实验感染卵圆鲳鲹的刺激隐核虫DG1虫株胞口的超微结构研究

作者从卵圆鲳鲹Trachinotus blochii分离了一株刺激隐核虫Cryptocaryon irritans,再经人工感染的方法收集各期虫体,制成电镜样品,对虫体的胞口超微结构进行了观察.同时,用银染和免疫荧光染色以及共聚焦显微镜对虫体的胞口周围及内部的纤维和微管进行了观察.结果表明刺激隐核虫的胞口结构与前口类纤毛虫(Prostome)的胞口结构有诸多相似之处,而与归属于膜口类Ophryoglenina小瓜虫差异较大,因此,作者认为刺激隐核虫的分类更适合归属于前口类Prostome,而不是膜口类Ophryoglenina.     

亚洲玉米螟血淋巴游离氨基酸的测定

本文报道亚洲玉米螟不同虫期血淋巴游离氨基酸的变化,并就其特点进行分析讨论。 材料和方法 玉米螟自然滞育幼虫由田间越冬场所于11月中旬采集,留待使用。其他各虫期皆由室内人工饲养供应。饲养方法依周大荣等(1980)所述。玉米螟雌雄交配后产的卵在2％甲醛中浸泡10分钟,然后用蒸馏水漂洗二次,卵孵化后定期取样。将收集的供试虫体用蒸馏水洗净,滤纸吸干后用消毒的干净     

钴~(60)照射人蛔虫卵免疫小白鼠的实验研究

关于蛔虫病的免疫学研究,一般认为以整个虫体,或某一部分组织作为免疫原,不能使动物产生保护性免疫。1949年Sprent和Chea用感染期蛔虫卵经口免疫小白鼠;1957年Soulsby用感染期蛔虫卵皮下接种免疫豚鼠;1960年Taffs用第三期幼虫静脉接种免疫豚鼠。他们的实验结果表明用上述方法免疫动物,可以不同程度地影响再感染虫卵孵出的幼虫在其体內的生长发育和移行。我们于1964—1965年用钻~(60)照射人蛔虫感染期虫     

绵介壳虫标本的简易保存法

介壳虫的虫体细小,种类繁多,为了要很好地来鑒定它们就必须善于采集和保存标本。一般采集是比较容易,而保存起来就十分麻烦,尤以绵介壳虫属(Pulvinaria)的标本更难保存。因为它们都有質地松软的卵囊,有的卵囊是在小枝上,但是,大部分是紧贴于叶上,压了,怕将卵囊压扁失却原来形状,而且绵介壳虫属的卵囊也是鑒定上的一个重要的依据;不压,叶子干后扭曲异常,以致卵囊亦失却本来的形状。我过去在柑拮区工作时,对此属介壳虫标本的保存亦感束手,后来逐渐摸索出一种简便的保存法,兹介绍     

泽蛙原蛙片虫的形态学研究

对采自湖北省洪湖地区的泽蛙(Fejervarya limnocharis)肠道内寄生的泽蛙原蛙片虫进行了形态学再描述, 包括活体形态、固定染色标本形态及扫描电镜下超微结构。样本形态特征参数值与Nie(倪达书)首次发现并命名时所记述标本参数值颇为相符(包括体长、体宽, 核长、核宽)。此外, 本文对2个重要的分类特征进行了补充和修正: (1)缝线位于虫体顶端, 贯穿背腹侧; 所有体动基列均从缝线两侧发出。(2)胞核分裂时在两新核间产生的连接细丝, 在虫体整个生活周期一直存在。并针对这2点特征与其他已知的原蛙片虫属种类进行了比较和讨论: 认为缝线结构是较为稳定的分类特征之一, 体动基列均由此处生发并与虫体纵轴平行延伸; 推测泽蛙原蛙片虫子代虫体中的2个胞核均来自于母体中同一个核, 而其2核间的连接细丝可能是胞核分裂进化历程中比较原始的残迹。     

鱼杯体虫(Apiosoma piscicola)的光镜及透射电镜观察

对洪泽湖地区鱼杯体虫(Apiosoma piscicola)的活体、固定染色标本形态及其超微结构进行了较为系统地观察、描述,发现虫体大小在南北地区存在显著差异并就这种现象产生的原因进行了讨论,认为这可能是由于南北地区在气候条件、水体生境等各个方面均存在着很大不同,相同祖先种在进行地域辐射时,对各自生存环境长期适应所产生的结果。在超微结构中对虫体表膜、口围纤毛、口围唇、漏斗、横纤毛带及内部胞器进行了仔细的观察,发现杯体虫体内尤其是口区具有很多细菌和有机颗粒,这就证明了其营养是来自于外界水环境而并非宿主,并从杯体虫食物来源的角度论证了杯体虫是一种体外共生体(ectocommensal)而非体外寄生体(ectoparasite)。另外,还观察到虫体尤其是口围唇部的表膜具有非常明显的褶皱,显示了其口区表膜极强的伸缩能力,这也是虫体在受到刺激或形成游泳体(telotroch或swarmer)时能将整个口围盘缩进体内的原因。       

长膜壳绦虫形态及生殖器官畸形的观察

长膜壳绦虫[Hymenolepis diminuta(Rudolphi,1819)]是一种重要的人兽共患寄生虫。1990—1991年我们在雅安市大足鼠(Rattus nitidus Hodgson)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrariusPallas)和褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)体内查到此虫种,将3种鼠体内的10条完整虫体用70%酒精固定,用苏木素—卡红染色制片作形态观察。在观察绦虫内部形态过程中,     

Ji新本尼登虫（单殖目：多室科）的发育

报道了寄生于海水养殖鱼类体表的Ji新本尼登虫（Neobenedenia girellae)生活史各期的发育过程。虫卵在25℃-28℃海水温度条件下4-6d钩毛蚴发育成熟;用钩毛蚴人工感染一种鲻科鱼类-棱Jun(Liza carinatus)获得成功。在26℃-30℃实验室温度条件下,钩毛蚴感染棱Jun10-14d后虫体发育成熟,并在感染后的第16天虫体开始产卵,本文对Ji新本尼登虫的生活史发育各期幼虫的形态进行详细的观察,描述、测量和绘图。     

(鱼已)新本尼登虫(单殖目:多室科)的发育

报道了寄生于海水养殖鱼类体表的NFDA1新本尼登虫( Neobenedenia girellae )生活史各期的发育过程.虫卵在25℃～28℃海水温度条件下4～6 d钩毛蚴发育成熟;用钩毛蚴人工感染一种鲻科鱼类--棱NFDA2( Liza carinatus )获得成功.在26℃～30℃实验室温度条件下,钩毛蚴感染棱NFDA210～14 d后虫体发育成熟,并在感染后的第16 天虫体开始产卵.本文对NFDA1新本尼登虫的生活史发育各期幼虫的形态进行详细的观察、描述、测量和绘图.     

微小昆虫玻片制作法

(一)采集时注意事项 采集微小昆虫时只能用75％酒精,其中可加入1、2滴乙醚以避免虫体漂浮在酒精面上的缺点。若摇动酒精管促使虫体下降常会造成虫体的损伤。此外酒精要侭量装满,免去在行动中过分震盪。 (二)如何取虫 从酒精管里取出微小昆虫     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor