人胚鼻咽上皮发育分化与c—erbB—2的表达变化

应用免疫组织化学方法对人胚鼻咽的ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达情况进行了研究．结果表明,人胚鼻咽上皮的ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达没有发育阶段性与鼻咽部位置的差异,而与鼻咽上皮的种类密切相关．在假复层纤毛柱状上皮中,以纤毛层的ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２表达阳性信号最强;在典型的过渡型上皮中,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性反应细胞主要分布于上皮的下五分之四左右的区域,表层细胞无阳性信号出现;而在复层鳞状上皮中,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２阳性细胞的位置进一步下移,主要分布于上皮的下三分之二左右的区域．这些结果提示,ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２在人胚鼻咽上皮中的表达随细胞分化程度的增加而降低直至完全没有表达．     

Fetal Lung Cells Transfer Improves Emphysematous Change in a Mouse Model of Neutrophil Elastase-Induced Lung Emphysema

Recently, several studies for lung regeneration have been reported. However, regenerating the lung tissue by the transfer of any cells directly to the lung has been hardly successful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fetal lung cells (FLCs) in a mouse model of lung emphysema. C57BL/6 mice were stimulated with neutrophil elastase (NE) intra-tracheally (i.t.) to generate lung emphysema. To collect fetal lung cells, C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) mice were bred for 14 days. Before delivery, the bred mice were euthanized, and fetal lungs were harvested from the fetal mice and the cells were collected. The FLCs were transferred i.t. 24 h after the NE instillation. Four weeks after the NE instillation, mice were euthanized, and the samples were collected. The mean linear intercept (MLI) was significantly prolonged in the NE instillation group compared to the control group. However, in the FLCs transfer group stimulated with NE, the MLI became shorter than the NE-stimulated group without an FLCs transfer. This result shows that an FLCs transfer inhibited the progression of lung emphysema. Additionally, motility of the mice was also improved by the FLCs transfer. These results indicate that transfer of the FLCs, which were presumed to be progenitor cells for lung tissue, may improve the emphysematous change.     

Structural Characterisation of Ligand-Binding Determinants in Human Lung Surfactant Protein D: Influence of Asp325

The crystal structures of a biologically and therapeutically active recombinant homotrimeric fragment of human lung surfactant protein D with a series of bound ligands have been determined. While the structures reveal various different binding modes, all utilise a similarly positioned pair of mannose-type O3′ and O4′ hydroxyls with no direct interaction between any non-terminal sugar and protein. The orientation, position, and interactions of the bound terminal sugar depend on the sugar itself, the presence and form of glycosidic linkage, and the environment in the crystal, which, via Asp325, places stereochemical and electronic constraints, different for the three different subunits in the homotrimer, on the ligand-binding site. As a direct consequence of this influence, the other binding-pocket flanking residue, Arg343, exhibits variable conformation and variable interactions with bound ligand and leaves open to question which orientation of terminal mannobiose, and of other terminal disaccharides, may be present in extended physiological ligands. The combined structural evidence shows that there is significant flexibility in recognition; that Asp325, in addition to Arg343, is an important determinant of ligand selectivity, recognition, and binding; and that differences in crystal contact interfaces exert, through Asp325, significant influence on preferred binding modes.     

绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养及转基因研究

目的用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因转染体外培养绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,探讨绿色荧光蛋白对绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞生物学特性的影响.方法体外分离培养绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞,经脂质体介导EGFP基因转染第一代成纤维细胞,G418筛选10～12*!d,挑选转基因单克隆细胞,传代培养,进行细胞形态观察、生长曲线以及染色体核型分析,并进行了培养细胞性别鉴定.结果整合有EGFP基因的绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞生物学行为与未转染外源基因的细胞无明显差别,根据荧光强度可直接反应外源基因的表达量.结论 EGFP基因作为体内报告基因可用于转基因细胞的研究,并将整合有EGFP基因的转基因细胞为克隆动物提供核供体奠定了基础.     

