水稻杂种与亲本间差异表达cDNA片段S 600的分离克隆

采用cDNA-AFLP技术分离克隆了水稻杂种与亲本间差异表达基因片段．S600,Northern杂交结果表明：在分蘖期和始穗期,S600在杂种和父本中表达丰度均较高,而在母本中表达丰度相对较低。S600在分蘖期和始穗期表达量不同,暗示了该基因的表达还受到发育时期的调节。同源搜索结果表明S600片段是水稻SBPase的部分编码序列。为了获得完整编码序列,以S600序列检索梗稻日本晴cDNA数据库,获得了两个高度同源(99％)且功能未知的全长cDNA克隆(AK062089和AK065773)。序列分析表明它们均包含一个相同的1179bp的开放阅读框,编码392个氨基酸组成的水稻SBPase前体,其中包含有与底物结合、氧化还原调节有关的保守氨基酸残基。检索发现该基因在水稻日本晴基因组中只有单个座位。     

水稻杂种与亲本间差异表达cDNA片段S600的分离克隆

采用cDNA-AFLP技术分离克隆了水稻杂种与亲本间差异表达基因片段S600。Northern杂交结果表明:在分蘖期和始穗期,S600在杂种和父本中表达丰度均较高,而在母本中表达丰度相对较低。S600在分蘖期和始穗期表达量不同,暗示了该基因的表达还受到发育时期的调节。同源搜索结果表明S600片段是水稻SBPase的部分编码序列。为了获得完整编码序列,以S600序列检索粳稻日本晴cDNA数据库,获得了两个高度同源(99%)且功能未知的全长cDNA克隆(AK062089和AK065773)。序列分析表明它们均包含一个相同的1179bp的开放阅读框,编码392个氨基酸组成的水稻SBPase前体,其中包含有与底物结合、氧化还原调节有关的保守氨基酸残基。检索发现该基因在水稻日本晴基因组中只有单个座位。     

10828条籼稻全长cDNA的分离和注释

全长cDNA对基因组学和蛋白质组学研究有着非常重要的价值. 以分离籼稻基因组全长cDNA为目标, 从优良的籼稻恢复系明恢63中分离到10828条非冗余的全长cDNA, 其中780条是新的水稻表达序列. 所得到的全长cDNA至少满足以下两个条件之一: (ⅰ) 5′端序列包含粳稻日本晴的全长cDNA所预测的完整的ORF (9078条); (ⅱ) 包含同源蛋白质对应的完整N末端编码序列(6543条). 在分离到的全长cDNA中, 53％的序列比报道的粳稻全长cDNA有更长的5′端非翻译区(5′UTR); 90.28％ (9776条)的序列能定位到粳稻基因组序列上, 92.78％ (10046条)的序列可以定位到籼稻基因组序列上; 8216条序列能与日本晴的全长cDNA序列定位到粳稻基因组序列的同一位置上, 籼粳间cDNA序列的平均相似性为99.2％; 90％以上的全长cDNA能进行GO (gene ontology)分类. 在780条新的cDNA中, 60％以上的找不到任何同源蛋白序列.     

水稻中与盐碱适应性相关的VB12不依赖型蛋氨酸合成酶基因的克隆和表达

水稻中与盐碱适应性相关的VB12不依赖型蛋氨酸合成酶广泛在于高等植物中，它可催化高半光氨酸甲基化而生成蛋氨酸，为生物体内的甲基化反应和多胺，乙烯的合成提供中间产物。以水稻品种日本晴为材料，在碱性条件下利用cDNA-RAPD法，在水稻中首次报道了VB12不依赖型蛋氨酸合成酶基因的克隆和表达，结果表明：VB12不依赖型蛋氨酸合成酶cDNA基因全长为2740bp，在水稻基因组中以单或低拷贝存在，编码765个氨基酸，与Mesembryanthemum cystallinum (784889)和Cathararanthus roseus(C83499)的同源性分别为92％和83％，水稻在受到碳酸钠胁迫12h和24h后，其转录较氯化钠明显增强，而到48h后下降，暗示它可能与水稻的盐碱适应性有关。     

稻瘟菌侵染诱导水稻凝集素基因的表达

利用mRNA差异显示技术（DDRT-PCR）,从非亲和性稻瘟菌生理小种131侵染的水稻品种爱知旭（Oryza sati-vaL.cv.Aichi-asahi)叶片中分离了8个诱导差异表达的cDNA片段,对这8个差示片段进行了回收,重扩增和克隆,以其中一个长度为321碱基并与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素和水稻盐诱导蛋白基因高度同源的差示片段为探针。筛选水稻非亲和性cDNA文库,获得12个阳性克隆。序列测定和数据库查询表明该基因的cDNA与水稻凝集素基因的cDNA及盐诱导蛋白基因的cDNA核苷酸同源笥高达96%。推定的氨基酸序列与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素的氨基酸序列一致。与水稻盐诱导蛋白仅相差2个氨基酸。Southern杂交显示该基因在水稻基因组中有两个同源拷贝数。Northern杂交表明非亲和性稻瘟菌侵染可强烈诱导该基因表达。因此推则该基因参与了水稻对稻瘟菌侵染的防御反应。     

水稻凋亡基因rPDCD5的克隆和表达分析

从水稻愈伤组织抑制消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization, SSH)文库中分离出一个PCD相关基因的EST片段,根据水稻基因组的序列设计引物,从汕优63中分离与克隆出rPDCD5的全长cDNA。rPDCD5包含387bp的可译框,编码由128个氨基酸构成的蛋白质。序列比对分析显示,该检测的蛋白质与已知PDCD5的高度同源。半定量实时PCR分析证实了该基因在环境因子（低温处理和NaCl处理）胁迫下表达呈正调控。     

香蕉胁迫相关蛋白基因的克隆及其表达分析

通过随机克隆测序的方法从香蕉根系cDNA文库中获得胁迫相关蛋白基因,命名为MaSAP1(GenBank登录号为AGH14257.1)。扩增获得的cDNA序列与质粒OZ092的目的片段序列一致,表明MaSAP1是香蕉SAP基因编码框全长cDNA,包含一个510bp的最大开放阅读框,编码一个长169个氨基酸的蛋白质。蛋白质序列同源比对发现其含有完整的A20和AN1基序结构。系统进化树比对分析表明,MaSAP1与水稻和獐茅的亲缘关系较近。组织特异性研究表明,MaSAP1基因在香蕉根和果实中的表达量较高,在茎中的表达量最低。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明MaSAP1响应激素的处理,同时也响应干旱、低温、高盐和枯萎病菌的侵染等胁迫。可见,MaSAP1基因在植物生长发育和植物响应逆境中具有重要作用。     

水稻AtpH基因的表达受冷抑制

采用RT-PCR差异显示法,从水稻（Oryza sativaL.)幼苗克隆了1个受冷抑制表达的cDNA片段。该片段序列与水稻叶绿体基因组编码ATP合酶CF0Ⅲ亚基的atpH基因完全同源,且覆盖了atpH基因编码区。以Northern 杂交分析了水稻幼苗在冷处理不同时间后的atpH基因转录水平,结果表明,atpH基因的转录受冷抑制,在冷处理第1天就明显下降,第2天以后完全受抑制。     

稻瘟菌侵染诱导水稻凝集素基因的表达

利用mRNA差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR),从非亲和性稻瘟菌生理小种131侵染的水稻品种爱知旭(Oryza sati-va L. cv.Aichi-asahi)叶片中分离了8个诱导差异表达的cDNA片段.对这8个差示片段进行了回收、重扩增和克隆,以其中一个长度为321碱基并与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素和水稻盐诱导蛋白基因高度同源的差示片段为探针,筛选水稻非亲和性cDNA文库,获得12个阳性克隆.序列测定和数据库查询表明该基因的cDNA与水稻凝集素基因的cDNA及盐诱导蛋白基因的cDNA核苷酸同源性高达96%,推定的氨基酸序列与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素的氨基酸序列一致,与水稻盐诱导蛋白仅相差2个氨基酸.Southern杂交显示该基因在水稻基因组中有两个同源拷贝数,Northern杂交表明非亲和性稻瘟菌侵染可强烈诱导该基因表达.因此推测该基因参与了水稻对稻瘟菌侵染的防御反应.     

水稻AtpH基因的表达受冷抑制

采用RT-PCR差异显示法,从水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗克隆了1个受冷抑制表达的cDNA片段.该片段序列与水稻叶绿体基因组编码ATP合酶CF0Ⅲ亚基的atpH基因完全同源,且覆盖了atpH基因编码区.以Northern杂交分析了水稻幼苗在冷处理不同时间后的atpH基因转录水平,结果表明,atpH基因的转录受冷抑制,在冷处理第1天就明显下降,第2天以后完全受抑制.     

大白菜一个冷相关基因的分离与逆境诱导表达(英文)

以冷处理的大白菜幼叶为材料,采用RT-PCR技术获得1条新的冷相关基因序列(BpCOR,GenBank登录号DQ491005)。该基因编码129个氨基酸的亲水多肽,预测其N端含有叶绿体转运肽序列。多序列比对显示,Bc-COR蛋白与拟南芥及其它植物COR具有较高的相似性。Northern杂交结果显示BcCOR基因能被冷处理强烈诱导表达,而被脱水和盐处理弱诱导;在冷处理下,BcCORmRNA在根中的积累量低于叶片,光照能显著加强该基因在叶片中的表达。研究表明,BcCOR基因可能在大白菜抵抗冷胁迫和其它非生物胁迫的过程中具有重要的作用。     

Different methylation pattern of melon satellite DNA sequences in hypocotyl and callus tissues

Satellite DNA sequences from Cucumis melo have been examined with respect to modification at CCGG sequences in hypocotyls and in callus tissues. For this purpose, restriction fragments given by HpaII and MspI were compared (both enzymes recognize CCGG sequences but have different sensitivity to methylation at this site). Whereas the methylation level of satellite DNA sequences is on average higher in hypocotyls than in callus tissues, the comparison of partially methylated repeat units of satellite DNA reveals that in callus tissues, all methylated restriction sites are doubly methylated.     

Frequencies and variation in cytosine methylation patterns in diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Paspalum notatum

Paspalum notatum Flügge is a grass species organized as an agamic complex. The objective of the current research was to survey the frequencies and variation of cytosine methylation at CCGG sequences in diploid and tetraploid genotypes, and to determine the occurrence of methylation changes associated with tetraploidization by using methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers. No differences were found in the average proportions of methylated CCGG sites between cytotypes, but methylation patterns were significantly more variable in tetraploids. In both groups of plants, epigenetic and non-epigenetic variation correlated significantly when compared by Mantel tests. The evaluation of 159 common MSAP markers showed that 18.86 % of them differed in their methylation status in the different ploidies. Dendrogram analysis, reflecting epigenetic distances, showed that the four diploids and one experimentally-obtained sexually-reproducing tetraploid, grouped together. MSAP analysis performed on a diploid plant and its autotetraploid derivative showed that new epialleles emerged after tetraploidization. Sequencing of several MASP markers showed homologies with low copy genes, non-coding sequences and transposon/retrotransposon elements.     

Tissue-specific hypomethylation and expression of rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene induced by in vivo treatment of fetuses and neonates with 5-azacytidine

Rat fetuses of 17-19-day gestation were injected in utero with 5-azacytidine (two to three daily injections of 40 micrograms/fetus). Neonates were injected with seven daily injections (1 mg/kg). DNA samples were isolated from the fetal and neonatal livers and neonatal spleen and subjected to analysis of their methylation status. Overall methylation was analyzed by the nearest-neighbor analysis (at CpG sites) and the pattern of methylation at CCGG sites by Southern blot analysis using phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) sequences as probes. While DNAs from the liver and spleen undergo hypomethylation to the same extent in response to the 5-azacytidine treatment, the changes in the methylation patterns of the PEPCK gene in the two tissues are strikingly different. The changes observed indicate that a decrease in the methylase activity (inhibition by 5-azacytidine) results in site- and tissue-specific hypomethylation. The tissue-specific changes in the methylation pattern are associated with a tissue-specific expression of the PEPCK gene. Although the gene is hypomethylated by azacytidine in both liver and spleen, it is expressed only in the liver. The expression of already active genes (PEPCK in the kidney and albumin in the liver) is not further enhanced by the drug.     

Bacillus subtilis phage SPR codes for a DNA methyltransferase with triple sequence specificity.

SPR, a temperate Bacillus subtilis phage, codes for a DNA methyltransferase that can methylate the sequences GGCC (or GGCC) and CCGG at the cytosines indicated. We show here that it can also methylate the sequence CC(A/T)GG and protect it from cleavage with EcoRII and ApyI. This methylation can be seen in vivo as well as in vitro with purified SPR methyltransferase. SPR19 and SPR83 are two mutant phages, defective in GGCC or CCGG methylation, respectively. These mutants have not lost their ability to methylate CC(A/T)GG sites. Mutation SPR26 has lost the ability to methylate all three sites. Thus the SPR methyltransferase codes for three genetically distinguishable methylation abilities.     

