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1.
There is increasing evidence that in some circumstances, zoo visitors may be aversive stimuli to nonhuman animals housed in zoos. Yet, most previous research has focused on primates with little attention given to numerous other species who are housed in zoos. The focus animal of this project was the cockatoo, a species who has received minimal attention in zoo-based research. Furthermore, although the influence of the zoo setting has become increasingly important in visitor effect studies, this is the 1st study to quantify the effect of activity at a children's playground on zoo animals. There was an investigation on the effect of a zoo playground on the behavior of citron-crested and Moluccan cockatoos ( Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata and Cacatua moluccensis), as well as the effect of children standing in front of the birds' aviaries. The results showed that in some circumstances, the Moluccan cockatoos retreated from visitors, while the citron-crested cockatoos did not retreat from visitors and became more social in the presence of visitors. These findings highlight the importance of careful selection of species and individual animals to be housed near zoo playgrounds. 相似文献
2.
The karyotypes of 7 species of Psittaciformes new to cytology are described: Cacatua galerita, Calyptorhynchus magnificus and Probosciger aterrimus of the Cacatuidae, and Ara macao, A. ararauna, Amazona viridigenalis and Psittrichas fulgidens of the Psittacidae. For reasons of comparison the karyotype of Melopsittacus undulatus is also described. These karyotypes are compared to 8 psittaciform karyotypes previously recorded. There is a remarkable heterogeneity of karyotypes in the Psittaciformes. Nevertheless, it seems possible to recognize Cacatua, Calyptorhynchus and probably also Probosciger (Cacatuidae) by their karyotypes as a clearly related group. The karyotypes of these cacatuids also bear some resemblance to that of Loriculus (Psittacidae). The psittacid genera Amazona, Ara, Nestor, Melopsittacus, Psittacula, Psittacus and Psittrichas are karyologically heterogeneous, but their karyotypes show certain relationships. The karyotype of Brotogeris is very different from those of other psittacids. 相似文献
3.
Inference by exclusion, the ability to base choices on the systematic exclusion of alternatives, has been studied in many nonhuman species over the past decade. However, the majority of methodologies employed so far are hard to integrate into a comparative framework as they rarely use controls for the effect of neophilia. Here, we present an improved approach that takes neophilia into account, using an abstract two-choice task on a touch screen, which is equally feasible for a large variety of species. To test this approach we chose Goffin cockatoos ( Cacatua goffini), a highly explorative Indonesian parrot species, which have recently been reported to have sophisticated cognitive skills in the technical domain. Our results indicate that Goffin cockatoos are able to solve such abstract two-choice tasks employing inference by exclusion but also highlight the importance of other response strategies. 相似文献
4.
Contour clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis was used to obtain electrophoretic karyotypes from nine Mucorstrains representing five different species ( M. bainieri, M. circinelloides, M. mucedo, M. plumbeus and M. racemosus). The chromosomal banding patterns revealed high variability among the isolates. The sizes of the DNA in the Mucor chromosomes were estimated to be between 2.5 and 8.7 Mb. The total genome sizes were calculated to be between 30.0 and 44.7 Mb. The applicability of these electrophoretic karyotypes for the investigation of genome structure, for strain identification and for species delimitation is considered. 相似文献
5.
G-banded karyotypes were compared in the following species of Microtidae: Microtus nivalis; M. cabrerae; M. arvalis and Arvicola sapidus. Previous observations on A. sapidus and A. terrestris (Díaz de la Guardia & Pretel, Caryologia 32: 183–189, 1979) were also incorporated in this study. The results show that Robertsonian translocations and pericentric inversions are common mechanisms involved in the karyotypic evolution of this group. Interspecific differences in C-banding patterns were also analyzed. Using the karyograph method (Imai et al., Am. Nat. 121: 477–488, 1983), the evolutionary distances of the karyotypes were estimated, and an attempt was made to establish a presumptive phylogenetic tree. 相似文献
6.
The karyotypes of three marine trematode species of the genus Microphallus (Microphallidae), M. pygmaeus, M. piriformis and M. triangulatus, the most typical parasites of Littorina saxatilis (Gastropoda), are similar and include 9 pairs of bi-armed chromosomes, of which two pairs are represented by large meta- and submetacentrics, and 7 pairs are smaller chromosomes. It is proposed that the ancestral trematode karyotype consisted of 20 chromosomes and, therefore, the karyotypes of the microphallids are the advanced ones. 相似文献
7.
A comparative analysis of G-banded karyotypes was performed for seven species of Chiroptera, representing two families (Phyllostomidae
and Molossidae). Despite the differences in diploid and fundamental numbers, extensive homologies between six karyotypes were
identified: A . planirostris, P. lineatus, S. lilium, G. soricina, P. hastatus (Phyllostomidae) and M. rufus (Molossidae). Robertsonian rearrangements and pericentric inversions account for the differences between the karyotypes of
phyllostomid and molossid species. The homologies and rearrangements observed reinforce the monophiletic origin of phyllostomids
and the inclusion of species in different subfamilies. In situ hybridization with genomic DNA revealed considerable conservation of the karyotypes, including C. perspicillata, that did not show G-band homologies with the other species analyzed. For the first time, chromosomal evidence is presented
of a common origin for Phyllostomidae and Molossidae. 相似文献
8.
Three new species of Macrogynoplax Enderlein 1909, M. delicata, M. pulchra and M. poranga are described. They were collected in Manaus, Amazon State. 相似文献
9.
Two specimens of Micromyzon akamai, an eyeless and miniaturized species previously known only from the deep channels of the eastern Amazon basin in Brazil, are reported from the Curaray River, a tributary of the Napo River in Ecuador. The new specimens are the first records of Micromyzon in the headwaters of the Amazon River and the first records of M. akamai outside Brazil. External morphological characters and a phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase I ( coI) gene support the identification of the new specimens as M. akamai. Nevertheless, the new specimens also indicate that some features previously hypothesized to be apomorphic for M. akamai are intraspecifically variable. 相似文献
10.
The aim of the present study was to compare the component parasite communities of the Pterophyllum scalare and Mesonauta acora cichlids in the Amazon River system in northern Brazil. From September to December 2012, 42 specimens of P. scalare and 38 specimens of M. acora were captured using hand nets and gillnets in the Igarapé Fortaleza basin, a tributary of the Amazon River in the state of Amapá. Of the P. scalare specimens examined, 97.6% were parasitized by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tripartiella sp., Trichodina nobilis, Gussevia spiralocirra, Posthodiplostomum sp., Capillaria pterophylli, Ichthyouris sp. and Gorytocephalus spectabilis. Similarly, all specimens of M. acora were parasitized by I. multifiliis, Tripartiella sp, T. nobilis, Sciadicleithrum joanae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Pseudoproleptus sp., Ichthyouris sp. and G. spectabilis. However, for both hosts the dominance was of I. multifiliis and with an overdispersion of parasites. Parasite communities of P. scalare and M. acora were similar and only Pseudoproleptus sp. and Posthodiplostomum sp. were larvae. Brillouin diversity, parasite species richness and evenness were higher for M. acora than for P. scalare, which presented a negative correlation of parasite abundance with body size. Both cichlid species had parasite communities characterized by low diversity and low species richness, with a predominance of ectoparasite species and greatest richness of helminth species, with a low abundance of endoparasites. This was the first study on the parasite diversity in wild P. scalare and M. acora. 相似文献
11.
The use of electrophoretic karyotyping in systematics of yeasts is discussed. New data are provided on the karyotypes of the medically important fungi Hortaea werneckii, Filobasidiella (= Cryptococcus) neoformans, and Malassezia species. Hortaea werneckii has twelve to eighteen bands of chromosomal DNA, ranging in size between 500 and 2300 kb. The karyotypes of Filobasidiella neoformans consist of seven to fourteen bands of chromosomal DNA. The varieties neoformans and bacillispora cannot be separated by their karyotypes, and no obvious correlation was found with serotypes, geography or habitat. All strains of Malassezia pachydermatis studied have similar karyotypes consisting of five bands, whereas in M. furfur, four different karyotypes are prevalent. However, each of these karyotypes is stable. 相似文献
12.
Dendrobatid frogs have undergone an extensive systematic reorganization based on recent molecular findings. The present work
describes karyotypes of the Brazilian species Adelphobates castaneoticus, A. quinquevittatus, Ameerega picta, A. galactonotus and Dendrobates tinctorius which were compared to each other and with previously described related species. All karyotypes consisted of 2 n = 18 chromosomes, except for A. picta which had 2 n = 24. The karyotypes of the Adelphobates and D. tinctorius species were highly similar to each other and to the other 2 n = 18 previously studied species, revealing conserved karyotypic characteristics in both genera. In recent phylogenetic studies,
all Adelphobates species were grouped in a clade separated from the Dendrobates species. Thus, we hypothesized that their common karyotypic traits may have a distinct origin by chromosome rearrangements
and mutations. In A. picta, with 2 n = 24, chromosome features of pairs from 1 to 8 are shared with other previously karyotyped species within this genus. Hence,
the A. picta data reinforced that the C-banding pattern and the NOR location are species-specific traits in the genus Ameerega. Moreover, the Ameerega monophyletism proposed by previous phylogenetic studies indicates that the karyotypic differences among species in this genus
result from a long divergence time. 相似文献
13.
