恶疫霉有性杂交后代的竞争能力研究*

５株杂交个体（携带对甲霜灵和地茂散的抗性标记）的游动孢子分别与其野生型亲本ＡＰ １４和ＰＫ９（对甲霜灵和地茂散均敏感）按１：１、１：９和１：４９比例混合涂布在１０％Ｖ６培养基平板上或接种在苹果片上生长４～５ｄ,并诱导产生孢子囊和释放游动孢子,经单孢分离建立单孢无性系,在含甲霜灵或地茂散的培养基上检测杂交个体的单孢后代所占的百分率。结果是,在Ｖ６培养基平板上混合生长的３０个组合中,仅３个组合杂交个体的单孢后代在其单孢无性系群体中所占的比例显著低于野生型亲本,其余组合均符合其各自的期望值;在苹果片上混合接种的３０个组合,杂交个体与野生型亲本的单孢后代所占比例均符合其各自的期望值。进一步测定２个杂交个体（ＡＰＫ－９和ＡＰＫ－２４）分别与其野生型亲本以１：１的比例混合后在Ｖ６培养基平板上和苹果片上连续３个产孢循环过程中两者比例的变化,结果是,在杂交个体与野生型亲本ＡＰ１４的组合中,杂交个体的后代所占的百分率由第一个产孢循环的４９．１％～５４．２％至第三个产孢循环下降为１．８％～６．２％：而在与另一野生型亲本ＰＫ９的组合中,杂交个体的后代所占的百分率从第一个产孢循环的４４．４％～５４．２％至第３个产孢循环上升为７２．１     

苎麻疫霉有性生殖导致菌落形态和生长速率在无性后代持续变异的研究

研究了苎麻疫霉菌株ＪＳ－５自交Ｓ１代单卵孢株的菌落形态和生长速率在其单游动孢子无性系后代的遗传与变异。结果表明,亲本菌株ＪＳ－５的菌落形态和生长速率在连续４代单游动孢子无性系后代稳定遗传,而该菌株的自交Ｓ１代的约２／３单卵孢株的上述性状在其单孢无性后代中发生分离,且上述性状的分离在无性单孢后代中至少可连续保持３￣４代。本研究结果提示,苎麻疫霉有性生殖导致上述性状的变异,除有性生殖过程中的基因重组外     

毛泡桐与白花泡桐正反交F1无性系自然接干性状的遗传变异

利用田间实验和统计分析方法,研究了毛泡桐[Paulownia tomentosa（Thunb．）Steud．]与白花泡桐[P.fortunei（Seem．）Hemsl．]正反交F1无性系自然接干性状的遗传变异。结果表明,供试的11个F1无性系的22个自然接干性状具有广泛而明显的遗传变异和变异差异,其中接干高、全干高、接干材积、全干材积、接干材秽全干材积、通直度和丛枝病等级是变异最大的7个自然接干性状（CV〉30）;在6个正交F1无性系间和5个反交F1无性系间,绝大多数自然接干性状的差异达极显著水平;在毛泡桐与白花泡桐正交F1无性系和反交F1无性系间,22个自然接干性状均存在极显著差异。     

具广亲和性的水稻隐性高秆细胞突变体

０２４２８ｈ系粳稻隐性高秆细胞突变体。来源于半矮秆广亲和种质０２４２８体细胞无性系变异。在１０３个Ｒ２代株系中,有１株系在抽穗后分离出高、矮秆两种类型,高秆比矮秆高６１．４％,系因例一和倒二节间伸长所致,以倒一节间伸长最为明显,占增长的６６．３％。在Ｒ３、Ｒ４代中矮秆类型继续分离出高秆和矮秆两在型,分离比为３：１,高秆类型未见分离。显示所分离的高秆是供体亲本０２４２８的单基因突变。暂名为０２４２８     