An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key component of lung development is the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, the major source of pulmonary surfactant. These cells also participate in fluid homeostasis in the alveolar lumen, host defense, and injury repair. In addition, distal lung parenchyma cells can be directly exposed to exaggerated stretch during mechanical ventilation after birth. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms by which lung cells sense mechanical stimuli to influence lung development and to promote lung injury are not completely understood. Here, we provide a simple and high purity method to isolate type II cells and fibroblasts from rodent fetal lungs. Then, we describe an in vitro system, The Flexcell Strain Unit, to provide mechanical stimulation to fetal cells, simulating mechanical forces in fetal lung development or lung injury. This experimental system provides an excellent tool to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms in fetal lung cells exposed to stretch. Using this approach, our laboratory has identified several receptors and signaling proteins that participate in mechanotransduction in fetal lung development and lung injury.     

Correlation of Versican Expression,Accumulation, and Degradation during Embryonic Development by Quantitative Immunohistochemistry

Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is important in embryonic development, and disruption of the versican gene is embryonically lethal in the mouse. Although several studies show that versican is increased in various organs during development, a focused quantitative study on versican expression and distribution during lung and central nervous system development in the mouse has not previously been performed. We tracked changes in versican (Vcan) gene expression and in the accumulation and degradation of versican. Vcan expression and quantitative immunohistochemistry performed from embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E15.5 showed peak Vcan expression at E13.5 in the lungs and brain. Quantitative mRNA analysis and versican immunohistochemistry showed differences in the expression of the versican isoforms in the embryonic lung and head. The expression of Vcan mRNA and accumulation of versican in tissues was complementary. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated co-localization of versican accumulation and degradation, suggesting distinct roles of versican deposition and degradation in embryogenesis. Very little versican mRNA or protein was found in the lungs of 12- to 16-week-old mice but versican accumulation was significantly increased in mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. These data suggest that versican plays an important role in fundamental, overlapping cellular processes in lung development and infection.     

水牛胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养体系的初步建立

为探讨适合水牛胎儿成纤维细胞(BFF)的体外培养体系,采用常规组织块法和胰蛋白酶消化法原代培养BFF均获得了较多的成纤维细胞,但后者所得细胞的活力不如前者高,且死细胞也较多;传代或冻存成纤维细胞时用4℃预冷的胰蛋白酶室温下消化所得的细胞比37℃热消化的细胞更圆、更有光泽;跟踪32代的细胞冷冻复苏率均达70%～80%;染色体分析结果显示,二倍体细胞所占比例始终保持在80%～90%之间,各代细胞(5th、10th、15th)之间差异不显著(P>0.05).结果 表明,组织块法原代培养、4℃预冷胰蛋白酶室温消化传代细胞的培养体系比较适合水牛胎儿成纤维细胞的培养.     

小鼠胚胎卵巢卵泡体外无血清培养体系的建立(英文)

调节原始卵泡形成、起始生长的信号目前仍知之甚少。一个重要的原因就是缺乏一个良好的研究模型。我们以妊娠１３天昆明白小鼠胚胎卵巢为研究材料,经过５天的贴壁培养后,分别用牛血清（ＦＢＳ）、无血清（ＩＴＳ）和含有人卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＨ－ＩＴＳ）培养液继续体外培养到第１９天,发现ＩＴＳ组培养的胚胎卵巢卵泡发育要显著优于ＦＢＳ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,如：培养至第７天时（Ｐ１,相当于出生日）,卵泡数分别为２９５±１８和 ２０６±１７;培养至第１３天时（Ｐ７）,卵泡数分别为 ５９４±３１和 ２６２±２８;培养至第１９天时（Ｐ１３）,卵泡数分别为 ３７１±２５和 ５０±１１（Ｆｉｇ．１,２＆４）。ＩＴＳ处理组的绝大部分卵巢在培养早期（如：Ｐ５前）都形成了皮质－髓质样的卵泡生长模式,而ＦＢＳ处理组超过半数卵巢不能形成皮质一髓质样的卵泡生长模式;ＦＳＨ－ＩＴＳ处理组和ＩＴＳ处理组的胚胎卵巢卵泡发育并无显著差异（Ｆｉｇ．２,４＆５）。 结果提示所建立的以ＩＴＳ为血清替代物的无血清培养模型更益于小鼠胚胎卵巢卵泡的体外发育;ｈＦＳＨ不是小鼠胚胎卵巢早期发生发育所必须的。     

