两种泥鳅中PdSox8和PdSox9基因的染色体定位

应用染色体原位杂交技术,以地高辛标记的大鳞副泥鳅ＰｄＳｏｘ８和ＰｄＳｏｘ９基因片段为探针,研究了二者在泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅染色体组中的定位。结果表明,在大鳞副泥鳅中ＰｄＳｏｘ８、ＰｄＳｏｘ９分别于端部着丝粒染色体第４和第２号即１４和１２染色体上,信号位点距着丝粒的相对距离分别为４０．２％和６７．５％,在泥鳅中,则分别位于ｔ９、ｔ６上,信息位点距着丝粒的相对蹁分别为５８．３％和３０．８％。     

水稻光敏素基因(phyA)和-1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶小亚基基因(rbcS)的染色体定位

以生物素标记的水稻单拷贝光敏素基因（ｐｈｙＡ） 和１ ,５二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／ 加氧酶小亚基基因（ｒｂｃＳ） 的基因组克隆为探针,其大小分别为６ ．６ 和１ ．１ ｋｂ ,通过原位杂交技术将它们分别定位到水稻染色体上。ｐｈｙＡ 和ｒｂｃＳ基因的检出率分别为２９ ．７９ ％ 和２１ ．５６ ％ 。ｐｈｙＡ在第３ 染色体上有３ 个座位：长臂近着丝粒、短臂末端、长臂中部。ｒｂｃＳ分别定位于第７ 染色体长臂近着丝粒（８ ．６２ ％ ） 、第５ 染色体长臂末端、第６ 染色体长臂距着丝粒近２／３ 处。此外,对信号转导相关基因定位的意义,水稻染色体的准确识别、功能基因在染色体上的分布及位置意义等也进行了讨论。     

水稻分蘖角度的ＱＴＬs分析

分蘖角是水稻株型构成的重要性状之一,在育种上人有极其重要的意义,利用分蘖角度差异显著的１对籼粳亲本,将其杂交Ｆ１代花培加倍,构建了１个ＤＨ群体,考察了１１５个ＤＨ株系的分蘖角度,并使用该群体构建的分子图谱进行数量性状座痊（ＱＴＬs)分析。分别在第９和１２个染色体上检测３个ＱＴＬs(qTA-9a、qTA－９b和qTA－１２）,贡献率分别为２２．７％、１１．９％和２０．９％,其加性效应均为负,表明由分蘖角度较大的窄占青８号的基因控制,并讨论了这种由主产和微效基因控制的分蘖性状在育种学上的应用。     

利用分子标记定位水稻野败型核质互作雄性不育恢复基因

以籼稻恢复系圭６３０与粳型广亲和品种０２４２８的Ｆ１代花药培养,获得８１个双单倍体（ＤＨ）,构建了有２３３个ＲＦＬＰ标记的分子图谱。用籼稻野败型不育系珍汕９７Ａ测定各ＤＨ系的恢复性,并将恢复性作为数量性状进行ＱＴＬ的区间作图分析,鉴别出８个基因座位,其中有２个基因座位,Ｒｆｉ－３和尾Ｒｆｉ－４,单个ＱＴＬ的基因贡献值分别是４９．６％和３５．４％,对育性恢复起主要作用,定为主效基因座位,位于第三和四染色体上,其它６个基因座位对育性恢复亦有一定的影响。表明野败型雄性不育恢复性是受主效基因和微效基因共同控制的性状。     

玉米（Zea mays L.）cdc2和Prh1基因的染色体原位杂交物理定位

首次报道了玉米两个低拷贝基因ｃｄｃ２和ｐｒｈ１生物素标记的染色体原位杂交结果。供试探针为这两个基因的ｃＤＮＡ克隆ｃｄｃ２ＺｍＡ和ＺｍＰＰ１,其长度分别为１．３ｋｂ和１．７ｋｂ。结果表明,ｃｄｃ２ＺｍＡ的信号分布在第４、８和９染色体长臂,与着丝粒的百分距离分别为５７．８７±２．６８、２８．４２±１．４５和８８．１６±３．２８,检出率为１０．０７％．３．１３％和８．３３％。ｐｒｈ１ＺｍＰＰ１的信号分布在第４、６和８染色体长臂,与着丝粒的百分距离分别为５３．６２±１．１７．６０．７７±２．９０和１７．１０±１．６１,检出率为１２．０７％．５．１７％和６．４７％。对非放射性原位杂交技术以及基因ｃｄｃ２和ｐｒｈ１的物理位置与功能间的关系作了讨论。     

水稻光敏素基因（phyA）和1,5—二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶小亚基？…

以生物素标记的水稻单拷贝光敏素基因和１,５－二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶小亚基基因的基因组克隆为探针,其大小分别为６．６和１．１ｋｂ,通过原位杂交技术将它们分别定位到水稻染色体上。ｐｈｙＡ和ｒｂｃＳ基因的检出率分别为２９．７９％５ ２１．５６％,ｐｈｙＡ在第３染色体上有３个座位：长臂近着丝粒,短臂末端,长臂中部。ｒｂｃＳ分别定位于第７染色体长臂近着丝粒,第５染色体长臂末端,第６染色体长臂距着丝粒近２     

水稻上部节间长度等数量性状基因的定位及其遗传效应分析

对水稻籼粳杂交（窄叶青８号×京系１７）Ｆ＿１的花药进行离体培养,建立一个含１３３个ＤＨ系的作图群体,通过构建分子连锁图谱,对水稻上部节间长度、株高和抽穗期的ＱＴＬ进行区间作图,定位了影响上部节间长度的１２个ＱＴＬ、株高的４个ＱＴＬ和抽穗期的１个ＱＴＬ。对这些ＱＴＬ的遗传效应分析的结果表明,控制抽穗期的１个ＱＴＬ即Ｈｄ８ａ为主效基因,其余的１６个ＱＴＬ为微效基因。控制上部节间长度单个的ＱＴＬ对表型的贡献率介于８－１８％,其加性效应可使所控制的节间长度增加大约１．６－３．６ｃｍ。值得注意的是,一些控制相关性状的、作用方向相同的ＱＴＬ定位于同一染色体的相同或邻近区段上。这一结果揭示了这些性状相关的遗传基础,在水稻育种中运用这些ＱＴＬ将有助于对株高进行精细的遗传调控。     

水稻红莲型CMS育性恢复QTL分析

红莲型CMS是在我国杂交水稻生产中被广泛利用的雄性不育细胞质之一。为了同时定位红莲型CMS育性恢复主效和微效QTL,利用红莲型CMS不育系粤泰A(YTA)与“Lemont／特青”RIL群体测交,结合1张含有198个DNA分子标记的高密度遗传图谱,对测交F1群体的小穗育性和花粉育性进行复合区间作图。在对YTA的育性恢复性方面,该。RIL群体的2个亲本之间具有明显差异,特青的恢复性较强,其测交F1的小穗育性和花粉育性分别为72％和51％;而Lemont测交F1的小穗育性和花粉育性分别为32％和9％。复合区间作图定位到4个育性恢复QTL,分别位于水稻第1、2和10号染色体上,单个QTL的贡献率在5％～24％之间。其中,除1个QTL的增效基因来源于Lemont外,其余3个QTL的增效基因均来源于特青。效应最大的QTL为qRF-10-1,该QTL位于10号染色体RM258-C16标记区间,对小穗育性表型变异的贡献率为24％,对花粉育性的贡献率为17％,且该QTL被检测到的LOD值显著较高,因此是1个主效QTL,其增效基因来源于特青。除了主效QTLqRF-10-1外,其它3个QTL对性状的贡献率均在10％以下(5％～8％)。由此表明,该RIL群体对红莲型CMS的育性恢复由1个主效QTL控制,并受其它几个微效QTL的影响。该QTL定位结果与小穗育性在测交F1群体中呈连续的双峰分布的结果相一致。与主效QTL qRF-10-1紧密连锁的SSR标记为RM258,该主效QTL可作为分子标记辅助育种的操作目标之一,用于杂交稻分子育种中培育红莲型CMS的强恢复系。     

绵羊多胎主效基因研究进展

绵羊存在影响多胎性状的主效基因。BMPR-IB的突变体FecB对排卵数的增加具有增强效应,GDF-9的突变体FecGH和FecI及BMP-15的突变体FecXI、FecXH、FecXG、FecXB、FecXL和FecXR均为纯合子不育,杂合子增加排卵数,而GDF-9的突变体FecGE只有纯合子增加排卵数。Woodlands和Lacaune是遗传方式已知的多胎主效基因。Woodlands是与X染色体连锁的母系印迹基因,Lacaune与FecB类似对排卵数的增加具有增强效应。主效基因突变体单拷贝增加排卵数的效应具有差异性,FecB和FecXL的效应最高可增加1.5个,Woodlands最低可增加0.4个。研究绵羊多胎性状主效基因不仅有助于家畜的选种选育,提高绵羊繁殖力,而且为研究哺乳动物的繁殖机制开拓了新的方向。文章综述了绵羊多胎主效基因的来源、定位、表型、作用机制以及我国绵羊品种多胎主效基因的研究现状,旨在为深入研究绵羊多胎主效基因的作用机制及为绵羊多胎品种的选育提供参考。     

