汞对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长作用机制初探

本文研究表明,汞能抑制小麦种子萌发过程中淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性,抑制幼苗生长和呼吸代谢,降低种子活力。在幼苗生长阶段,汞能降低叶绿素含量和可溶性糖的积累,降低根系活力,抑制硝酸还原酶活力。但浓度低时,在萌发初期有短暂促进作用。     

Cd2+、Hg2+对菱幼苗生长及其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋处理菱幼苗,研究重金属离子对菱生长、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的影响,比较了Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋对同一植物的毒性差异,Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾＾２＋各处理浓度与均抑制菱幼苗生长,使叶绿素含量下降,Ｃｄ＾２＋的抑制作用比Ｈｇ＾２＋的作用明显。Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋对ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性有不同的影响效果;Ｃｄ＾２＋处理最艉地ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高,但     

钙和锌对玉米种子活力和萌发过程中酶活性的影响（简报）

钙、锌各自单独或两者混合处理种子均能增强玉米种于萌发过程中淀粉酶、脂肪酸和谷丙转氨酶的活性，提高种子活力，促进幼苗生长。钙、锌单独处理差异甚少，两者混合处理的效果好些。     

Cd2+、Hg2+对菱幼苗生长及其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋处理菱幼苗,研究重金属离子对菱生长、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的影响,比较Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对同一植物的毒性差异。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋各处理浓度均抑制菱幼苗生长,使叶绿素含量下降,但Ｃｄ２＋的抑制作用比Ｈｇ２＋的作用明显。Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋对ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性有不同的影响效果：Ｃｄ２＋处理最初诱导ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性升高,但随浓度加大时间延长酶活性急剧下降;Ｈｇ２＋处理的酶活性变化相对平缓,其中５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０μｍｏｌ／ＬＨｇ２＋处理的ＰＯＤ活性持续上升。实验结果表明,在相同处理时间和浓度条件下,Ｃｄ２＋比Ｈｇ２＋对菱的毒性要大。依据实验结果,作者探讨了重金属对植物的毒害机制     

镧浸种对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以水稻种子为材料,研究了稀土元素镧对水稻种子活力和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,1~20mg.L-1La3+处理能提高水稻种子的活力,提高蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性,并能促进水稻茎、叶和根系的生长,其中10mg.L-1La3+处理效果最佳。当浓度超过30mg.L-1时,水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制。此外,镧对水稻植株地下部分(根系)生长的影响比地上部分(茎叶)生长的影响要明显。镧对水稻种子萌发期间3种酶活性的影响程度表现为蛋白酶>脂肪酶>淀粉酶。     

多裂骆驼蓬提取物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽土培试验研究了多裂骆驼蓬提取物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬总生物碱提取液、水溶性生物碱提取液和脂溶性生物碱提取液浸种均抑制黄瓜种子萌发过程中淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,种子活力和萌发速率降低,呼吸速率减慢;幼苗生长过程中根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性升高,叶绿素含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性提高。说明用多裂骆驼蓬提取液浸种能够促进黄瓜幼苗生长,有利于培育壮苗。     

汞,镉污染对黑藻叶细胞伤害的超微结构研究

黑藻（Ｈｙｄｒｉｌｌａ ｖｅｒｔｉｅｉｌｌａｎ（Ｌ．ｆ．）Ｒｏｙｌｅ）植株分别在Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋梯度浓度的污染水中培养,在培养的时间段中（Ｈｇ＾２＋为３ｘｄ,Ｇｄ＾２＋为６ｄ）,随着浓度的递增,叶片逐渐出现均匀退绿症状。电镜观察发现,叶细胞遭受Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋毒害初期,高尔基体消失,内质网膨胀后解体,叶绿体中的类囊体和线粒体中的脊突胀成呈囊泡状,核中染色质涕 集。随着叶细胞遭受毒害程度     

Hg2+污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶细胞超微结构伤害的研究

报道了Ｈｇ＾２＋污染对莼菜冬芽幼叶毒害引起的叶片受害症状和叶肉细胞的超微结构变化。冬芽在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度５ｍｇ／Ｌ处理１５ｄ时,叶片开始褪绿,腺毛收缩扭曲,粘液减少,细胞中高尔基体消失,核糖体减少,线粒体出现解体。在相同处理时间中,随着Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度增加,细胞出现质膜收缩,胞间连丝断裂,核仁裂解成多个小核仁,叶绿体膨胀,类囊体解体。在Ｈｇ＾２＋浓度１５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,细胞核解体,细胞死亡。经观察,Ｈｇ＾     

