NASBA快速检测禽流感H5亚型病毒

采用建立的依赖核酸序列的扩增(Nucleicacidsequencebasedamplification,NASBA)对禽流感病毒3株H5亚型、1株H1、H3、H6亚型、3株禽流感H9亚型、5株不同宿主来源的新城疫病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒、SPF鸡胚尿囊液及禽流感(H9)疫苗、新城疫疫苗、传染性法氏囊病疫苗、传染性支气管炎疫苗进行检测,结果NASBA(H5试剂)仅检测到禽流感病毒H5亚型,表明方法的特异性强。采用已知禽流感病毒A/Chicken/HK/1000/97(H5N1)的鸡胚尿囊液(ELD5010-7.5/mL),经10倍连续稀释,将经典的鸡胚病原分离法和NASBA进行比较,二种方法的灵敏度相当。用A/Chicken/HK/1000/97(H5N1)病毒人工感染SPF鸡、商品鸡,采用NASBA和病原分离法同时对人工感染鸡的粪拭子、血液进行了动态检测;采集感染死亡鸡的组织脏器,共检测了101个组织脏器,两种方法的符合率为90%(87/97)。     

NASBA快速检测禽流感H5亚型病毒

采用建立的依赖核酸序列的扩增(Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification,NASBA)对禽流感病毒3株H5亚型、1株H1、H3、H6亚型、3株禽流感H9亚型、5株不同宿主来源的新城疫病毒、鸭肝炎病毒、鸭瘟病毒、SPF鸡胚尿囊液及禽流感(H9)疫苗、新城疫疫苗、传染性法氏囊病疫苗、传染性支气管炎疫苗进行检测,结果NASBA(H5试剂)仅检测到禽流感病毒H5亚型,表明方法的特异性强.采用已知禽流感病毒A/Chicken/HK/1000/97(H5N1)的鸡胚尿囊液(ELD5010-7.5/mL),经10倍连续稀释,将经典的鸡胚病原分离法和NASBA进行比较,二种方法的灵敏度相当.用A/Chicken/HK/1000/97(H5N1)病毒人工感染SPF鸡、商品鸡,采用NASBA和病原分离法同时对人工感染鸡的粪拭子、血液进行了动态检测;采集感染死亡鸡的组织脏器,共检测了101个组织脏器,两种方法的符合率为90%(87/97).     

自研培养基在人用鸡胚狂犬病疫苗中的应用

目的评估自主研发培养基QS作为首选培养基用于冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(鸡胚成纤维细胞)生产过程的可行性。方法分别制备基于自主研发培养基QS和其他3种商业化培养基(X1、X2、X3)的鸡胚成纤维细胞悬液,观察和比较细胞形态和生长特性;以Flury HEP株接种鸡胚成纤维细胞(MOI=0.003),分别通过直接免疫荧光法、蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)和酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)比较不同培养基条件下收获液中病毒滴度和G蛋白含量。结果在细胞浓度1×10~6个/mL条件下,4种培养基培养的鸡胚成纤维细胞在形态上均无显著区别;但是自主研发培养基QS和X2的病毒收获液的G蛋白含量在第4天时分别为0.66 IU/mL和0.63 IU/mL,高于X1的0.5 IU/mL和X3的0.3 IU/mL。在第6天时分别为0.92 IU/mL和0.88 IU/mL,高于X1的0.64 IU/mL和X3的0.52 IU/mL,说明基于自主研发培养基QS和X2的病毒收获液在G蛋白含量方面具有明显优势。结论自主研发培养基QS可以用于冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(鸡胚成纤维细胞)的生产。     

新城疫病毒(NDV)疫苗株的纯化和结构蛋白的初步鉴定

本文报道新城疫Ⅰ系和Ⅳ系疫苗病毒的分离纯化,以及对其结构蛋白的初步鉴定。 将中国兽医药品监察所提供的冻干苗(NDV Ⅰ系和Ⅳ系)复壮2次,使其鸡胚感染滴度达10~6,血凝滴度为640(0.1ml)以上。按常规接种9～10日龄受精SPF鸡胚,35℃培养,收集36～72小时鸡胚尿囊液,测定血凝及滴度,置-20℃冰箱备用。     