水稻半矮秆基因sd－g的染色体定位研究

以标志基因系和ＩＲ３６三体为工具材料,通过杂交,研究了籼稻矮秆材料双矮所携半矮秆基因ｓｄ－ｇ在染色体上的位置。结果表明：半矮秆基因ｓｄ－ｇ与标志基因系Ｍ４所携隐性主基因ｇｈ－１和Ｍ２７所携隐性主基因ｎ１表现连锁。ｓｄ－ｇ与ｇｈ－１之间的交换值为２４．３３％±３．９６％,ｓｄ－ｇ与ｎ１之间的交换值为２９．４４％±４．８１％。由于ｇｈ－１和ｎ１均位于第５染色体,因而推定ｓｄ－ｇ位于第５染色体上。     

A region of maize chromosome 2 affects response to downy mildew pathogens

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for downy mildew resistance in maize were identified based on co-segregation with linked restriction fragment length polymorphisms or simple sequence repeats in 220 F2 progeny from a cross between susceptible and resistant parents. Disease response was assessed on F3 families in nurseries in Egypt, Thailand, and South Texas and after inoculation in a controlled greenhouse test. Heritability of the disease reaction was high (around 93% in Thailand). One hundred and thirty polymorphic markers were assigned to the ten chromosomes of maize with LOD scores exceeding 4.9 and covering about 1,265 cM with an average interval length between markers of 9.5 cM. About 90% of the genome is located within 10 cM of the nearest marker. Three putative QTLs were detected in association with resistance to downy mildew in different environments using composite interval mapping. Despite environmental and symptom differences, one locus on chromosome 2 had a major effect and explained up to 70% of the phenotypic variation in Thailand where disease pressure was the highest. The other two QTLs on chromosome 3 and chromosome 9 had minor effects; each explained no more than 4% of the phenotypic variation. The three QTLs appeared to have additive effects on resistance, identifying one major gene and two minor genes that contribute to downy mildew resistance.     

秋稻品种Dular广亲和基因的RFLP分析

利用Ｂａｌｉｌｌａ／Ｄｕｌａｒ／ＩＲ３６和南京１１／／Ｄｕｌｕｒ／２５３３两个三交Ｆ１ 本对秋稻品种Ｄｕｌａｒ的广亲和性进行了遗传分析。为使杂种群体在相对一致的条伯下抽穗,所有三交Ｆ１植株于分化前集中进行了为期１周的短日照处理。结果表明,两个群体的小穗育性于多峰连续分布,说明三交群体的育性可能受几个主基因控制并受到微效基因的修饰,进一步采用分群分析法,以南京１１／／Ｄｕｌａｒ／２５３３为分析群体进     

RFLP mapping of QTLs for yield and related characters in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Quantitative triat loci (QTLs) for yield and related traits in rice were mapped based on RFLP maps from two indica/indica F₂ populations, Tesanai 2/CB and Waiyin 2/CB. In Tesanai 2/CB, 14 intervals carrying QTLs for eight traits were detected, including 3 for grain weight per plant (GWT), 2 for number of panicles per plant (NP), 2 for number of grains per panicle (NG), 1 for total number of spikelets per panicle (TNS), 1 for spikelet fertility (SF), 3 for 1000-grain weight (TGWT), 1 for spikelet density (SD), and 1 for number of first branches per main panicle. The 3 QTLs for GWT were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, with 1 in each chromosome. The additive effect of the single locus ranged from 2.0 g to 9.1 g. A major gene (np4) for NP was detected on chromosome 4 within the interval of RG143–RG214, about 4cM for RG143, and this locus explained 26.1% of the observed phenotypic variance for NP. The paternal allele of this locus was responsible for reduced panicles per plant (3 panicles per plant). In another population, Waiyin 2/CB, 12 intervals containing QTLs for six of the above-mentioned traits were detected, including 3 for GWT, 2 for each of NP, TNS, TGWT and SD, 1 for SF. Three QTLs for GWT were located on chromosome 1, 4, and 5, respectively. The additive effect of the single locus for GWT ranged from 6.7 g to 8.8 g, while the dominance effect was 1.7–11.5 g. QTL mapping in two populations with a common male parent is compared and discussed.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling seed dormancy and heading date in rice, Oryza sativa L., using backcross inbred lines

