昆明小鼠精子冷冻的研究(简报)

胚胎工程技术是动物品种、品系培育,种质资源保存及转基因动物制备、保种的重要手段。配子的冷冻保存技术目前广泛应用于胚胎工程。和胚胎冷冻相比小鼠精子冷冻技术方便、高效尤其适用于转基因及突变系小鼠的保种。成功的精子冷冻要求复苏后通过体外受精(IVF)获得胚胎,再移植入受体,生长发育并产出幼仔。胚胎体外培养获得足够的晚桑葚胚和早期囊胚是胚胎干细胞建立与制备嵌合体小鼠的成功关键,暂时不用的胚胎应仍能耐受冷冻保存,待复苏移植,建立新的繁殖群。但小鼠精子冷冻研究在我国开展的十分有限,缺乏相关资料数据。本实验对不同周龄SPF级昆明(KM)小鼠进行精子冷冻及冻融精子IVF,并将IVF获得的2-细胞胚胎分别进行胚胎移植、体外培养、胚胎冷冻及复苏后移植,应用冻融小鼠精子进行胚胎工程实践。     

胚胎冷冻技术应用于抗菌肽转基因小鼠的保种传代

目的研究胚胎冷冻在抗菌肽转基因FVB小鼠保种传代中的应用。方法对6~8周正常雌性FVB小鼠进行超排分别与雄性杂合子抗菌肽转基因FVB小鼠交配,收集2-cell胚胎,进行胚胎冷冻。1周后进行胚胎复苏移植,通过PCR方法对仔代鉴定。结果冻存胚胎140枚,复苏获得存活胚胎98枚,移植85枚,产仔38只,获得阳性后代12只。结论通过胚胎冷冻技术保种及复苏移植技术可对抗菌肽转基因小鼠进行传代。     

小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子SNP遗传鉴定方法的建立

目的建立小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)分型方法,用于冷冻胚胎和精子快速遗传鉴定方案。方法以中科院上海实验动物中心(国家啮齿类实验动物种子中心上海分中心)提供的小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子为样本,采用全基因组扩增技术和PCR-LDR分型技术建立小鼠冷冻物SNP遗传鉴定方法。结果全基因组扩增技术能大幅度增加冷冻胚胎样本的DNA总量;PCR-LDR分型方法适用于小鼠全基因组45个SNPs的分型;分型确定C57BL/6,BALB/c,FVB/NJ等胚胎和精子各10种近交系,SNP位点信息与测序结果一致;小鼠冷冻胚胎个数与SNPs检出个数成正比,当胚胎数达到12以上时SNP检出率100%。结论实现近交系小鼠冷冻胚胎和精子快速SNP基因分型及遗传质量鉴定。     

绿色荧光蛋白转基因小鼠模型的建立及胚胎冷冻保种

目的建立绿色荧光蛋白转基因小鼠模型,并采取胚胎冷冻的方法进行保种。方法通过原核显微注射法,把线性化、纯化后的外源基因pEGFP注射入BDF1小鼠受精卵中,胚胎移植给同期发情的假孕受体母鼠,获得子代小鼠。经鉴定对有表达的转基因鼠进行胚胎冷冻保种。结果移植注射胚胎385枚给30只假孕小鼠共出生了306只后代鼠,经PCR和southern blot检测得到5只阳性小鼠。F2代转基因鼠胚胎冷冻240枚胚胎。结论通过显微注射法使外源基因pEGFP在小鼠基因组中得到整合,建立了转pEGFP的转基因小鼠模型。     

精子介导GFP基因在小鼠早期胚胎中的表达

利用DIG末端标记技术和免疫组化技术分析了小鼠精子体外结合内化外源DNA的效率。试验结果表明,不同小鼠个体的精子结合外源DNA的阳性率有明显差异(P<0.01),平均为13%。利用考马斯亮蓝染色评价了小鼠精子顶体反应发生的情况,筛选出TYH培养液为较合适的体外受精液。利用小鼠体外受精技术,将体外转染GFP基因并获能的小鼠精子与成熟卵母细胞进行体外受精,受精卵进行体外培养,表达GFP胚胎的阳性率为4.7%。验证了精子介导制备转基因小鼠胚胎的可行性,并建立了利用精子载体法制备转基因小鼠胚胎的平台。     

