岷江上游退化植被不同恢复阶段群落小气候特征研究

按生态恢复的时间序列调查了6个不同类型的群落,测定了群落内光照强度、大气相对湿度、大气温度、土壤温度和土壤水分等参数。结果表明,随植被恢复时间的增加,群落内光照强度、地表温度和气温及其变动幅度逐渐减小;自然恢复群落和人工恢复群落相比较,前者有较高的群落气温和较低的大气相对湿度;随着恢复时间的增加,撂荒地各层的土壤含水量有所提高,人工恢复群落土壤上层(0-15cm)和中层(15—30cm)含水量随林龄增加而降低,而下层(30—45cm)则增加,自然恢复群落的土壤含水量高于其它群落。随之植被恢复的时间加长,群落内小气候向着稳定的方向发展,群落的环境逐渐得到改善。     

岷江上游干旱河谷西康扁桃灌丛生长繁殖特征

以西康扁桃(Amygdalus tangutica(Batal.)Korsh.)为材料,在岷江干旱河谷四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州茂县至松潘段设置47个调查点进行该物种的自然分布调查;选取4个典型分布点,随机选择20株灌丛,测定西康扁桃的年龄、基径、高度、冠幅等生长指标以及结实量、结实重量等特征指标;并设置5个4m×6m的...     

岷江上游干旱河谷岷江柏的光合与水分生理特征干湿季对比研究

岷江柏（Cupressus chengiana）是干旱河谷地区的重要生态恢复物种,为探讨岷江柏对干旱河谷环境的适应策略,以生长于岷江上游干旱河谷自然生境中的岷江柏为研究对象,研究分析了其在湿季（7月）和干季（11月）的水分生理特征和光合生理特征。结果表明：（1）水分生理方面,相较于湿季,干季岷江柏的脯氨酸（Pro）、可溶性糖（SS）、过氧化物酶（POD）显著增加（P<0.05）,比叶重（LMA）、黎明水势（Ψ_pl）、正午水势（Ψ_ml）则显著下降（P<0.05）;（2）光合生理方面,相较于湿季,岷江柏在干季的气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、饱和光下最大净光合速率（P_nmax）、初始羧化效率（CE）、光合能力（A_max）、CO₂补偿点（Γ）、光呼吸速率（R_p）、最大羧化速率（V_cmax）、最大电子传递速率（J_max）、磷酸丙糖利用率（TPU）、J_max/V_cmax、光能捕获效率（F_v''/F_m''）、PSII实际光化学效率（Ф_PSII）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、电子传递效率（ETR）均显著下降（P<0.05）,而暗呼吸速率（R_d）、水分利用效率（WUE）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）则显著上升（P<0.05）。干季,岷江柏采取增加水分获取能力并降低水分散失的水分利用策略、增加光合产物消耗策略、增加热耗散的光合器官保护策略等,以适应干季干旱、低温等环境胁迫,进而表现出较强的环境适应性。     

岷江上游干旱河谷植被恢复环境优化调控技术研究

针对岷江上游植被恢复困难地段的主要限制因子,进行了３ 年的调控试验及其定位观测研究．结果表明,大面积栽植的土壤环境优化调控技术措施是：头年雨季前水平沟整地,挖中等大小的植坑,同时点播绿肥沙打旺,第２ 年雨季施磷肥植苗;或头年雨季前水平沟整地,挖中等大小的植坑,第２ 年雨季施磷肥植苗同时用石块覆盖．该技术措施简单易行,已在该区推广应用     

岷江上游干旱河谷优势灌丛群落土壤生态酶化学计量特征

与碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)分解矿化相关的土壤生态酶的相对活性可以揭示微生物生长和代谢过程的能量限制。尽管干旱生态系统愈来愈受到生态学家的关注,但在土壤水分有效性限制和斑块状分布的植被背景下,探讨土壤酶活性化学计量特征,及其与土壤物理、化学因子和土壤微生物群落结构的关系的相关研究仍十分缺乏。通过调查岷江干旱河谷不同水分梯度4个研究样地(两河口、飞虹、撮箕和牟托)灌丛及其丛间空地的土壤物理化学性质、微生物群落组成和土壤生态酶活性,探讨不同水分梯度样地间及灌丛和空地间土壤酶活性计量的分布特征。结果显示,岷江干旱河谷土壤C∶N∶P酶活性化学计量表现出了与全球尺度上酶活性化学计量的相对特异性(C∶N∶P=3∶2∶2 vs.1∶1∶1)。整体上,岷江干旱河谷区域土壤微生物生长代谢存在一定程度的N限制。虽然酶活性化学计量特征在所有空地和灌丛土壤之间总体未表现出显著差异,但对各研究地的进一步分析表明,两个相对干旱的两河口和飞虹样地表现出更为明显的N限制,而两个相对湿润的撮箕和牟托样地则存在一定的P限制。这种样地间的差异性主要受土壤水分有效性的驱动。逐步回归分析表明,土壤含水量是不同样地间土壤C∶N酶活性比(ln(BG)∶ln(NAG+LAP))和N∶P酶活性比(ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP))的决定性影响因子。而土壤含水量与C∶N酶活性比具有显著正相关关系,与N∶P酶活性比表现为显著负相关关系。此外,土壤真菌、菌根真菌和真菌∶细菌比对土壤酶活性化学计量的影响,说明了真菌和菌根真菌类群对干旱河谷养分循环的重要作用。     

岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛类型地上生物量研究

灌丛是岷江干旱河谷主要的植被类型,也是该区相对稳定的生态系统类型。基于岷江干旱河谷主要灌丛大量的样地调查和实验,研究了其地上生物量及分布规律。结果表明:(1)该地区的9个灌丛的地上生物量存在较大差异,对节刺灌丛的地上生物量最大,达11554.2kg·hm-2,其次是子栎灌丛和绣线菊灌丛,分别为7144.7kg·hm-2和7213.1kg·hm-2,而滇紫草灌丛的平均地上生物量最小,仅为1407.2kg·hm-2,其余类型介于它们之间,导致这一结果的原因很多,如群落的优势种、物种组成、海拔、坡向、土壤水分等等;(2)灌丛地上生物量都随海拔升高而增加,并呈现出良好的相关性。(3)干旱河谷中土壤水分也随着海拔升高而增加。在干旱河谷过渡区,灌丛地上生物量与土壤水分间呈现很好的相关性;但是,在其核心区,灌丛地上生物量与土壤水分之间的相关性反而不显著。这主要是由于在干旱河谷的低海拔地区,"焚风"作用相对较强,其土壤水分条件较差,灌丛的生长受到抑制,随着海拔的升高,"焚风"作用不断降低,土壤水分条件逐步得到改善,灌丛的生长状况较好。而在干旱河谷核心区内"焚风"作用较强,其影响的海拔范围更大,因而,导致土壤水分非常低。由此可见,土壤水分是干旱河谷灌丛植被生长的主要限制因素。此外,低海拔地区灌丛植被受人类干扰活动的频     

四川理县杂谷脑干旱河谷岷江柏造林恢复效果评价

在岷江干旱河谷杂古脑河流域,选择岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana)5个不同年份的造林地,调查了岷江柏的生长情况、植物群落特征与土壤理化性质,总体评价干旱河谷乡土树种的造林成效及造林后的生态效果。结果表明:不同年份造林地岷江柏幼树生长状况良好,2003年造林地生长最好,基径、树高和冠径分别达到4.39cm、4.17m和1.01m,当年生长量超过43cm;2001年和2005年造林地次之,基径为4.19cm和4.52cm,冠径为0.55m和0.61m,当年生长量37cm左右,树高为2.50和2.17m;2007年和2009年造林地由于幼树生长时间较短,其基径、树高和冠径都较小,但当年生长量也都超过20cm。不同年份造林地的植被覆盖度变化相对复杂,除2001年造林地外,灌木层盖度随造林时间的增加而逐渐降低;草本层盖度变化较小,2005造林地最高,其他年份造林地没有显著差异。同时,不同年份造林地的群落结构都比较单一,随造林时间的增长,群落物种数量反而降低。在5个不同年份造林地,土壤pH、有机质和养分含量差异相对较小,土壤含水量尽管存在较大差异,但没有明显的变化趋势。综合分析认为,在杂谷脑干旱河谷中山区岷江柏作为造林树种具有一定的生长优势,但造林地的植被和土壤并没有得到改善,需要更加长期的观测评估。     

