温避光条件下保存180天后仍可保留79.2%活性。     

Zinc tetraaminophthalocyanine-Fe3O4 nanoparticle composite for laccase immobilization

Zinc tetraaminophthalocyanine-Fe3O4 nanoparticle composites were prepared by organic-inorganic complex technology and characterized. It has been proved that the ZnTAPc dispersed randomly onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to form molecular dispersion layer and there was a relatively strong bond between central zinc cation and oxygen. The nanoparticle composite took the shape of roundish spheres with the mean diameter of about 15 nm. Active amino groups of magnetic carriers could be used to bind laccase via glutaraldehyde. The optimal pH for the activity of the immobilized laccases and free laccase were the same at pH 3.0 and the optimal temperature for laccase immobilization on ZnTAPc-Fe3O4 nanoparticle composite was 45 degrees. The immobilization yields and K(m) value of the laccase immobilized on ZnTAPc-Fe3O4 nanoparticle composite were 25% and 20.1 microM, respectively. This kind of immobilized laccase has good thermal, storage and operation stability, and could be used as the sensing biocomponent for the fiber optic biosensor based on enzyme catalysis.     

烟草多酚氧化酶的分离与固定化技术研究

多酚氧化酶属于氧化还原酶类,国际酶学委员会推荐名为儿茶酚氧化酶（ＥＣ１．１０．３．１ｐｏｌｙｐｈｅｎｏｌｏｘｉｄａｓｅ,ＰＰＯ）．该酶与食品工业、三废处理、医药卫生关系较为密切,因而研究较多．如近年来鸭梨［１］、蘑菇［２］、香蕉果肉组织［３］、荔枝果皮［４］等等中的多酚氧化酶均有研究报道．目前研究用固定化多酚氧化酶检测废水中酚类物质含量,进行环境检测;及其从工业废水中除去酚类,达到治理三废的目的．Ｍｏｓｂａｃｎ［５］（１９７６）研制成多酚氧化酶固定化酶柱,与氧电极检测器组合联用,可检测水中２０…     

Stabilization of alpha-chymotrypsin by covalent immobilization on amine-functionalized superparamagnetic nanogel

Stabilization of alpha-chymotrypsin (CT) by covalent immobilization on the amine-functionalized magnetic nanogel was studied. The amino groups containing superparamagnetic nanogel was obtained by Hoffman degradation of the polyacrylamide (PAM)-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles prepared by facile photochemical in situ polymerization. CT was then covalently bound to the magnetic nanogel with reactive amino groups by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminepropyl) carbodiimide as coupling reagent. The binding capacity was determined to be 61mg enzyme/g nanogel by BCA protein assay. Specific activity of the immobilized CT was measured to be 0.93U/(mgmin), 59.3% as that of free CT. The obtained immobilized enzyme had better resistance to temperature and pH inactivation in comparison to free enzyme and thus widened the ranges of reaction pH and temperature. The immobilized enzyme exhibited good thermostability, storage stability and reusability. Kinetic parameters were determined for both the immobilized and free enzyme. The value of K(m) of the immobilized enzyme was larger than did the free form, whereas the V(max) was smaller for the immobilized enzyme.