水稻花粉株系白叶枯病抗性遗传

本文研究了粳稻感病品种沈农1033分别与7个抗白叶枯病的品种（其中汕稻有75－34,辛尼斯,1R20;粳稻有早生爱国3号,邳早15,蚌珠芒,爪哇14）杂交,F花粉培养并观察了花粉株系第二代（H2）的抗性转移及遗传表现和花粉株系第三代,第四代抗性稳定性,572个株系的性状是整齐一致的,占95．5％,其中抗病（高抗和中抗）株系有376个,占62．9％,感病系有196个,占32．7％,表现有分离的杂合系约4．5％,不同组合的H2与F2群体中抗,感反应变异幅度不同,对同一组合不同熟期花粉株系其生育日数与抗病性间存在着极显著相关性,生育期长的株系抗性较强。花粉再生植株后代H2在生育期,株高,穗长,粒重等性状上十分多样,白叶枯病抗性遗传分析结果表明,在4个组合中抗性均由1个显性上位基因控制,抗病性广义遗传力在80％以上。杂种花粉植株第二,第三,第四代的农艺性状以及白叶枯病的抗性持续地稳定,不因世代的增加其性状的整齐度不降,抗性减弱。     

烟草和枸杞属间原生质体电融合再生杂种植株

烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）叶肉原生质体和枸杞（Ｌｙｃｉｕｍ ｂａｒｂａｒｕｍ Ｌ．）悬浮细胞原生质体在适宜电场条件下能以４％ —５％ 的频率发生异质融合。用过氧化物酶和超氧歧化酶同工酶方法对随机选取的１００ 个细胞系进行分析,发现杂种愈伤组织形成频率为９％ 。其中５个杂种细胞系具有分化能力,再生出大量丛生小苗。这些小苗多数在形态上兼有双亲特征并难以生根和长大。叶片酯酶同工酶分析表明,其中２ 个杂种细胞系（ＮＬ４ 和ＮＬ８）再生苗含有一条双亲没有的重组酶带。对亲本和杂种细胞系ＮＬ４ 的细胞学观察结果表明,杂种细胞系的染色体数目为２ｎ＝ ５５—８０,明显高于亲本。对亲本及ＮＬ４ 和ＮＬ８ 愈伤组织的基因组ＤＮＡ 进行ｒＤＮＡ Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ 杂交发现,ＮＬ８ 含有双亲的全部谱带,且在３．０ ｋｂ 处出现１ 条新带;ＮＬ４ 没有枸杞的特征带,但在３．０ ｋｂ 和５．５ ｋｂ 处出现２ 条新带,说明这两个杂种中的双亲ｒＤＮＡ 可能已发生分子间重组。从ＮＬ４ 愈伤组织得到４ 株形态上近似烟草的完整植株,并移栽成活     

半夏种内居群形态变异的模糊聚类分析

在同一栽培条件下,对主要引自长江中下游地区的１５个半夏〔Ｐｉｎｅｌｉａｔｅｒｎａｔａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）Ｂｒｅｉｔ．〕居群的１６个主要形态性状进行模糊聚类分析,在置信水平λ＝０．６７６４时,将１５个居群划分成４个类型：（１）双珠芽类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上均具双珠芽,但叶型和块茎形状变异较小;（２）普通类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上均只着生单珠芽,但叶型和块茎形状变异较大;（３）长茎类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上具单珠芽,但着生位置较低,块茎呈矩圆形;（４）复合类型：主要形态特征为叶柄上具单珠芽,但居群内常有双珠芽个体出现。     

长白落叶松种子园亲本生长与结实性状综合评价

生长与结实性状是种子园亲本重要的评价标准,本研究以长白落叶松种子园58个亲本无性系为试验材料,对其生长与结实性状进行测定及分析。方差分析结果表明,除通直度、节间距、0和1.3 m树皮厚度外,各性状在无性系间均存在显著差异,其表型变异系数变化范围为8.05%~54.97%,重复力变化范围为0.102 3~0.744 2。高变异、高重复力有利于优良无性系选育。利用主成分分析将各性状分为4个主成分（Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4）,不同无性系各主成分值差异较大。以生长与结实性状为评价指标,利用多性状综合评价法,以10%的入选率,L59、L56、L77、L90、L92和L87等6个选为优良无性系,其主成分Y1值均较大,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为15.43%、8.25%和29.73%。本研究可为长白落叶松无性系种子园优良亲本建园材料选择提供理论基础。     

不同产地木荷优树无性系生长和开花性状的分析

为比较不同产地木荷（Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.）优树无性系的生长性状（包括树高、胸径、冠幅和一级侧枝数）和开花性状（包括开花物候期和花朵数量）的遗传差异,采用方差分析、相关性分析和聚类分析方法,对来源于福建建瓯和连城、浙江庆元及龙泉和遂昌、江西上犹的22个木荷优树无性系的生长和开花性状进行了综合分析。结果表明：供试木荷无性系的树高、胸径、冠幅和一级侧枝数的的变异系数为19%~32%,始花时段、盛花时段、末花时段和花朵数量的变异系数为37%~73%,表明不同无性系生长和开花性状的变异较大。除木荷无性系一级侧枝数产地间的变异未达到显著水平外,其他生长和开花性状产地间和产地内的变异均达到显著或极显著水平。各生长和开花性状的无性系重复力为0.41~0.94,显示遗传控制程度中等偏强。无性系的树高、胸径和冠幅与花期的相关性均不显著,但与花朵数量呈显著或极显著正相关;来自较低纬度的无性系始花期最早,来自较高纬度或海拔的无性系始花期最晚。聚类分析结果显示：22个木荷无性系可聚为4个类型,类型1和类型4分别包含5个和7个无性系,这2类无性系的树高、胸径、冠幅和花朵数量总体上高于群体均值,生长表现优良、花朵数量较多,且类型4包含的无性系产地纬度较低、开花日期较早;类型2包含8个无性系,生长表现一般、花朵数量较少;类型3包含2个无性系,生长表现优良、花朵数量低于群体均值。研究结果显示：依据产地的纬度和海拔可初步判定木荷无性系的花期,可为木荷杂交育种亲本的选配和种子园建园过程中无性系的配置提供科学依据和理论基础。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒中国强毒株A节段cDNA基因的克隆和序列分析

以来自哈尔滨传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ） 强毒株（Ｈａｒｂｉｎ 毒株,Ｈ） 的基因组ＲＮＡ为模板,用反转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ ＰＣＲ） 的方法得到了其Ａ 节段的全长ｃＤＮＡ 片段,分５＇端（１ ６５９ｂｐ） 和３＇端（１ ４４４ｂｐ） 上下两段分别克隆到ｐＧＥＭＢ○Ｒ － Ｔ 载体上,测定了其核苷酸顺序,在长为３ １０１ ｂｐ 中含有两个阅读框ＯＲＦＡ１ 和ＯＲＦＡ２ ,分别编码１ ０１２ 个氨基酸的前体蛋白（ＶＰ２ － ４ －３） 和１４５ 个氨基酸的ＶＰ５,ＯＲＦＡ１ 和ＯＲＦＡ２ 有部分的重叠。将核苷酸序列及推测出的氨基酸序列与已报道的ＩＢＤＶ 血清Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型毒株的相应序列进行了比较,结果表明：Ｈ 毒株与其它血清Ⅰ型毒株之间,在核苷酸水平上存在２５ｂｐ － ２６７ｂｐ 的差异;在氨基酸水平上存在１７ ～４０ 个氨基酸的差异。在ＶＰ２ － ４ － ３ 内比较显示,Ｈ 毒株与Ｐ２ 、Ｃｕ－ １ 之间氨基酸的差异最小为１ ．７％ ,Ｈ 毒株与ＵＫ６６１ 之间氨基酸的差异最大为３ ．９ ％ 。变异主要发生在ＶＰ２ 的可变区（２０６ － ３５０ 位氨基酸） ,在Ｈ 毒株所特有的１２ 个氨基酸当中,该区就占５ 个,代表１ ．７６ ％ 的变异。ＶＰ４、ＶＰ３ 和ＶＰ５区各有     

Comparative mapping of QTLs for agronomic traits of rice across environments by using a doubled-haploid population

We report here the RFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) which affect some important agronomic traits in cultivated rice. An anther culture-derived doubled-haploid (DH) population was established from a cross between indica and japonica rice varieties. A molecular linkage map comprising 137 markers was constructed based on this population which covered the rice genome at intervals of 14.8 cM on average. The linkage map was used to locate QTLs for such important agronomic traits as heading date, plant height, number of spikelets per panicle, number of grains per panicle, 1 000-grain weight and the percentage of seed set, by interval mapping. Evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction was found by comparing QTL maps of the same population grown in three diverse environments. A total of 22 QTLs for six agronomic traits was detected which were significant in at least one environment, but only seven were significant in all three environments; seven were significant in two environments and eight could only be detected in a single environment. However, QTLs-by-environment interaction was trait dependent. QTLs for spikelets and grains per panicle were common across environments while traits like heading date and plant height were more sensitive to environment. Received: 22 February 1996 / Accepted: 10 May 1996     

Comparative mapping of QTLs for agronomic traits of rice across environments using a doubled haploid population

We report here the RFLP mapping of quantitative triat loci (QTLs) that affect some important agronomic traits in cultivated rice. An anther culturederived doubled haploid (DH) population was established from a cross between an indica and a japonica rice variety. On the basis of this population a molecular linkage map comprising 137 markers was constructed that covered the rice genome at intervals of 14.8cM on average. Interval mapping of the linkage map was used to locate QTLs for such important agronomic traits as heading date, plant height, number of spikelets per panicle, number of grains Per panicle, 1000-grain weight and percentage of seed set. Evidence of genotype-byenvironment interaction was found by comparing QTL maps of the same population grown in three diverse environments. A total of 22 QTLs for six agronomic traits were detected that were significant in at least one environment, but only 7 were significant in all three environments, 7 were significant in two environments and 8 could only be detected in a single environment. However, QTL-by-environment interaction was traitdependent. QTLs for spikelets and grains per panicle were common across environments, while traits like heading date and plant height were more sensitive to environment.     

Relationship of restriction fragment length polymorphisms to single-cross hybrid performance of maize

Summary Isozymes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been proposed for use in varietal identification and selection for agronomic traits. Although the use of isozymes for these purposes has been well documented, evaluation of the efficacy of RFLP technology as applied to crop improvement is far from complete. This investigation was conducted to study the relationship between RFLP-derived genotypes and heterotic patterns of a group of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. A total of 22 inbreds was crossed to four testers (B73, B76, Mo17, and Va26) in combinations that minimized crossing within heterotic groups. Forty-seven single-cross progeny were subsequently evaluated for several agronomic traits (including grain yield and moisture, ear height, and root lodging) over 2–4 consecutive years at two to four Iowa locations in a randomized complete-block design. The inbred lines were subjected to RFLP analysis, which involved 47 genomic clones and the restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII. Hybrid RFLP patterns were predicted from their inbred parents. Modified Roger's distances were computed to estimate genetic distance among the inbred lines. Principal component analysis facilitated ascertainment of relative dispersion of the inbreds based on the frequency of variants at specific RFLP loci. Evident associations of variants with genes affecting agronomic traits were identified by principal component regression analysis, in which adjusted hybrid means were regressed on the matrix of hybrid variants frequencies. The hybrid means were adjusted by removing environmental effects, using residuals as dependent variables in the regression analysis. Results from this study suggest that RFLP analysis may be of value in allocating maize inbreds to heterotic groups, but no relationship between RFLP-based genetic distance and hybrid performance was apparent. Principal component regression identified variants potentially linked to genes that control specific agronomic traits.Joint contribution: USDA-ARS and Journal Paper No. J-13590 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Projects No. 2818 and 2778     

Identification of candidate markers associated with agronomic traits in rice using discriminant analysis