Lats1基因敲除小鼠保种的研究

目的　以Lats1基因敲除小鼠为例 ,研究国家遗传工程小鼠资源库遗传小鼠的保种技术路线及方法。方法　采用了胚胎移植 ,目的基因检测 ,胚胎冷冻等技术。结果　在库内得到 2 4只Lats+ -小鼠 ,扩群后 ,冷冻保存 110枚胚胎。结论　上述方法能确保Lats1基因敲除小鼠资源库保种成功。     

不同品系小鼠的体外受精、胚胎冷冻及移植的比较研究

目的　探讨不同品系小鼠的体外受精、胚胎和精子的低温保存效果。方法　本实验分别在中国科学院上海实验动物中心 (SLAC)和日本熊本大学动物资源开发中心 (CARD)对 13个品系小鼠 (C57BL 6J、BALB c、C3H HeJ、ICR、KM、FVB、MRL、NOD、CBA、DBA 2、CD 1、BDF1、B6C3F1)的体外受精 (IVF)率、胚胎培养及移植成绩进行了比较研究。结果　各品系小鼠新鲜精子的IVF率 15 1%～ 87 9% ,冻融精子的IVF率 8%～ 80 % ;冷冻胚胎的复苏率4 2 6 %～ 83 9% ;冻融胚胎移植后的产仔率在 17 8%～ 5 1 8%。结论　遗传背景不同的小鼠体外受精率、冷冻胚胎复苏率和胚胎移植的产仔率差异有显著性。但同一品系两个实验室间的新鲜精子的IVF率、冷冻胚胎的复苏率及移植产仔率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;冻融精子的体外受精率CARD明显高于SLAC(P <0 0 1)。     

胚胎冷冻技术在转基因动物中的应用

胚胎冷冻技术在转基因动物中的应用李劲松,成国祥,李厚达（扬州大学农学院生物技术研究所,江苏省生物工程重点实验室）１９８０年,Ｇｏｒｄｏｎ首次将外源基因导入小鼠受精卵而获得成活个体,从而开了转基因动物的先河。两年后,Ｐａｌｍｉｔｅｒ等将重组的大鼠生长激...     

系统低温生物学技术在实验小鼠资源保存中的建立与应用

目的建立小鼠胚胎与配子冷冻库,以安全、有效地保存小鼠资源。方法选择不同遗传背景（近交系、远交群、免疫缺陷、疾病模型和基因改变等）的实验小鼠,系统进行了超数排卵、体外受精（IVF）率、胚胎与精子的冷冻复苏效果、卵巢冷冻与移植、辅助体外受精等比较研究。结果①小鼠年龄和遗传背景的不同,其超数排卵的结果也不同（P〈0．01）。三个日龄段中,28日龄最好,其次为112日龄,56日龄最差;不同遗传背景小鼠的超数排卵结果显示,封闭群和大部分近交系小鼠优于转基因小鼠（P〈0．05）,自发性疾病小鼠和基因剔除小鼠的结果最差;②不同品系小鼠的新鲜精子和冻融精子的体外受精率差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,特别是C57BL／6J小鼠冻融精子的IVF率（10．3±4．2％）与新鲜精子（89．8±4.8％）相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;③不同品系小鼠的胚胎复苏率,除MRL／mp小鼠的复苏率略低外,其他小鼠品系均有较高的冷冻胚胎复苏率（58．2％～83．9％）,表明,不同遗传背景小鼠之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,但均可以达到有效保存小鼠资源的目的。④小鼠的遗传背景、年龄等对小鼠精子的冷冻效果都有影响,采用改良的FERTIUP冷冻保护剂和细胞质内单精注射（ICSI）技术可有效提高以C57BL／6J为背景的基因改变小鼠的精子冷冻复苏率。⑤卵巢冷冻保存可以改善雌性小鼠的繁殖困难或不孕。结论小鼠资源的安全保存,除了长期连续繁殖保种外,最好的或最保险的方法是低温保存。通过将胚胎、配子、卵巢等长期保存在液氮（-196℃）中避免遗传性状的改变,并在将来复苏后获得正常的小鼠后代,以用于生物学和医学等研究。     