表达绿色荧光蛋白的重组鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的构建

为探讨鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)作为载体表达外源基因的可行性,本研究根据IBV H120疫苗株的全基因组序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法分10个片段对其基因组进行扩增,并克隆至pMD19-T载体中;同时构建IBV基因组5a基因编码区被增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因替换的重组质粒。采用体外拼接策略,将BsaI酶切处理的10个基因片段顺序连接,构建5a基因编码区被EGFP基因替换的基因组全长cDNA,其5’端具有完整的T7 RNA聚合酶启动子核心序列,3’端具有polyA尾巴结构。然后通过T7 RNA聚合酶体外转录系统合成病毒基因组RNA,脂质体转染BHK-21细胞进行病毒拯救。结果表明成功的从基因组全长cDNA拯救出重组病毒H120-5a/EGFP株,其在鸡胚中能有效的复制和传代,并表达绿色荧光蛋白;5a基因的缺失并不影响病毒对鸡胚的致病性。本研究为进一步开展IBV的分子致病机理、载体疫苗等研究奠定了基础。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒拯救体系的建立

选择鸡胚高产的鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Duck/Shandong/093/2004株作为骨架病毒,在完成了全基因组序列测定基础上,设计合成的11对引物对病毒的8个基因分11段进行扩增。通过与转录载体PHW2000连接,构建A/SD/04的8个基因的拯救载体,经测序获得序列准确的拯救质粒:2412、42、243、244、245、246、247和248。A/SD/04的8质粒与PR8(H1N1)进行不同组合的拯救,获得8个均含A/SD/04 HA基因的H5重组流感病毒。鸡胚尿囊液中重组病毒的血凝效价在28~210,EID50在10-8.5~10-9之间,MDT在34~46h之间,均与野生A/SD/04(wt A/SD/04)相似。重组病毒对6周龄的SPF鸡的静脉接种指数(IVPI)与wt A/SD/04却有明显的差异,说明不同组合的内部基因影响病毒对鸡的致病力,但不影响病毒的鸡胚致死能力、对鸡胚的感染能力和病毒在鸡胚中的繁殖能力。构建的A/SD/04的8个质粒拯救系统,为H5N1的基因功能研究和新型疫苗开发奠定基础。     

鸡体内疫苗抗体选择压对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒内部基因演化的影响

在我国,接种疫苗是防控H9N2亚型禽流感(Avain influenza,AI)流行的主要措施。为了解H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(Avain influenza virus,AIV)在疫苗抗体选择压下的遗传变异情况,本研究选择A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2,F/98)禽流感病毒分别在有和没有疫苗抗体选择压的SPF鸡体内连续传代。为了减少混合病毒对研究结果的干扰,我们建立了三个独立传代系列。结果表明,母本病毒在经过有和没有疫苗抗体选择压下连续传代后,两种模式下的传代病毒的内部基因都发生了基因突变。与没有疫苗抗体选择压下的传代病毒相比,有疫苗抗体选择压下的传代病毒氨基酸突变数量明显减少(P0.05),肺组织分离到的传代病毒的突变氨基酸数量显著多于相同传代条件下气管中分离到的传代病毒的氨基酸突变数量(P0.05)。此外,疫苗抗体选择压下的传代病毒V9L和V9T有4个特有突变:PB2(H366Q、A322E)和M(P154A、A246Q),没有疫苗抗体选择压下的传代病毒N9L和N9T有9个相同突变:PB2(I298Q、E526R)、PB1(T348A)、PA(L336M)、NP(G52A、L187G)、M(H23I)和NS(S81L、H85S),所有第9代次的传代病毒相同的突变有2个:PB2(R327K、Y369S)。值得注意的是,相比母本病毒没有疫苗抗体选择压下的传代病毒对鸡胚的感染力显著提高(P0.01),而有免疫选择压下的传代病毒对鸡胚的感染力相比母本病毒变化不大(P0.05),但丧失了致死鸡胚的能力。本研究对了解禽流感病毒在疫苗的选择压力下的演化规律,以及理解疫苗对病毒进化的影响具有重要参考意义。     