Plant genetic mapping strategies routinely utilize marker genotype frequencies obtained from progeny of controlled crosses to declare presence of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on previously constructed linkage maps. We have evaluated the potential of discriminant analysis (DA), a multivariate statistical procedure, to detect candidate markers associated with agronomic traits among inbred lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). A total of 218 lines originating from the US and Asia were planted in field plots near Alvin, Texas, in 1996 and 1997. Agronomic data were collected for 12 economically important traits, and DNA profiles of each inbred line were produced using 60 SSR and 114 RFLP markers. Model-based methods revealed population structure among the lines. Marker alleles associated with all traits were identified by DA at high levels of correct percent classification within subpopulations and across all lines. Associated marker alleles pointed to the same and different regions on the rice genetic map when compared to previous QTL mapping experiments. Results from this study suggest that candidate markers associated with agronomic traits can be readily detected among inbred lines of rice using DA combined with other methods described in this report.N. Zhang and Y. Xu contributed equally to work and considered as first authors.Approved for publication by the Director of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station as paper no. 04-14-0335.     

籼粳杂种双单倍体的配子选择

对典型的灿与粳稻杂种,窄叶青８号／京系１７Ｆ１花药进行培养获得的１３２个双单倍体的形态特性、同工酶与ＲＦＬＰ标记的分离与重组进行了考察分析,研究是否存在配子选择问题。结果表明：（１）对４个重要数量性状和６个涉及籼、粳特征的形态指数进行考察所获数据均为连续分布,并呈正态曲线;（２）用８种同工酶对５２个ＤＨ系分析结果表明,只有２种同工酶显著偏离期望的１：１比率,而灿与粳的总基因型比率相近;（３）应用１６７个ＲＦＬＰ标记对１３２个ＤＨ系进行的分析发现,有３６％标记发生偏分离,但偏籼与偏粳的比率相近,两个亲本基因组在ＤＨ群体中所占比率相同（各５０％）,各种基因组成呈正态分布。综上所述,本研究虽观察到一些轻微偏分离现象,但籼粳基因基本上随机分离与重组,等位基因总频率未偏离１：１比率。     

Differentiation and classification of parental lines and favorable genic interactions affecting F1 fertility in distant crosses of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

 This study was intended to investigate the extent of genetic differentiation in parental lines of rice hybrids and to analyze the genetic basis underlying the fertility phenomenon in distant crosses. Two subsets of rice material (111 entries in total) were used, including 81 doubled-haploid (DH) lines and 30 Indica and Japonica rice varieties or lines (as a control). The DH lines was derived from a heterotic Indica/Japonica cross (Gui630/02428) by anther culture. The materials in the control represent a broad spectrum of the Asian cultivated rice gene pool including landraces, primitive cultivars, historically important cultivars, modern elite cultivars, super rice and parents of superior hybrids. In accordance with the NC II design, 57 out of the DH lines were test-crossed to two important wide compatibility lines: photoperiod-sensitive genetic male sterile (PGMS) line N422s and thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile (TGMS) line Peiai64s. The F₁s and their parents, 182 entries in total, were examined for the performance of seven traits in a replicated field trial. All the rice materials was surveyed for polymorphisms using 92 RFLP markers selected from two published molecular marker linkage maps. Genotypes of the F₁ hybrids at the molecular-marker loci were deduced from the parental genotypes. The analysis showed that there were two types of genetic differentiation in the two subsets of rice material; that is, qualitative differentiation in the control and quantitative differentiation in the DH lines. In addition, favorable genic interactions (both intra- or inter-locus) contributed to better increase the fertility in hybrids of distant crosses through incorporation of a wide-compatibility line as the female parent. Favorable genic interactions can be applied in hybrid rice breeding programs by selecting parents with an appropriate extent of genetic differentiation. Received: 5 June 1997 / Accepted: 10 September 1997     

High-density mapping and comparative analysis of agronomically important traits on wheat chromosome 3A