转基因动物技术的研究进展及应用

文章综述了转基因动物的制作的主要方法及其优缺点,包括显微原核注射法、逆转录病毒感染法、胚胎干细胞介导法、体细胞核移植技术、精子载体法、胞浆内单精子注射法以及卵母细胞载体法等。阐述了转基因动物技术在人类疾病模型、生产人体器官、动物反应器和改良动物品种及其生产性能等方面的应用,并提出转基因动物技术存在的一些技术难题和安全性问题。     

Cryopreservation of unfertilized mouse oocytes from inbred strains by ultrarapid freezing

Unfertilized mouse oocytes from inbred strains (BALB/c, C3H/He and C57BL/6) were frozen ultrarapidly by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen, immediately after exposure to a highly-concentrated solution (DAP 213: 2 M dimethyl sulphoxide, 1 M acetamide, and 3 M propylene glycol in PB 1), and were later thawed in a 37 degrees C waterbath. After thawing, 76.8-90.9% of recovered oocytes were morphologically normal. Following fertilization in vitro of cryopreserved oocytes, the proportion of 2-cell embryos 24 h after insemination ranged from 70.7% to 83.4%. Nearly all 2-cell embryos obtained from cryopreserved oocytes were transferred to the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipients and 31.0-43.0% of 2-cell embryos developed into normal young.     

Cryopreservation of wild mouse spermatozoa

Spermatozoa of wild mice from China, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, India, Japan and Switzerland were frozen and stored at -196 degrees C. After thawing, intact oocytes were inseminated in vitro with relatively high motility frozen-thawed mouse spermatozoa from Czechoslovakia, Denmark and India, while oocytes with a partially dissected zona were inseminated with low motility frozen-thawed spermatozoa from China, Japan and Switzerland. Embryos developing to the 2-cell stage from oocytes fertilized with frozen-thawed spermatozoa were transferred to the oviducts of female recipients on the first day of pseudopregnancy (day when a vaginal plug was confirmed). Successful embryo development to the 2-cell stage was 46 to 67%. Offspring resulted from 17 to 51% of these transferred 2-cell embryos.     

High survival rate of unfertilized mouse oocytes after vitrification

Unfertilized mouse oocytes were cooled rapidly by directly plunging them into liquid nitrogen, immediately after exposure to a highly concentrated solution (modified VS1: 2.53 M-dimethyl sulphoxide, 2.36 M-acetamide, 1.19 M-propylene glycol, 5.4% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (Mr 8000) in PB1), and later warmed in a 37 degree C waterbath. After warming, 305 out of 348 oocytes (87.6%) were morphologically normal. After fertilization in vitro of cryopreserved oocytes, the proportions of pronuclear oocytes and 2-cell embryos 5 and 24 h after insemination were 81.6% (124/152) and 78.4% (120/153), respectively. All 2-cell embryos obtained from cryopreserved oocytes were transferred to the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipients and 45.8% (55/120) developed to normal young.     

Applications of cryopreserved unfertilized mouse oocytes for in vitro fertilization

Since the first successful reports into oocyte freezing, many papers concerning the cryopreservation of mouse oocytes have been published. However, a simple and practical cryopreservation method for unfertilized C57BL/6 mouse oocytes, and an IVF system using these cryopreserved oocytes have yet to be established, in spite of the fact that C57BL/6 is the prevalent inbred strain and is used for large-scale knockout programs. In this study, unfertilized C57BL/6 mouse oocytes were cryopreserved via a simple vitrification method. After warming, IVF was performed using cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and fresh sperm, cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and cold-stored sperm, cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and frozen sperm (C57BL/6 strain sperm), and cryopreserved unfertilized oocytes and frozen sperm derived from GEM strains (C57BL/6 background GEM strains). Nearly all of the cryopreserved oocytes were recovered, of which over 90% were morphologically normal. Those oocytes were then used for in vitro fertilization, resulting in 72–97% of oocytes developing into 2-cell embryos. A portion of the 2-cell embryos were transferred to recipients, resulting in live young being produced from 32–49% of the embryos. In summary, we established the simple and practical method of mouse oocyte vitrification with high survivability and developmental ability and the IVF using the vitrified-warmed oocytes with fresh, cold-stored or cryopreserved sperm with high fertility.     

Fetal development of mouse oocytes and zygotes cryopreserved in a nonconventional freezing medium

This study (1) analyzed fetal development of mouse embryos after oocyte cryopreservation in CJ2, a choline-based medium, (2) examined the effect of culture duration in vitro on subsequent fetal development, and (3) compared survival and fetal development of zygotes frozen in embryo transfer freeze medium (ETFM; sodium-based medium) or CJ2. Unfertilized oocytes and zygotes were cryopreserved using a slow-cooling protocol. After thawing, oocytes were inseminated after drilling a hole in their zona, cultured in vitro either to the two-cell or blastocyst stage, and transferred to the oviducts or uterine horns of recipient mice. In parallel experiments, frozen-thawed zygotes were similarly cultured and transferred. Implantation rates for transferred embryos were high (range 66-88%), regardless of whether they had been frozen as oocytes or zygotes and whether they had been transferred to the oviduct or uterus. However, fetal development was significantly higher when two-cell embryos were transferred. With blastocyst transfer, control embryos implanted and produced a greater proportion of fetuses than did oocytes frozen in CJ2, whereas transfer at the two-cell stage resulted in similar proportions of implantation sites and fetuses. Blastocyst transfer of zygotes cryopreserved in ETFM or CJ2 produced similar fetal development rates (23.6% vs 20.0%), but when frozen-thawed zygotes were transferred at the two-cell stage the fetal development rates were higher in the ETFM group (53.3%) than in the CJ2 group (32.0%). A high proportion (46.7%) of oocytes frozen in CJ2 in a nonprogrammable freezer and plunged at -20 degrees C developed into live offspring. This study shows that in the mouse (1) oocytes frozen in CJ2 can develop into viable fetuses, (2) prolonging culture in vitro has a detrimental effect on embryo transfer outcome, and (3) CJ2 offers no advantage for zygote cryopreservation.     

Cryopreservation of mouse spermatozoa]

The spermatozoa of cauda epididymis of mature mice were suspended in 3% skim milk in distilled water supplemented with 12, 15, 18 or 21% (W/V) raffinose. The suspension of spermatozoa were frozen in liquid nitrogen gas for 10 min, then stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The frozen suspensions of spermatozoa were thawed by rapid warming in water bath at room temperature. For removing the cryopreservative solution, a pair of syringes connected with a three stop cock and a filter unit (pore size 0.45 mu) were used. Highest sperm motility was obtained after 1 hr of thawing from the cryopreservative solution containing 18% raffinose and 3% skim milk. These cryopreserved spermatozoa were used for fertilization in vitro. The proportion of pronuclear oocytes was 35.9% (74/206) 6 hr after insemination, and the proportion of 2-cell embryos was 33.6% (42/125) 28 hr after insemination. All 2-cell embryos were transferred to the oviducts of pseudopregnant recipients and 45.2% (19/42) developed to normal young.     

In vivo development of vitrified rat embryos: effects of timing and sites of transfer to recipient females

In cryopreserved rat embryos, survival rates obtained in vitro are not always consistent with the rates obtained in vivo. To determine the optimal conditions for in vivo development to term, rat embryos at the 4-cell, 8-cell, and morula stages were vitrified in EFS40 by a one-step method and transferred into oviducts or uterine horns of recipients at various times during pseudopregnancy. Vitrified and fresh 4-cell embryos only developed after transfer into oviducts of asynchronous recipients on Days -1 to -2 of synchrony (i.e., at a point in pseudopregnancy 1-2 days earlier than the embryos). Approximately half the vitrified embryos transferred into oviducts on Day -1 developed to term, but only a minority of embryos, whether vitrified (10%-34%) or fresh (24%-33%), transferred at later times did so, suggesting that this may not be the most suitable stage for cryopreservation. Very few 8-cell embryos, either vitrified or fresh, developed when transferred into oviducts on Day 0 to -0.5. However, when transferred into uterine horns, high proportions of vitrified 8-cell embryos ( approximately 63%) developed to term in reasonably synchronous recipients (Day 0 to -0.5) but not in more asynchronous ones (6%; Day -1). A majority of vitrified morulae also developed to term (52%-68%) in a wider range of recipients (Days 0 to -1), the greatest success occurring in recipients on Day -0.5. Similar proportions of vitrified and fresh 4-cell embryos, 8-cell embryos, and morulae developed to term when appropriate synchronization existed between embryo and recipient. Thus, vitrification of preimplantation-stage rat embryos does not appear to impair their developmental potential in vivo.     

Maturity at collection and the developmental potential of rhesus monkey oocytes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro fertilizability of rhesus monkey oocytes and the developmental capacity of the resulting embryos as they relate to oocyte maturation at the time of follicular aspiration. Animals were hyperstimulated with human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH), with follicular aspiration performed 27 h after administration of an ovulatory stimulus (1000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] or 3 x 100 micrograms gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]). In 7 animals exhibiting a continuously rising pattern of serum estradiol through Day 10 of hyperstimulation, 45 germinal vesicle-intact (GV), 106 metaphase I (MI), and 24 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were collected and cultured in vitro. Upon reaching MII, oocytes were inseminated with 5 x 10(4) motile sperm/ml. Twenty-four percent of GV oocytes cultured in vitro matured to MII with 11 inseminated and none fertilized. Seventy-three percent of MI oocytes matured to MII in vitro with 50% inseminated and 32% fertilized. Oocytes collected at MII stage and inseminated underwent fertilization at a high rate of efficiency (93%). Pronuclear to 8-cell stage embryos were frozen and, upon thawing, 67% (10/15) survived with all blastomeres intact. Frozen-thawed embryos (2- to 6-cell) were transferred to the oviducts of 4 recipients (2 embryos/recipient) during the early luteal phase (1-3 days post LH surge) of natural menstrual cycles. Three twin pregnancies resulted. Thus, a positive correlation exists between the degree of nuclear maturation of rhesus monkey oocytes at collection and their potential for fertilization in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Vitrification of mouse oocytes and embryos at various stages of development in an ethylene glycol-based solution by a simple method

Mouse oocytes and embryos at various developmental stages were exposed directly to an ethylene glycol-based vitrification solution (EFS) for 2 or 5 minutes at 20 degrees C. They were then vitrified at -196 degrees C and were warmed rapidly. At the germinal vesicle stage, the proportion of morphologically normal oocytes was 36 to 39% if they had cumulus cells, whereas in cumulus-removed immature oocytes and in ovulated oocytes it was only 2 to 4%. This low survival was attributed to the harmful action of ethylene glycol. After fertilization, on the other hand, the post-warming survival rate of 1-cell zygotes, as assessed by cleavage to the 2-cell stage, increased markedly (62%). As the developmental stage proceeded, higher proportions of vitrified embryos developed to expanded blastocysts; the rates increased up to 77 and 80% in 2-cell and 4-cell embryos, respectively. For embryos at the 8-cell, morula and early blastocyst stages, the proportion of embryos developed after vitrification (90 to 95%) was not significantly different from that of the untreated embryos (95 to 100%) when the period of exposure to EFS solution was 2 minutes. As the blastocoel began to enlarge, however, survival began to decrease again, with rates of 79 and 57% in blastocysts and expanded blastocysts, respectively. After the cryopreserved 2-cell, 4-cell and 8-cell embryos as well as morulae and blastocysts were transferred to recipients, 43 to 57% of the recipients became pregnant, and 48 to 60% of these various stage embryos developed into live young.     

Birth of normal calves resulting from bovine oocytes matured, fertilized, and cultured with cumulus cells in vitro up to the blastocyst stage

Bovine oocytes matured in vitro were fertilized in high proportions (92% of matured oocytes) by sperm capacitated with Ca ionophore A23187. Eight percent of inseminated oocytes that were denuded 96 h after insemination developed to the morula stage when cultured for 6-120 h after insemination with cumulus cells from the original oocytes. Inseminated oocytes denuded 96 h after insemination developed to the blastocyst stage when cultured with or without cumulus cells or in the conditioned medium from 96 h to 168-216 h after insemination (9.0%, 8.1%, and 6.8% of inseminated oocytes respectively). Six frozen-thawed blastocysts were transferred nonsurgically to 3 recipients (2 embryos/recipient). Two of the 3 recipients became pregnant, with one delivering live twins at term. Seven fresh blastocysts were transferred nonsurgically to 6 recipients (1-2 embryos/recipient). Three of the 6 recipients became pregnant, with 2 delivering live calves.