Mesenchymal control of branching pattern in the fetal mouse lung

The effect of mesenchyme on specialization of respiratory epithelium in the fetal mouse was tested in organ cultures. Heterologous combinations were made between respiratory and non-respiratory lung epithelia and the corresponding mesenchymes. Isolated terminal respiratory buds of fetal mouse lungs were recombined with mesenchyme from chick lung parabronchi, mouse trachea or from the avascular, non-respiratory air sacs of chick lungs. Isolated non-branching chick air sacs were combined with mouse terminal bud mesenchyme or mesenchyme from the respiratory branches of chick lungs. Air sac epithelia branched in a pattern characteristic of the chick lung when combined with chick respiratory mesenchyme and in a pattern characteristic of mouse lung when combined with mouse terminal bud mesenchyme. Mouse terminal bud epithelia did not branch with either mouse tracheal mesenchyme or chick air sac mesenchyme but branched in a chick pattern with chick parabronchial mesenchyme. Electron microscopic examination of the cultures showed that all chick air sac epithelial cultures failed to produce surfactant (lamellar bodies) even when they branched. Control cultures of mouse terminal buds contained large numbers of lamellar bodies; mesenchyme which suppressed branching reduced the number of lamellar bodies to only a few in a small proportion of the cells. Culture medium supplemented with growth factors and hormones increased the number of lamellar bodies in heterologous mouse combinations but did not bring the number to control levels. Supplemented medium had no effect on lamellar body production by chick air sac epithelium. The results indicate that branching pattern is determined by the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelial primordium. However, the capacity to synthesize surfactant is determined by the source of the epithelium; mesenchyme may control the degree of expression but not the absolute presence or absence of the differentiated condition.     

Expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in fetal rat liver is stimulated by calcium administration

The expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in fetal rats was investigated. The alteration in regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb with complete open reading frame). Hepatic regucalcin mRNA levels were progressively increased with fetal development; the mRNA was clearly expressed at 15 and 21 days of pregnancy but only slightly at the 8 days. Meanwhile, -actin mRNA levels in the fetal liver were remarkable at 8 and 15 days of pregnancy. The fetal liver regucalcin mRNA levels at 15 days of pregnancy were significantly decreased by overnight-fasting of maternal rats. The oral administration of calcium chloride (50 mg Ca/100 g body weight) to maternal rats at 15 days of pregnancy caused a remarkable elevation (about 2 fold) of regucalcin mRNA levels in the fetal liver; this increase was seen 60 and 180 min after the calcium administration. After birth, regucalcin mRNA was increasingly expressed in the livers of newborn and weanling rats, while hepatic -actin mRNA expression was not appreciably altered with increasing ages. These findings demonstrate that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA is increased with fetal development, and that the gene expression may be stimulated by the ingestion of dietary calcium.     

Expression of Carcinoembryonic Cell Adhesion Molecule 6 and Alveolar Epithelial Cell Markers in Lungs of Human Infants with Chronic Lung Disease

The membrane protein carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM6) is expressed in the epithelium of various tissues, participating in innate immune defense, cell proliferation and differentiation, with overexpression in gastrointestinal tract, pancreatic and lung tumors. It is developmentally and hormonally regulated in fetal human lung, with an apparent increased production in preterm infants with respiratory failure. To further examine the expression and cell localization of CEACAM6, we performed immunohistochemical and biochemical studies in lung specimens from infants with and without chronic lung disease. CEACAM6 protein and mRNA were increased ~4-fold in lungs from infants with chronic lung disease as compared with controls. By immunostaining, CEACAM6 expression was markedly increased in the lung parenchyma of infants and children with a variety of chronic lung disorders, localizing to hyperplastic epithelial cells with a ~7-fold elevated proliferative rate by PCNA staining. Some of these cells also co-expressed membrane markers of both type I and type II cells, which is not observed in normal postnatal lung, suggesting they are transitional epithelial cells. We suggest that CEACAM6 is both a marker of lung epithelial progenitor cells and a contributor to the proliferative response after injury due to its anti-apoptotic and cell adhesive properties.     