It has been suggested that the karyotype of the marsupials derived from a low diploid number (2n = 14) which originated, through
fissions of biarmed chromosomes, the karyotypes with a higher 2n. The telomeric sequence (T 2AG 3) nwas in situhybridized to the chromosomes of Gracilinanus microtarsusand G. emiliae, Micoureus demeraraeand Marmosa murina, species with 2n = 14, in Monodelphissp., M. domestica, M. kunsiand M. brevicaudatawith 2n = 18, and in Lutreolina crassicaudata, Didelphis albiventris, Chironectes minimus, Philander opossumand P. frenata, all of them with 2n = 22. The probe hybridization occurred in the telomeric regions of both arms, short and long, of all
chromosomes of the complement of all individuals of all species analysed. However, in some pairs of the karyotypes of Gracilinanus microtarsusand Micoureus demerarae(with 2n = 14), and in Monodelphissp., M. domestica, M. kunsiand M. brevicaudata(2n = 18) ectopic signs of hybridization were detected proximal to the centromeres, suggesting the retention of this telomeric
sequence in the centromeric regions of some chromosomes of these species. Based on these results, it is proposed that the
karyotype of marsupials evolved from a 2n = 22 to a 2n = 14, by means of chromosomal fusions.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Karyotypic polymorphism of five taxa of the rodent genus Rhipidomys from the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes was analysed. Rhipidomys nitela Thomas, 1901 from Amazon has 2n=48, FN=68. The other species, all have 2n=44, but can be separated into two groups, one with high FNs (76, 80) and the other with low FNs (48, 52). Two cytotypes of R. mastacalis (Lund, 1840) with high FNs were trapped in four localities of the Cerrado, showing 19 and 17 biarmed autosomes, respectively. A low FN (48) was observed in R. leucodactylus (Tschudi, 1844) in two localities of the Cerrado and FN=52 in one locality in the Cerrado and the Amazon. All taxa with 2n=44 have a medium-sized acrocentric X chromosome and a small Y. Rhipidomys nitela is different from the species with 2n=44 by presenting a heterochromatic short arm of the X chromosome. In all karyotypes analysed, the nucleolus organizer regions were located in the short arms of two to six pairs and the (T 2AG 3) n telomeric probes hybridized in situ in both the short and long arms of all pairs of the karyotypes. 相似文献
15.
1. Previous work has indicated, at least in two river systems, that some Characiformes species migrate from nutrient‐poor rivers to spawn in nutrient‐rich rivers. In the present work, larval and juvenile fish were surveyed to index spawning activity in order to determine whether this spawning pattern is repeated in nine major tributaries of the Amazon basin. 2. Adult Mylossoma aureum, M. duriventre, Colossoma macropomum, Anodus elongatus, Triportheus elongatus, Brycon cephalus, Semaprochilodus insignis, S. taeniurus and Prochilodus nigricans were recorded in nutrient‐poor and nutrient‐rich rivers. However, larval and juvenile individuals of these species were found in nutrient‐rich rivers only, indicating that spawning activity was restricted to that river type. 3. Concentration of suspended solids in the river was correlated with total ichthyoplankton density and related to species composition of juvenile characiform assemblages. 4. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that nutrient‐rich rivers and associated floodplains function as spawning and nursery grounds, and suggest that they function as source habitats for these species in the Amazon Basin. 相似文献
16.
Non‐Timber Forest Products like palm fruits are fundamental in the livelihood of Amerindian groups. For the last 10 years the fruits of wild palm species, like Euterpe precatoria and Mauritia flexuosa, have been entering into global markets. These species are mostly harvested felling the adults, a practice that may have a disproportionate impact in the conservation of the populations. We studied the demography of E. precatoria and M. flexuosa, two important palms of the Amazon, using integral projection models, to characterize the population dynamics and project impact of different fruit harvest methods: adult felling and direct fruit harvest. We followed over 1400 individuals from populations with low harvest intensities in the Tikuna community of Amacayacu, Amazonas, Colombia from 2011 to 2013, establishing four plots for E. precatoria in seasonally inundated forests and two for M. flexuosa in swamps. The population growth in E. precatoria was slightly declining, whereas M. flexuosa was stable. As expected, the simulations of adult felling diminished λ and the number of available adults under any scenario for either species. On the contrary, the simulations support existing information that climbing and other non‐destructive harvest methods would probably allow a sustainable management, satisfying the demand and preserving wild populations. 相似文献
17.