 To detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling seed dormancy, 98 BC₁F₅ lines (backcross inbred lines) derived from a backcross of Nipponbare (japonica)/Kasalath (indica)//Nipponbare were analyzed genetically. We used 245 RFLP markers to construct a framework linkage map. Five putative QTLs affecting seed dormancy were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 7 (two regions) and 8, respectively. Phenotypic variations explained by each QTL ranged from 6.7% to 22.5% and the five putative QTLs explained about 48% of the total phenotypic variation in the BC₁F₅ lines. Except for those of the QTLs on chromosome 8, the Nipponbare alleles increased the germination rate. Five putative QTLs controlling heading date were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, respectively. The phenotypic variation explained by each QTL for heading date ranged from 5.7% to 23.4% and the five putative QTLs explained about 52% of the total phenotypic variation. The Nipponbare alleles increased the number of days to heading, except for those of two QTLs on chromosomes 2 and 3. The map location of a putative QTL for heading date coincided with that of a major QTL for seed dormancy on chromosome 3, although two major heading-date QTLs did not coincide with any seed dormancy QTLs detected in this study. Received: 10 October 1997 / Accepted: 12 January 1998     

Genetic mapping of maize stripe disease resistance from the Mascarene source

Maize stripe virus (MStV) is a potentially threatening virus disease of maize in the tropics. We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling resistance to MStV in a maize population of 157 F(2:3) families derived from the cross between two maize lines, Rev81 (tropical resistant) and B73 (temperate susceptible). Resistance was evaluated under artificial inoculations in replicated screenhouse trials across different seasons in Réunion Island, France. Composite interval mapping was employed for QTL detection with a linkage map of 143 microsatellite markers. Heritability estimates across seasons were 0.96 and 0.90 for incidence and severity, respectively, demonstrating a high genotypic variability and a good control of the environment. Three regions on chromosomes 2L, 3 and 5, with major effects, and another region on chromosome 2S, with minor effects, provided resistance to MStV in Rev81. In individual seasons, the chr2L QTL explained 60-65% of the phenotypic variation for disease incidence and 21-42% for severity. The chr3 QTL, mainly associated with incidence and located near centromere, explained 42-57% of the phenotypic variation, whereas the chr5 QTL, mainly associated with severity, explained 26-53%. Overall, these QTLs explained 68-73% of the phenotypic variance for incidence and 50-59% for severity. The major QTLs on chr2 and 3 showed additive gene action and were found to be stable over time and across seasons. They also were found to be included in genomic regions with important clusters of resistance genes to diseases and pests. The major QTL on chr5 appeared to be partially dominant in favour of resistance. It was stable over time but showed highly significant QTL x season interactions. Possible implications of these QTLs in different mechanisms of resistance against the virus or the insect vector are discussed. The prospects for transferring these QTLs in susceptible maize cultivars and combining them with other resistances to virus diseases by conventional or marker-assisted breeding are promising.     

QTLs for days to silking in a recombinant inbred line maize population subjected to high and low nitrogen regimes

Days to silking (DTS) is one of the most important traits in maize (Zea mays). To investigate its genetic basis, a recombinant inbred line population was subjected to high and low nitrogen (N) regimes to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with DTS. Three QTLs were identified under the high N regime; these explained 25.4% of the phenotypic variance. Due to additive effects, the QTL on chromosome 6 increased DTS up to 0.66 days; while the other two QTLs mapped on chromosome 9 (one linked with Phi061 and the other linked with Nc134) decreased DTS 0.89 and 0.91 days, respectively. Under low N regime, two QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 6 and 9, which accounted for 25.9% of the phenotypic variance. Owing to additive effects, the QTL on chromosome 6 increased DTS 0.67 days, while the other QTL on chromosome 9 decreased it 1.48 days. The QTL on chromosome 6, flanked by microsatellite markers Bnlg1600 and Phi077, was detected under both N regimes. In conclusion, we identified four QTLs, one on chromosome 6 and three on chromosome 9. These results contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of DTS and will be useful for developing marker-assisted selection in maize breeding programs.     