Bread wheat chromosome 3A has been shown to contain genes/QTLs controlling grain yield and other agronomic traits. The objectives of this study were to generate high-density physical and genetic-linkage maps of wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosomes and reveal the physical locations of genes/QTLs controlling yield and its component traits, as well as agronomic traits, to obtain a precise estimate of recombination for the corresponding regions and to enrich the QTL-containing regions with markers. Physical mapping was accomplished by 179 DNA markers mostly representing expressed genes using 41 single-break deletion lines. Polymorphism survey of cultivars Cheyenne (CNN) and Wichita (WI), and a substitution line of CNN carrying chromosome 3A from WI [CNN(WI3A)], with 142 RFLP probes and 55 SSR markers revealed that the extent of polymorphism is different among various group 3 chromosomal regions as well as among the homoeologs. A genetic-linkage map for chromosome 3A was developed by mapping 17 QTLs for seven agronomic traits relative to 26 RFLP and 15 SSR chromosome 3A-specific markers on 95 single-chromosome recombinant inbred lines. Comparison of the physical maps with the 3A genetic-linkage map localized the QTLs to gene-containing regions and accounted for only about 36% of the chromosome. Two chromosomal regions containing 9 of the 17 QTLs encompassed less than 10% of chromosome 3A but accounted for almost all of the arm recombination. To identify rice chromosomal regions corresponding to the particular QTL-containing wheat regions, 650 physically mapped wheat group 3 sequences were compared with rice genomic sequences. At an E value of E < or = 10(-5), 82% of the wheat group 3 sequences identified rice homologs, of which 54% were on rice chromosome 1. The rice chromosome 1 region collinear with the two wheat regions that contained 9 QTLs was about 6.5 Mb.     

Mapping of genes controlling aluminum tolerance in rice: comparison of different genetic backgrounds

Aluminum toxicity is the main factor limiting the productivity of crop plants in acid soils, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. In this study, a doubled-haploid population derived from the rice ( Oryza sativa L.) breeding lines CT9993 and IR62266 was used to map genes controlling Al tolerance. A genetic linkage map consisting of 280 DNA markers (RFLP, AFLP and SSR) was constructed to determine the position and nature of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting Al tolerance. Three characters - control root length (CRL), Al-stressed root length (SRL) and root length ratio (RR) - were evaluated for the DH lines and the parents at the seedling stage in nutrient solution. A total of 20 QTLs controlling root growth under Al stress and control conditions were detected and distributed over 10 of the 12 rice chromosomes, reflecting multigenic control of these traits. The two QTLs of largest effect, qALRR-1-1 and qALRR-8 for root length ratio (a measurement of Al tolerance) were localized on chromosomes 1 and 8, respectively. Three other QTLs in addition to qALRR-8 were apparently unique in the CT9993 x IR62266 mapping population, which may explain the high level of Al tolerance in CT9993. Comparative mapping identified a conserved genomic region on chromosome 1 associated with Al tolerance across three rice genetic backgrounds. This region provides an important starting point for isolating genes responsible for different mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and understanding the genetic nature of this trait in rice and other cereals.     

Development of doubled haploids from an elite <Emphasis Type="Italic">indica</Emphasis> rice hybrid (BS6444G) using anther culture

A total of 200 doubled haploids (DHs) were generated from an elite rice hybrid, ‘BS6444G’ for which an androgenic method was developed by manipulating the physical and chemical factors. The spike pretreated at 10?°C for 7–8 days was effective for callusing and green plant regeneration. The maximum callus frequency was achieved when the anthers cultured in N6 medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L^?1 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 mg L^?1 6-benzylaminopurine and 3% maltose. Calli induced in N6 media also showed significant green shoot regeneration in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^?1 1-napthalene acetic acid, 0.5 mg L^?1 kinetin, 1.5 mg L^?1 benzylaminopurine and 3% sucrose producing 210 green plants. Assessment of the ploidy status showed 95.71% fertile diploids and 4.2% polyploids; no haploids were observed. A total of 38 sequence-tagged microsatellite (STMS) markers proved able to discriminate a heterozygote from all the 200 DHs. The DHs grown in the field showed significant variation for their agronomic traits. Comparison of traits with control indicates homogeneity within each DH line and significant variance of traits between DH lines. Nine DH lines produce higher grain yield than the hybrid parent which suggests the possibility of exploiting hybrid vigor in indica rice through the development of DH lines of high yielding hybrids.