Positive Selection in the N-Terminal Extramembrane Domain of Lung Surfactant Protein C (SP-C) in Marine Mammals

Maximum-likelihood models of codon and amino acid substitution were used to analyze the lung-specific surfactant protein C (SP-C) from terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and diving mammals to identify lineages and amino acid sites under positive selection. Site models used the nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω) as an indicator of selection pressure. Mechanistic models used physicochemical distances between amino acid substitutions to specify nonsynonymous substitution rates. Site models strongly identified positive selection at different sites in the polar N-terminal extramembrane domain of SP-C in the three diving lineages: site 2 in the cetaceans (whales and dolphins), sites 7, 9, and 10 in the pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), and sites 2, 9, and 10 in the sirenians (dugongs and manatees). The only semi-aquatic contrast to indicate positive selection at site 10 was that including the polar bear, which had the largest body mass of the semi-aquatic species. Analysis of the biophysical properties that were influential in determining the amino acid substitutions showed that isoelectric point, chemical composition of the side chain, polarity, and hydrophobicity were the crucial determinants. Amino acid substitutions at these sites may lead to stronger binding of the N-terminal domain to the surfactant phospholipid film and to increased adsorption of the protein to the air-liquid interface. Both properties are advantageous for the repeated collapse and reinflation of the lung upon diving and resurfacing and may reflect adaptations to the high hydrostatic pressures experienced during diving. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Reviewing Editor: Dr. Richard Kliman     

Lipid Peroxides are Generated by the Fetal Rat Brain After Episodes of Global Ischemia in Utero

Complete arrest of maternal-fetal blood supply for up to 30 min caused a time-dependent increase in the endogenous levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) in fetal brain and liver extracts and fetal blood and amniotic fluids as indicated by the appearance of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), A steady increase of TBARS from 48.0 ± 2.2 pmol/g wet weight to 75.0 ± 5.6 pmol/g wet weight up to 30 min restriction was noticed in the fetal brain. The fetal liver TBARS values increased by approximately 69% after 5 min restriction and remained high, above the control level, for 30 min. After two days reperfusion following 30 min restriction, the TBARS levels in the fetal brain were 1.8 fold higher above the control, while those of the liver returned to control values. The levels of the lipid-soluble antioxidant -tocopherol were reduced by about 40% and 50% in the placenta and brain tissues after 5 min restriction, respectively. Slices of fetal brain incubated at 37°C in DMEM under oxygen in the presence of 50 M Fe²⁺ were able to generate LPO in a time- and tissue concentration-dependent manner. After 15 min incubation, about 6.3 fold increase in total TBARS levels could be measured in the presence of 50 M Fe²⁺, most of which was released in the medium. The iron chelator desferrioxamine (25 M) and the antioxidant -tocopherol (10 M) added to the incubation medium, each inhibited by about 88% TBARS production. After 20 min episode of ischemia, fetal brain slices released into the medium 138.5 ± 9.8 nmol/15 min/mg DNA compared to 75.9 ± 4.5 nmol/15 min/mg DNA released by the sham preparations. After 3 h reperfusion, brain slices from fetuses exposed to 20 min ischemia continued to produce TBARS above control levels, whereas those of brief ischemia (5 min) returned to control levels. The data indicate that the limited resistance of the fetal brain to brief, rather than prolonged, periods of ischemia, is likely due to a lack of free FA for LPO generation, rather than the levels of tissue lipid antioxidants.     