A major QTL located on chromosome V associates with in vitro tuberization in a tetraploid potato population

The cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an autotetraploid species. The complexity of tetrasomic inheritance and the lack of pure lines increase the difficulty of genetic analysis of the inherited characteristics. Tuberization is the determinant step for economic yield of potato. To understand the complex genetic basis of tuberization of the cultivated potato, we developed linkage maps for a tetraploid population (F1) of 237 genotypes and mapped QTLs for the percent of in vitro tuberized plantlets (% IVT). The paternal map for E108 (well tuberized) covered 948 cM and included 12 linkage groups, all of which contained all four homologous chromosomes. The maternal map for E20 (nontuberized) covered 1,286 cM and included 14 linkage groups, 12 of which contained all four homologous chromosomes. All 12 chromosomes of potato were tagged using the SSR markers. A major QTL (MT05) with additive effect was detected on chromosome V of E108 which explained 16.23 % of the variation for % IVT, and two minor QTLs (mt05 and mt09) displaying simplex dominant effects were located on chromosome V and chromosome IX of E20 which explained 5.33 and 4.59 % of the variation for % IVT, respectively. Based on the additive model of MT05, the segregation ratio of the gametic genotypes (Q?: qq = 5:1) matched the ratio of the tuberized genotypes to the nontuberized genotypes in the population suggesting that the segregation of in vitro tuberization in this population is controlled by a major-effect gene or genes. The mapping results of three important candidate genes indicated that the QTL causal genes detected in our study are new. In this study, we developed the almost complete linkage maps of a tetraploid population, identified a major QTL on chromosome V affecting in vitro tuberization, suggested a major-effect gene with minor modifiers model controlling this trait and found that the QTLs identified here correspond to new tuberization genes. Our work provides new and useful information about the genetic basis for tuberization of this autotetraploid crop.     

水稻幼苗活力性状的低温反应数量性状基因座检测

以籼粳交“密阳23/吉冷1号”的F2：3代200个家系作为作图群体,在12℃冷水胁迫下,进行苗高、苗鲜重和苗干重等水稻幼苗活力性状的低温反应鉴定,并利用由SSR标记构建的分子连锁图谱为基础,对冷水胁迫下苗高、苗鲜重和苗干重以及它们的低温反应指数进行了数量性状基因座（QTLs）检测。研究结果表明,低温胁迫下上述幼苗活力性状在F3家系群中均表现为接近正态的连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状;在第1、2、7、8和12染色体上,检测到与幼苗活力性状的低温反应相关的QTL共12个,对表型变异的贡献率范围为5．2％-17．9％,其中位于第2染色体RM262-RM263区间和第12染色体RM270-RM17区间的与低温下苗高相关的qCSH2和qCSH12,以及位于第12染色体RM19-RM270区间和第1染色体RM129-RM9区间的分别控制低温下苗干重及其低温反应指数的qSDW12和qCSDW1对表型变异的贡献率较大,分别为16．6％、17．9％、15．9％和16．2％。其增效等位基因均来自吉冷1号,前两者均表现为加性效应,后两者分别表现为显性和超显性。     

Molecular mapping of resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</Emphasis> race 5 and sensitivity to Ptr ToxB in wheat

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is an economically important foliar disease in the major wheat growing areas of the world. Multiple races of the pathogen have been characterized based on their ability to cause necrosis and/or chlorosis in differential wheat lines. Isolates of race 5 cause chlorosis only, and they produce a host-selective toxin designated Ptr ToxB that induces chlorosis when infiltrated into sensitive genotypes. The international Triticeae mapping initiative (ITMI) mapping population was used to identify genomic regions harboring QTLs for resistance to fungal inoculations of Ptr race 5 and to determine the chromosomal location of the gene conditioning sensitivity to Ptr ToxB. The toxin-insensitivity gene, which we are designating tsc2, mapped to the distal tip of the short arm of chromosome 2B. This gene was responsible for the effects of a major QTL associated with resistance to the race 5 fungus and accounted for 69% of the phenotypic variation. Additional minor QTLs were identified on the short arm of 2A, the long arm of 4A, and on the long arm of chromosome 2B. Together, the major QTL on 2BS identified by tsc2 and the QTL on 4AL explained 73% of the total phenotypic variation for resistance to Ptr race 5. The results of this research indicate that Ptr ToxB is a major virulence factor, and the markers closely linked to tsc2 and the 4A QTL should be useful for introgression of resistance into adapted germplasm.