Straight‐billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri inhabits the understorey of upland terra firme forest throughout most of the Amazon basin. Currently, two allopatric taxa regarded as subspecies are recognized: P. b. bourcieri and P. b. major. However, the validity, interspecific limits and evolutionary history of these taxa are not yet fully elucidated. We use molecular characters to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for populations and taxa grouped under Phaethornis bourcieri. Our results showed that P. bourcieri is part of the ‘ Ametrornis’ clade, along with Phaethornis philippii and Phaethornis koepckeae, and that the subspecies major is more closely related to the latter two species than to populations grouped under nominate bourcieri. Our phylogenetic hypotheses recovered three main reciprocally monophyletic clades under nominate bourcieri separated by the lower Negro River and the Branco River or the Branco–Negro interfluve (clades B and C) and the upper Amazon (Solimões) or lower Marañon/Ucayali Rivers (clades C and D). Based on multi‐locus phylogeographic and population genetics approaches, we show that P. b. major is best treated as a separate species, and that P. b. bourcieri probably includes more than one evolutionary species, whose limits remain uncertain. The diversification of the ‘ Ametrornis’ clade ( P. bourcieri, P. philippii and P. koepckeae) is centred in the Amazon and appears to be closely linked to the formation of the modern Amazon drainage during the Plio‐Pleistocene. 相似文献
18.
Summary The karyotypes of four species of Cercopithecidae: Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus, C. sabaeus, Erythrocebus patas, and Miopithecus talapoin are analysed with nearly all the banding techniques. They are compared with each other, and with the karyotypes of the Baboon P. papio and with that of man. It can be concluded that the quasi-totality or the totality of the euchromatin is common to all, but has undergone structural rearrangements, generally detectable. The heterochromatin, defined by C-band staining, and late-replicating DNA, in contrast, appears very variable: In particular, E. patas has acquired very large heterochromatic segments. The significance of these modifications is discussed.Technical assistance: A. M. Fosse and M. Lombard 相似文献
19.
Hylexetastes woodcreepers are endemic to the terra firme forests of the Amazon basin. Currently, most taxonomic sources recognize two species of Hylexetastes ( H. perrotii and H. stresemanni), each divided into three subspecies. Some authors maintain that the H. perrotii subspecies should be elevated to full species status. In particular, Hylexetastes perrotii brigidai is endemic to the eastern Amazon, the second Amazonian area of endemism (Xingu) most affected by deforestation and habitat degradation. Consequently, the taxonomic status of H. p. brigidai is of particular concern for conservation. Thus far, only morphological characters have been evaluated for the taxonomic delimitation of species and subspecies of Hylexetastes. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of all subspecies to help delimit Hylexetastes interspecific limits. Fragments of two mitochondrial ( Cytb and ND2) and three nuclear genes (FGB5, G3PDH and MUSK) from 57 Hylexetastes specimens were sequenced. An ecological niche model was estimated to describe more accurately the potential distributions of taxa and to evaluate their vulnerability to ongoing deforestation. Phylogenetic analyses support the paraphyly of the polytypic H. perrotii as currently delimited and the elevation of Hylexetastes perrotii uniformis to full species rank, as well as the presence of three evolutionary significant units (ESUs) within this newly delimited species, including one grouping all H. p. brigidai specimens. Alternatively, under lineage-based species concepts, our results support at least five evolutionary species in Hylexetastes: H. stresemanni, H. undulatus, H. perrotii, H. uniformis and H. brigidai. Each of these taxa and ESUs are distributed in different interfluvial areas of the Amazon basin, which have different degrees of disturbance. Because they occupy the most heavily impacted region among all Hylexetastes ESUs, regular assessments of the conservation statuses of H. p. brigidai and both H. uniformis ESUs are paramount. 相似文献
20.
The infrageneric delimitation of Momordica, a medicinally important genus of Cucurbitaceae, is ill-defined until date. Momordica chromosomes are extremely small and are difficult to stain and visualize because of the dense cytoplasmic background. We have conducted karyomorphometric analysis by EMA method in five Indian Momordica species, and the nuclear genome sizes were estimated by flow cytometry for the first time. The somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 18 to 56 in the species. We have resolved previously disputed chromosome numbers in M. cymbalaria and M. dioica as 2n = 18 (lowest) and 2n = 56, respectively. Chromosome counts in the other species were re-confirmed as 2n = 22 in M. charantia, 2n = 28 in M. cochinchinensis and 2n = 56 in M. subangulata. The largest genome size was recorded in M. cymbalaria (3.74 pg 2C−1), while the smallest size (0.72 pg 2C−1) was detected in M. charantia var. charantia. The nuclear genome sizes were analysed in comparison to chromosome numbers and total chromosome lengths of the species. Karyomorphometric indices showed comparable symmetric karyotypes in the species except in M. cymbalaria having tendency towards asymmetry. The UPGMA phenogram and principle component analysis based on nuclear DNA contents and karyomorphometric parameters demonstrated interspecies differences, intraspecific distinction within M. charantia varieties and highlighted distinction of M. cymbalaria. This study was further supported by the rDNA ITS sequence-based phylogenetic analysis which revealed the monophyletic origin of the Indian members of Momordica and clarified the intraspecies relationship among the studied members. As a whole, the study brought out new insights on species diversification within the genus Momordica in India and would benefit further studies on biosystematics and plant breeding programmes. 相似文献
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