岷江上游干旱河谷耕地和居民用地的空间特征

以岷江上游干旱河谷耕地和居民用地为对象,用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS3.3计算了4个景观格局指数,利用ARCMAP9.0分析了耕地和居民用地与其它景观类型间的空间邻接特征,基于数字高成模型(DEM)研究了耕地和居民用地与海拔及坡度的关系。结果表明:灌木林地是干旱河谷的景观基质;耕地和居民用地斑块的平均面积和密度较小,形状简单;耕地大多在1700~3000m的区域,陡坡耕种比较严重,与灌木林地具有较高的邻接长度和数目;居民用地间隔较远,在低海拔地区分布相对较密,高海拔地区分布比较分散;对居民用地在空间结构影响最大的是耕地的分布。     

岷江上游干旱河谷矮探春叶片特征与环境因子的关系

对岷江上游干旱河谷矮探春(Jasminumhumile L.)的叶片形态解剖特征进行了显微观察,分析了海拔梯度上叶片形态与环境因子的关系。结果表明,矮探春叶片呈长椭圆形,叶肉组织分化明显;随着海拔升高,叶面积、厚度、干重、饱和含水量、海绵组织厚度,中脉厚度以及厚角组织厚度/中脉厚度之比(M/C)等呈增大趋势,而栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度之比(P/S)则减小;叶片长/宽比、表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和比叶重在海拔梯度上无明显差异。叶面积、干重、饱和含水量、叶厚度和海绵组织厚度等参数两两之间呈显著正相关,而它们与P/S均呈显著负相关。叶面积、干重、海绵组织厚度和M/C等主要受土壤含水量的影响,并随着土壤含水量增加而增大;P/S随着土壤含水量和年降水量增加而减小;叶片厚度、饱和含水量和中脉厚度均随着温和度的降低而增大。岷江上游干旱河谷区土壤水份和生长季温度可能是影响矮探春叶片形态解剖特征的主要因子。     

岷江干旱河谷区岷江柏人工林碳氮储量随林龄的动态

研究了岷江干旱河谷区不同林龄岷江柏人工林生态系统碳氮储量及其分配特征.结果表明：岷江柏不同器官的碳含量相对稳定,氮含量则与器官类型密切相关,而土壤有机碳和氮含量均随着人工林林龄的增长而增加.岷江柏人工林植被层、土壤层以及生态系统的碳氮储量随着林龄的增长总体呈增加趋势.13、11、8、6和4年生岷江柏人工林生态系统总碳储量分别为190.90、165.91、144.57、119.44和113.49 t·hm^-2,总氮储量分别为19.09、17.97、13.82、13.42和12.26 t·hm^-2.岷江柏人工林生态系统碳氮大部分储存于0～60 cm土层,分别占生态系统总储量的92.8%和98.8%,且主要集中于0～20 cm土层,5个林龄平均碳氮储量分别为74.13和7.40 t·hm^-2,分别占其平均土壤总碳氮储量(0～60 cm)的54.4%和48.9%.植被层有机碳和氮储量的分配不同,碳储量在乔木层(3.7%)的分配高于林下植被层(3.5%),而氮储量在乔木层(0.5%)的分配低于林下植被层(0.7%).不同林龄岷江柏人工林碳氮储量及其空间分布变化明显,且在此年龄段内,岷江柏人工林生态系统能够持续积累有机碳和氮.     

四个不同居群岷江柏叶精油组分比较研究

使用GC-MS仪对大渡河和岷江流域的四个不同居群的岷江柏叶精油进行了化学组分研究.四个居群精油样品化学组成基本相同.精油组分的多变量分析得到汶川县的人工林与其它居群的相似性最小.各组分含量和居群间相关性分析结果显著,此方法可以应用于在岷江柏居群间关系的研究.     