细胞源与鸡胚源传染性支气管炎病毒激活JAK-STAT信号通路的差异性研究

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious Bronchitis Virus,IBV)对鸡的呼吸道、肾脏和输卵管等器官造成严重损伤,主要引起鸡产蛋率下降和雏鸡死亡.目前通过鸡胚传代获得IBV疫苗株和流行毒株.IBV Beaudette株是目前实验室研究的经典毒株,已经适应人源和猴源细胞,可利用Vero细胞进行制备.有研究表明,IBV感染延迟干扰素的表达,并对JAK-STAT信号通路具有拮抗作用.本研究中发现,通过Vero细胞制备的IBV Beaudette株,在感染早期激活STAT1,通过鸡胚制备的IBV Beaudette,则不能有效激活STAT1.进一步研究发现,鸡胚传代的IBV QX株和新城疫病毒(Newcastle Disease Virus,NDV)亦不能有效刺激JAK-STAT信号通路.两种制备病毒的方式分别得到不同的试验结果,推测是由于在病毒感染条件下,Vero细胞分泌到培养液中的细胞因子所致.进一步研究揭示,病毒感染条件下,细胞分泌的因子,瞬时激活了 STAT1.本研究对于病毒的制备方式对天然免疫信号通路的影响,具有一定的参考和借鉴作用.     

传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因在重组禽痘病毒中共表达

在重组禽痘病毒中表达多个禽类病原的主要免疫原基因是构建多价基因工程疫苗的前提,但相关研究很少。在表达传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)gB基因重组禽痘病毒的转移载体的基础上,构建了含有ILTV gB基因和新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因的重组禽痘病毒转移载体pSY-gB-F,采用脂质体转染禽痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维(CEF)细胞后,通过蓝斑试验筛选出重组禽痘病毒(rFPv-gB-F),并进行了6轮蚀斑纯化。Western-blot试验和间接免疫荧光试验证明ILTV gB基因和NBVF基因在rFPV-gB-F感染的CEF细胞中获得表达。为传染性喉气管炎、新城疫与鸡痘活载体多价疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因在重组禽痘病毒中共表达

在重组禽痘病毒中表达多个禽类病原的主要免疫原基因是构建多价基因工程疫苗的前提 ,但相关研究很少。在表达传染性喉气管炎病毒 (ILTV)gB基因重组禽痘病毒的转移载体的基础上 ,构建了含有ILTVgB基因和新城疫病毒 (NDV)F基因的重组禽痘病毒转移载体pSY-gB-F ,采用脂质体转染禽痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维 (CEF)细胞后 ,通过蓝斑试验筛选出重组禽痘病毒 (rFPV-gB-F) ,并进行了 6轮蚀斑纯化。Western blot试验和间接免疫荧光试验证明ILTVgB基因和NDVF基因在rFPV-gB-F感染的CEF细胞中获得表达。为传染性喉气管炎、新城疫与鸡痘活载体多价疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

Comparison of brush border membrane vesicles prepared by three methods from larval Manduca sexta midgut

Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from freshly isolated posterior larval Manduca sexta midguts by differential calcium precipitation, differential magnesium precipitation and differential ultrasonication. BBMV were also prepared from frozen posterior larval M. sexta midguts by differential calcium precipitaion and differential magnesium precipitation. The yield of BBMV by both differential precipitation methods was 5–6 times greater than that by the differential ultrasonification method. Enrichments of the brush border membrane marker enzymes alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, and aminopeptidase were similar in all preparations. The polypeptide composition of all preparations was also similar. The specific activity of mitochondrial and microsomal marker enzymes was higher in BBMV prepared from freshly isolated midguts by the differential precipitation methods than in BBMV prepared by the ultrasonication method. The specific activity of cytochrome-c oxidase was 2.5–7 times higher in BBMV prepared from frozen midguts than in BBMV prepared from fresh tissue.     