EMS和^60Co对海甘蓝种子萌发及其M1代农艺性状的影响

用ＥＭＳ及＾６０Ｃｏ处理海甘蓝种子,对其萌发种子细胞内呼吸代谢有明显的影响。低浓度的ＥＭＳ或低剂量的＾６０Ｃｏ刺激呼吸,可提高抗坏血酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,促进种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。较高剂量的ＥＭＳ和＾６０Ｃｏ抑制呼吸,与之有关的抗坏血酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,种子发芽势和发芽率、幼苗生长高度和根系活力等随之下降,用不同剂量的ＥＭＳ和＾６０Ｃｏ处理海甘蓝种子,对Ｍ１代的产量和抗病性等有一定     

Hg2+对菠菜离体类囊体膜光化学活性和多肽组分的影响

重金属Ｈｇ＾２＋对菠菜（Ｓｐｉｎａｃｉａ ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ Ｌ．）离体类囊体膜的光合电子传递活性、室温吸收光谱、室温荧光发射光谱以及多肽组分影响的研究结果表明：Ｈｇ＾２＋对两个光系统的电子传递活性都有抑制作用,且Ｈｇ＾２＋对ＰＳＩ的抑制作用较ＰＳⅡ大;Ｈｇ＾２＋处理使类囊体膜的室温吸收光谱峰及室温荧光发射峰降低,但未使类囊体膜的多肽组分发生改变。     

Hg浸种对玉米种子萌发过程中几种酶活性的影响

1　引　　言Hg是环境污染的重要因素,有关Hg对植物生长发育的影响及危害机制已有报导[1,3],但Hg对玉米种子萌发作用尚未见报道.种子萌发依靠自身储存的淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质的分解来提供物质和能量,合成新的生命物质.因此环境对种子萌发的影响首先表现在对这些大物质分解代谢的影     

土壤有效硅对大豆生长发育和生理功能的影响

人工调节土壤有效硅含量及盆栽试验,研究土壤有效硅对大豆生长发育和生理功能的影响。结果表明,土壤有效硅含量在55．1～202.8mg·kg^-1范围内,随着土壤有效硅含量的提高,大豆种子萌发过程中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性升高,淀粉酶活性无显著变化,呼吸速率加快,种子活力升高,萌发速度加快,种子萌发率无显著变化;幼苗生长过程中叶片叶绿素含量无显著变化,光合速率加快,根系活力、硝酸还原酶活力升高,蒸腾强度减弱,水分利用效率和叶含水量升高,抗旱保水能力提高。大豆幼苗含硅量与土壤有效硅含量呈线性正相关趋势(r=0．994)。土壤有效硅含量大于2028mg·kg^-1,生理功能不再显著变化,说明土壤中的硅被大豆吸收后,改善了大豆萌发种子和幼苗的生理功能,使种子萌发和幼苗生长加快。     

臭氧水浸种对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

臭氧水处理10、30和50 min后的黄瓜种子,种子萌发及幼苗生长均受到促进,种子的发芽率和活力指数、萌发种子的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和淀粉酶的活性以及呼吸速率、幼苗的壮苗指数和根系活力均有提高;处理70和90min的黄瓜种子萌发和生长则受到抑制,种子电解质外渗,过氧化氢酶和淀粉酶活性下降.     

硝酸镧提高黑麦草种子活力和幼苗生物量的生理效应

研究了不同浓度硝酸镧对黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响及其生理生化变化。结果表明,低浓度硝酸镧（1000mg·L^-1）处理能够提高黑麦草种子的活力和萌发种子的淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性及IAA、GA和CTK含量;促进幼苗光合速率提高和干物质积累,这可能与硝酸镧提高幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿体希尔反应活力,促进光合电子传递和磷酸化反应及激活Rubisco羧化活性、PEP羧化酶活性有密切关系,其中以30mg．L^-1浓度处理的效果最佳;高浓度硝酸镧（70-100mg·L-1）处理则降低种子活力和抑制幼苗生长。而10-100mg．L-1硝酸镧对种子的萌发率、ABA含量和Rubisco的加氧活性影响不大。由此可见,低浓度硝酸镧可通过参与萌发和光合过程的调控提高黑麦草种子的活力,促进幼苗生长。     