多巴胺受体1在皖西白鹅小脑皮质发育中的表达

采用普通染色及免疫组化SABC染色法研究皖西白鹅小脑皮质的发育和多巴胺受体1(DRD1)阳性细胞在其发育中的表达.结果表明,小脑皮质在胚龄13 d(E13)由外向内分为外颗粒层(EGL)、浦肯野细胞层(PCL)和内颗粒层(IGL),E19由外向内分为EGL、分子层(ML)、PCL和IGL.随发育天数的增加,EGL的厚度和细胞层次呈先升后降的变化趋势,细胞密度逐渐下降;ML厚度逐渐增大,在E24到E28时增值最大;浦肯野细胞(PC)在E13、E19、E24和E28时随胚龄增大逐渐增大,在E28后趋于稳定,细胞密度随着发育天数的增加逐渐下降,在小脑皮质发育中还发现有一部分PC呈多层排列,且细胞层次逐渐变少;IGL厚度呈先升后降的变化趋势,细胞密度呈上升趋势.外颗粒层和内颗粒层在E13、E19、E24和E28时有DRD1阳性细胞表达,分子层在E24、E28、日龄7 d(P7)和15d(P15)有阳性细胞表达,PC在所检测的6个时段均有阳性表达.研究表明,小脑皮质的发育主要与细胞增殖、迁移和凋亡有关,外颗粒层的逐渐消失是以细胞迁移和凋亡为主,多层PC逐渐退化成单层是与细胞凋亡和正常突触联系的建立有关;DRD1在皖西白鹅小脑皮质发育中对外颗粒层细胞和PC起着重要作用.     

基于Te-OnAdvanced的肺癌细胞15-脂氧化酶-2基因表达载体的构建与表达

目的：构建肺癌细胞15-脂氧化酶-2（15-Lox-2）的可诱导性真核表达载体pTRE-Tight-15-Lox-2,并在肺癌细胞中检测其是否可受强力霉素（DOX）诱导表达。方法：pcDNA3-15-LOX-2载体经＆0RI和XbaI双酶切线性化,回收15-LOX-2cDNA片段,将其克隆入pTRE-Tight载体的EcoRI和XbaI位点;采用脂质体法将pTet-0n-Ad-vanced与构建的pTRE-Tight-15-Lox-2共转染肺腺癌A549细胞,DOX诱导表达后,Western印迹检测15-Lox-2的表达水平。结果：构建了pTRE-Tight-15-Lox-2诱导表达载体;Western印迹检测表明,该载体能在肺癌细胞内表达,且其表达受DOX调控。结论：Tet-OnAdvanced系统能严密高效地调控15-LOX-2在肺癌细胞中的表达,为进一步研究15-LOX-2在肺癌中的作用奠定了基础。     

肺泡表面活性物质（PS）对盐酸吸入性肺损伤的治疗进展

急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ALI/ARDS）是临床上常见的危重症,治疗措施包括机械通气及药物综合治疗。肺泡表面活性物质（PS）在维持正常的肺功能起着重要作用,业已证明,PS异常与ALI／ARDS的发病有关,给予外源性PS亦可治疗ALI／ARDS。本文就外源性PS在盐酸吸入性ALI／ARDS的第二时相中的疗效及其可能的作用机制做一综述。     

Epithelial Vegfa Specifies a Distinct Endothelial Population in the Mouse Lung

1. Download : Download high-res image (169KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image

     

Development of a new sensitive ELISA for the determination of uteroglobin-related protein 1, a new potential biomarker

Uteroglobin-related protein 1 (UGRP-1) is a protein specifically secreted in airways, where it could play an anti-inflammatory role. We developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) allowing the detection of UGRP-1 in serum, urine, and amniotic and pulmonary fluids. Concentrations of UGRP-1 determined by ELISA and latex immunoassay were correlated in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The pattern of UGRP-1 concentration resembled that of Clara cell protein, both proteins occurring in high concentrations in amniotic fluid, sputum and BALF and in much lower concentrations in serum and urine. These findings suggest that UGRP-1 might serve as a biomarker of respiratory epithelium integrity.