川中人工纯柏林凋落物分解动态研究

对柏木人工纯林的渊落物有机碳和一些营养元素的分解和释放过程的研究表明,柏木凋落物中有机碳和营养元素的矿化非常缓慢,凋落物有机碳的半减期是33周,氮素矿化半减期是433周,磷矿化半减期是10周,钾矿化半减期是24周,钙矿化半减期是86周,镁矿化半减期是12周。柏木早期生长缓慢、成林困难主要是受氮素不足的制约。在林分改造和营林中适当增加阔叶速生树种,改善凋落物性质．对促进凋落物分解和养分周转、改善土壤养分状况、提高柏木人工林的生态和经济效益是很必要的。     

三峡库区次生柏木林中物种分布格局的分形特征

应用非线性科学中的分形几何理论,以三峡库区一移民安置示范区次生柏木林为对象,研究该群落中物种在中、小尺度上水平分布格局的分形特征,主要应用计盒维数计算群落中一些重要物种分布格局的分维值,如柏木为1.588,地枇杷为1.617,莎草为1.627.得到的结果与用经典群落分析方法所得结果相符,表明分维计算在本研究中是一种有效的手段;对一些物种分布分维值的进一步分析还能说明人类活动对物种分布格局或空间占有程度的影响.     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

Quantitative classification and ordination of forest communities in Pangquangou National Nature Reserve

Quantitative analysis of ecological relationships between vegetation and the environment has become an essential means in the field of research of modern vegetation ecology. In this article, based on data from 84 quadrates, forest communities in this reserve were investigated using TWINSPAN, DCA and DCCA. The results will be helpful in the construction and development of Pangquangou National Nature Reserve. Using TWINSPAN, the forest communities were classified into seven types. The distribution pattern of vegetation reflects the comprehensive influence of environments. The results of DCA and DCCA clearly reflect the relationship between the pattern of forest communities and environmental gradients. The ordination result of DCCA indicates that altitude is more important than other environmental factors because the change of altitude gradient will lead to changes in the temperature and humidity gradients. The first of the DCA ordination axes indicates the humidity gradient, and the second indicates the temperature gradient. All these results show that the main factors restricting the distribution of communities in this reserve are temperature and humidity. The ecological meaning of the ordination axis in DCCA is much clearer than that in DCA, and the species-environment correlation of DCCA is more obvious than DCA. The first DCCA axis indicates the altitude gradient among the communities, while the second is the gradient in aspect and slope among the communities. DCCA ordination can simultaneously express similarities of species and environment. Therefore, the quadrat location in the DCCA ordination figure is much closer than in the DCA.     

Multivariate approach to the classification and ordination of the forest ecosystem of Nandiar valley western Himalayas

QuestionsDoes the vegetation composition of the forests of Nandiar Valley correlate with climatic, topographic and edaphic variables? Is it possible to identify plant communities through indicator species in relation to environmental gradients? Can this approach of classification and ordination will be helpful for conservation planning?LocationForests of Nandiar Valley, Moist temperate Western Himalayas Pakistan.MethodsEighty stands were selected for quantitative and qualitative characteristic of vegetation between an elevations of 525–3817 m. Species composition was recorded by using 400 m long transects. GPS, climatic, edaphic and topographic data were recorded for each sampling site. The relationship between habitat types, species composition and distribution along with climatic, edaphic and topographic variables were analyzed using TWINSPAN, Cluster analysis and DCA ordination.ResultsSum 325 vascular plants species belonging to 97 families were recorded. Diversity index and species richness was maximum in the moist temperate zone. Classification and ordination showed that the variance in species data was 7.07. Two-ways indicator species analysis classified the vegetation into eight plant communities. Indicator species analysis revealed that slope aspect, wind speed, temperature, dew point, wet bulb, pH, organic matter and phosphorous were the strongest parameters (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment – species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures. DCA ordination grouped different species having similar habitat and habitats having common species.ConclusionsThe multivariate analysis of the vegetation along with environmental variables of Nandiar valley confirmed the indicators of each sort of vegetation communities/microclimatic zones which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in studied area but also in the adjacent regions as well as in the areas exhibit similar sort of climatic, edaphic and topographic conditions.     

东北阔叶红松林群落类型划分及物种多样性

运用TWINSPAN分类方法,对我国东北阔叶红松林群落类型进行划分,对乔木层树种进行聚类,并对东北地区长白山、大秃顶子山、平顶山和丰林保护区4个样点的物种多样性进行对比研究.结果表明:24个样地中共记录到维管束植物264种,隶属于64科147属.经过聚类,将阔叶红松林划分为3个群落类型组和7个群落类型;同时,将33个乔木树种间的关联性划分为8组.阔叶红松林群落的物种丰富度和多样性为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.在4个样点中,长白山的样地平均物种丰富度最高,为63.长白山和大秃顶子山乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性略高于平顶山和丰林保护区;丰林保护区草本层的物种多样性为2.83,高于其它3个样点.平顶山灌木层和长白山草本层的均匀度最低,分别为0.71和0.80.     

川西亚高山森林不同恢复途径物种组成和群落结构动态变化

川西亚高山森林作为西南林区主体,是长江上游的生态屏障,该区域植被恢复方式主要为人工恢复和自然恢复,比较不同恢复方式下森林的物种组成和群落结构动态变化,对于川西亚高山森林恢复与重建有重要的意义,可以为制定合理的森林管理策略提供科学依据。基于茂县山地生态系统定位研究站不同恢复模式形成的的华山松人工林、油松人工林和自然恢复的次生林野外调查数据,分析了2005-2020年乔、灌、草三个层次的群落结构特征和多样性。结果表明:(1)不同恢复途径下,乔木层物种数都呈现增加趋势,华山松人工林、油松人工林、自然恢复的次生林乔木层物种数分别增加了11种、7种、8种;(2)华山松人工林中华山松重要值从48.06%降低到31.1%,乡土阔叶树种四川蜡瓣花进入乔木层,2020年重要值增大至21.62%,油松人工林中油松重要值逐渐降低,从43.59%降至29.76%;自然恢复的次生林中,乡土树种锐齿槲栎逐渐成为第一优势种,2020年重要值增至19.9%。(3) 华山松人工林、油松人工林和自然恢复的次生林中,温带区系成分分别占总属数的71.43%,80.77%和84%,温带区系特征明显。(4)华山松人工林和油松人工林乔木层径级结构均为偏正态分布;而自然恢复的次生林径级分布呈倒"J"形,以小径级个体为主。(5)不同林型的乔木层高度在15年间呈现增加的趋势,具体表现为油松人工林>华山松人工林>自然恢复的次生林。(6)乔木层Shannon-wiener指数和 Simpson指数均表现为自然恢复的次生林显著大于两个人工林,丰富度指数和均匀度指数表现为油松人工林最大;灌木层4个多样性指数均表现为油松人工林最大;草本层的丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener 指数和 Simpson 指数均表现为油松人工林较大,均匀度指数没有显著差异。结论:人工林恢复速度大于自然恢复的次生林,但自然恢复的次生林更新能力更强,且更有利于多样性的保存。两个人工林逐渐由常绿针叶林演替为以常绿针叶树为主的针阔混交林,自然恢复的次生林演替为以常绿阔叶树为主的针阔混交林。     

Compositional differentiation,vegetation‐environment relationships and classification of willow‐characterised vegetation in the western Eurasian Arctic

Question: How does willow‐characterised tundra vegetation of western Eurasia vary, and what are the main vegetation types? What are the ecological gradients and climatic regimes underlying vegetation differentiation? Location: The dataset was collected across a wide spectrum of tundra habitats at 12 sites in subarctic and arctic areas spanning from NW Fennoscandia to West Siberia. Methods: The dataset, including 758 vegetation sample plots (relevés), was analysed using a TWINSPAN classification and NMDS ordination that also included analyses of vegetation‐environment correlations. Results: Based on the TWINSPAN classification, eight vegetation types characterised by willow (cover of upright willows >10%) were discerned: (1) Salix glauca‐Carex aquatilis type, (2) Aulacomnium‐Tomentypnum type, (3) Salix‐Betula‐Hylocomium type, (4) Salix lanata‐Brachythecium mildeanum type, (5) Salix‐Pachypleurum type, (6) S. lanata‐Myosotis nemorosa type, (7) Salix‐Trollius‐Geranium type and (8) Salix‐Comarum palustre‐Filipendula ulmaria type. Willow‐characterised vegetation types were compositionally differentiated from other tundra vegetation and were confined to relatively moist valley and sloping tundra sites, from mire to mineral soils. These vegetation types were encountered across a broad latitudinal zone in which July mean temperature ranged from 6 to 10°C. Conclusions: Willow‐characterised tundra vegetation forms a broad category of ecologically and geographically differentiated vegetation types that are linked to dwarf shrub tundra, shrub tundra or mire. Because of complex ecological gradients underlying compositional differentiation, predicting the responses of willow‐characterised tundra vegetation to a warming climate may be complicated.