血吸附法浓缩NDV病毒及与其他几种方法的比较

用人O型红细胞吸附－释放病毒的方法纯化被感染的鸡胚尿囊液中的新城疫病毒（NDV）,然后分别对纯化的病毒液及弃去的上清进行血凝检测。结果表明,使用1％的红细胞悬液只能吸附部分病毒,损失较大,只有将红细胞悬液的浓度增加到20％时,才基本将病毒全部吸附住。同时还比较了差速离心,PEG沉淀,PEG包埋等方法。     

Fractional precipitation of plasmid DNA from lysate by CTAB

Preparative-scale purification of plasmid DNA has been attempted by diverse methods, including precipitation with solvents, salts, and detergents and chromatography with ion-exchange, reversed-phase, and size-exclusion columns. Chromatographic methods such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), reversed phase chromatography (RPC), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) are the only effective means of eliminating the closely related relaxed and denatured forms of plasmid as well as endotoxin to acceptable levels. However, the anticipated costs of manufacturing-scale chromatography are high due to (a) large projected volumes of the high-dosage therapeutic molecule and (b) restricted loading of the large plasmid molecule in the pores of expensive resins. As an alternative to chromatography, we show herein that precipitation with the cationic detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), is effective for selective precipitation of plasmid DNA from proteins, RNA, and endotoxin. Moreover, CTAB affords novel selectivity by removal of host genomic DNA and even the more closely related relaxed and denatured forms of plasmid as earlier, separate fractions. Finally, plasmid that has been precipitated by CTAB can be purified by selectively dissolving under conditions of controlled salt concentration. The selectivity mechanism is most likely based upon conformational differences among the several forms of DNA. As such, CTAB precipitation provides an ideal nonchromatographic capture step for the manufacture of plasmid DNA.     

Salt precipitation during the freeze-concentration of phosphate buffer solutions

Salt precipitation during the freeze concentration of phosphate solutions was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in view of its practical importance in the cryopreservation or freeze-drying of biological materials. It was found that the fraction of salt precipitated depends on the initial salt concentration; it began to decrease with decreasing concentration at approx. 1 M. Salt precipitation also depends on the cooling rate. In some cases, cooling at approx. 10(3) degree min-1 inhibited salt precipitation which had been observed during slow cooling (0.62 degree min-1), without, however, affecting the shape of the ice melting endotherm. In the case of ternary phosphate buffers, the fraction of salt precipitating depends on the salt composition as well as the initial concentration and cooling rate. Near the composition of the ternary eutectic or the composition where two salts are present at the same concentration, salts were prevented from precipitation.     

苜蓿花叶病毒提纯方法的改进*

用来自于白车根草（Trifolium repens）上的一个苜蓿花叶病毒分离物AMV－SY为材料,比较了3种以差速离心为主结合PEG沉淀和超速离心提纯病毒的方法,对提纯病毒进行紫外吸收测定、电镜检查和SDS－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测的结果显示：以交替使用含有0.1mol/LEDTA和0.1mol/L MgSO4的磷酸缓冲液作为病毒悬浮介质的提纯程度最为理想,该方法提取苜蓿花叶病毒的得率为47.6mg/100g昆诺藜鲜病叶,该病毒分离物的外壳蛋白分子量为29kD。该方法的病毒得率较高、杂蛋白较少、病毒粒子完整,是比较理想的提纯方法。     

Peeling as a novel, simple, and effective method for isolation of apical membrane from intact polarized epithelial cells

Apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells is generally isolated by physicochemical methods, that is, precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or MgCl₂ followed by differential centrifugation or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. However, these protocols are considerably sophisticated and frequently accompanied by impurities (e.g., contaminations of basolateral membrane and intracellular organelles), particularly by inexperienced investigators. We have developed a simple and effective method for isolation of apical membrane from intact polarized renal tubular epithelial cells. On the basis of hydrous affinity and/or ionic interaction, the apical membrane could be efficiently peeled from the cells by four different materials—Whatman filter paper, nitrocellulose membrane, cellophane, and glass coverslip—all of which are available in most research laboratories. Phase-contrast and laser-scanning confocal microscopic examinations using anti-ZO-1 antibody showed that other parts of the cells, particularly tight junction complex, remained intact after peeling by all four of these surfaces. Western blot analyses of gp135 (apical membrane marker) and of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, LAMP-2, COX-4, and calpain-1 (markers of basolateral membrane, lysosome, mitochondria, and cytosolic compartment, respectively) revealed that peeling with Whatman filter paper and glass coverslip was most and second-most effective, respectively, without any contaminations from basolateral membrane and other intracellular organelles that could be detected in the samples isolated by peeling with nitrocellulose membrane and cellophane and by conventional methods (i.e., precipitation with PEG or MgCl₂ followed by differential centrifugation or sucrose density gradient centrifugation). Our physical method is very simple, easy to follow (even by inexperienced investigators), time-saving, and cost-effective with a higher efficiency (as compared with conventional methods) for isolation of apical membrane from polarized epithelial cells.     

Aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus by sodium chondroitin sulfate

The precipitation of tobacco mosaic virus by sodium chondroitin sulfate in an aqueous solution was investigated kinetically by means of turbidimetry. The virus solution became turbid after the addition of chondroitin sulfate. A threshold concentration of chondroitin, 1.33 mg/ml, was required for virus precipitation, irrespective of the virus concentration. The precipitation resulted from a mutual spatial exclusion phenomenon, leading to the separation of the virus as a crystalline phase. The dimension of chondroitin sulfate calculated at the threshold concentration agreed well with that obtained by other methods. The initial slopes and the aggregation half-times of the virus aggregates depended on both chondroitin and virus concentrations and the former increased with the increase in concentration of each. Above the threshold concentration of chondroitin sulfate, tobacco mosaic virus aggregation was a rapid-aggregation process and ended within 100 sec.     

Modified procedure for the recovery of naturally accumulated poliovirus from oysters.

Methods were compared for their ability to recover poliovirus from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) which had been allowed to accumulate virus via normal filtration activities. Clarification procedures included glycine-NaCl and polyelectrolyte extraction methods followed by a variety of acid precipitation concentration methods. Polyelectrolyte flocculation followed by a beef extract-supplemented acid precipitation carried out at pH 3.5 yielded the most efficient recoveries. Direct assay of homogenates was found to be an unreliable method for determining the initial virus concentration in "naturally infected" oysters.     

Modified procedure for the recovery of naturally accumulated poliovirus from oysters.

Methods were compared for their ability to recover poliovirus from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) which had been allowed to accumulate virus via normal filtration activities. Clarification procedures included glycine-NaCl and polyelectrolyte extraction methods followed by a variety of acid precipitation concentration methods. Polyelectrolyte flocculation followed by a beef extract-supplemented acid precipitation carried out at pH 3.5 yielded the most efficient recoveries. Direct assay of homogenates was found to be an unreliable method for determining the initial virus concentration in "naturally infected" oysters.     

Recovery comparison of two virus concentration methods from wastewater using cell culture and real-time PCR

Enteric viruses are shed in the feces and may be present in environmental waters. Their detection in wastewater, even at low concentration, is a major challenge. In this study, recoveries of Echovirus 7 (EV7), virions and RNA in wastewater, using virus concentration methods were determined to evaluate the detection of infectious viruses and the possibility of recovering viral genomes. Two virus concentration methods, PEG precipitation method and two-phase separation method, were applied to recovery experiments of EV7-virions from wastewater, in parallel with recovery experiments of EV7 RNA. The titration of EV7 virions was carried out by cell culture using human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor tissue and the EV7 RNA quantification was performed by real-time PCR. The mean recovery yields of EV7 virions using the PEG precipitation method and the two-phase separation method were 78.5?±?10.99 and 83.1?±?0.28?%, respectively. Besides, EV7 RNA recoveries obtained using the PEG precipitation method were four times higher than those using the two-phase separation method. According to our results, the two methods enable to concentrate both infectious viruses and viral genomes. Moreover, considering the protocol time and cost together with the ratio of the EV7 virion recovery to the EV7 RNA recovery, the two-phase separation method (83.1/2.71?%, or 30.6) seems to be more appropriate for selective concentration of viral virions than the PEG precipitation method (78.5/10.33?%, or 7.6).