Amino Acids Content in Germinating Seeds and Seedlings from Castanea sativa L

During germination the chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) var ecotype 33 accumulates a large amount of asparagine in the cotyledons. This compound also accumulates in the growing axis:shoots and roots. In the cotyledons, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) represents a major amino compound during germination and early seedling growth. In young seedlings, 35 days old, arginine predominates over the other soluble amino acids, particularly in roots. Five enzymic activities involved in arginine and GABA have been measured in the storage organ of the seed: arginase and ornithine carbamyltransferase decrease during germination indicating the slowing down of the urea cycle. In contrast, ornithine aminotransferase increases. Glutamate decarboxylase is particularly active about 21 days after imbibition and GABA aminotransferase activity decreases during germination. These two activities are in good agreement with the likely transport of GABA from cotyledons to growing axis. Asparagine, arginine, and GABA are the three amino compounds obviously involved in the mobilization of nitrogen reserves in the germinating chestnut seeds Castanea sativa.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对草鱼肝脏脂质代谢的调节作用

为研究益生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝脏脂质代谢及抗氧化功能的影响, 实验设置对照组(Con组)、Aeromonas hydrophila组(Ah组)、Aeromonas hydrophila+Bacillus subtilis组(Ah+Bs组)、Bacillus subtilis+Aeromonas hydrophila组(Bs+Ah组), 三个实验组均腹腔注射1×105 CFU/fish嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila), 枯草芽孢杆菌饲料含菌量为1×107 CFU/g, 实验周期为56d, 并于第28和第56天取样。结果表明, 与Ah组相比, 投喂枯草芽孢杆菌饲料后, (1)体增重率、特定生长率显著增加(P<0.05); (2) 28d时肝脏油红O染色脂滴面积及脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05); (3)调节血脂代谢及缓解肝脏损伤: 血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量升高, 谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05); (4)调节脂质代谢: 28d时乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的表达水平下调, 脂蛋白脂酶及脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶的表达水平上调; (5)增强肝脏抗氧化能力、减少脂质过氧化的发生: 肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽、总抗氧化能力提高; 丙二醛及过氧化氢含量降低。综上, 在饲料中添加益生枯草芽孢杆菌可以增强草鱼的抗氧化能力, 缓解机体因嗜水气单胞菌感染造成的肝脏损伤, 调节肝脏脂质代谢功能, 减少脂质在肝脏中的积累, 并促进草鱼的生长。     

Exogenous carnitine application augments transport of fatty acids into mitochondria and stimulates mitochondrial respiration in maize seedlings grown under normal and cold conditions

This study aimed to investigate whether exogenous application of carnitine stimulates transportation of fatty acids into mitochondria, which is an important part of fatty acid trafficking in cells, and mitochondrial respiration in the leaves of maize seedlings grown under normal and cold conditions. Cold stress led to significant increases in lipase activity, which is responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols, and carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine acyltransferase I and II) activities, which are responsible for the transport of activated long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. While exogenous application of carnitine has a similar promoting effect with cold stress on lipase activity, it resulted in further increases in the activity of carnitine acyltransferases compared to cold stress. The highest activity levels for these enzymes were recorded in the seedlings treated with cold plus carnitine. In addition, these increases were correlated with positive increases in the contents of free- and long-chain acylcarnitines (decanoyl-l-carnitine, lauroyl-l-carnitine, myristoyl-l-carnitine, and stearoyl-l-carnitine), and with decreases in the total lipid content. The highest values for free- and long-chain acylcarnitines and the lowest value for total lipid content were recorded in the seedlings treated with cold plus carnitine. On the other hand, carnitine with and without cold stress significantly upregulated the expression level of citrate synthase, which is responsible for catalysing the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, and cytochrome oxidase, which is the membrane-bound terminal enzyme in the electron transfer chain, as well as lipase. All these results revealed that on the one hand, carnitine enhanced transport of fatty acids into mitochondria by increasing the activities of lipase and carnitine acyltransferases, and, on the other hand, stimulated mitochondrial respiration in the leaves of maize seedlings grown under normal and cold conditions.     

Nitrogen metabolism and senescence-associated changes during growth of carnation flowers

Nitrogen metabolism including nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1), glutamate dehydroge-nase (EC 1.4.1.2) and glutamate-oxalacetate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activities were studied during growth of petals taken from carnation flowers ( Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Sir Arthur) together with senescence parameters (lipid hydroper-oxides, soluble amino acids and permeability). A slight decline in nitrogen percentage on a dry weight basis was found together with a sharp decrease in nitrate reduct-ase, glutamate-oxalacetate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities during the maximum growth phase, which was characterized by increase in respiration, dry weight, length, organic nitrogen and DNA per petal. Changes generally associated with senescence, like lipid hydroperoxide and soluble ammo nitrogen accumulation and increases in permeability began to appear already during early growth. The results indicate that permeability and proteolysis may be closely related. The possible significance of the decrease in nitrogen percentage and enzyme activities during growth of petals is discussed.