Massive alterations of the methylation patterns around DNA transposons in the first four generations of a newly formed wheat allohexaploid

Rapid and reproducible genomic changes can be induced during the early stages of the life of nascent allopolyploid species. In a previous study, it was shown that following allopolyploidization, cytosine methylation changes can affect up to 11% of the wheat genome. However, the methylation patterns around transposable elements (TEs) were never studied in detail. We used transposon methylation display (TMD) to assess the methylation patterns of CCGG sites flanking three TE families (Balduin, Apollo, and Thalos) in the first four generations of a newly formed wheat allohexaploid. In addition, transposon display (TD), using a methylation-insensitive restriction enzyme, was applied to search for genomic rearrangements at the TE insertion sites. We observed that up to 54% of CCGG sites flanking the three TE families showed changes in methylation patterns in the first four generations of a newly formed wheat allohexaploid, where hypermethylation was predominant. Over 70% of the changes in TMD patterns occurred in the first two generations of the newly formed allohexaploid. Furthermore, analysis of 555 TE insertion sites by TD and 18 cases by site-specific PCR revealed a full additive pattern in the allohexaploid, an indication for lack of massive rearrangements. These data indicate that following allopolyplodization, DNA-TE insertion sites can undergo a significantly high level of methylation changes compared with methylation changes of other genomic sequences.     

In situ detection of methylated DNA by histo endonuclease-linked detection of methylated DNA sites: a new principle of analysis of DNA methylation

For a better understanding of epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation, it is important to analyze DNA methylation at a specific site. Although previous studies described methylation of isolated DNA extracted from cells and tissues using a combination of appropriate restriction endonucleases, no application to tissue cell level has been reported. Here, we report a new method, named histo endonuclease-linked detection of methylation sites of DNA (HELMET), designed to detect methylation sites of DNA with a specific sequences in a tissue section. In this study, we examined changes in the methylation level of CCGG sites during spermatogenesis in paraffin-embedded sections of mouse testis. In principle, the 3′-OH ends of DNA strand breaks in a section were firstly labeled with a mixture of dideoxynucleotides by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), not to be further elongated by TdT. Then the section was digested with Hpa II, resulting in cutting the center portion of non-methylated CCGG. The cutting sites were labeled with biotin-16-dUTP by TdT. Next, the section was treated with Msp I, which can cut the CCGG sequence irrespective of the presence or absence of methylation of the second cytosine, and the cutting sites were labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP by TdT. Finally, both biotin and digoxigenin were visualized by enzyme- or fluorescence-immunohistochemistry. Using this method, we found hypermethylation of CCGG sites in most of the germ cells although non-methylated CCGG were colocalized in elongated spermatids. Interestingly, some TUNEL-positive germ cells, which are frequent in mammalian spermatogenesis, became markedly Hpa II-reactive, indicating that the CCGG sites may be demethylated during apoptosis. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Analysis of DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana based on methylation-sensitive AFLP markers

AFLP analysis using restriction enzyme isoschizomers that differ in their sensitivity to methylation of their recognition sites has been used to analyse the methylation state of anonymous CCGG sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana. The technique was modified to improve the quality of fingerprints and to visualise larger numbers of scorable fragments. Sequencing of amplified fragments indicated that detection was generally associated with non-methylation of the cytosine to which the isoschizomer is sensitive. Comparison of EcoRI/ HpaII and EcoRI/ MspI patterns in different ecotypes revealed that 35-43% of CCGG sites were differentially digested by the isoschizomers. Interestingly, the pattern of digestion among different plants belonging to the same ecotype is highly conserved, with the rate of intra-ecotype methylation-sensitive polymorphisms being less than 1%. However, pairwise comparisons of methylation patterns between samples belonging to different ecotypes revealed differences in up to 34% of the methylation-sensitive polymorphisms. The lack of correlation between inter-ecotype similarity matrices based on methylation-insensitive or methylation-sensitive polymorphisms suggests that whatever the mechanisms regulating methylation may be, they are not related to nucleotide sequence variation.     

Construction and use of chimeric SPR/phi 3T DNA methyltransferases in the definition of sequence recognizing enzyme regions.

Multispecific DNA methyltransferases (Mtases) of temperate Bacillus subtilis phages SPR and phi 3T methylate the internal cytosine of the sequence GGCC. They differ in their capacity to methylate additional sequences. These are CCGG and CC(A/T)GG in SPR and GCNGC in phi 3T. Introducing unique restriction sites at equivalent locations within the two genes facilitated the construction of chimeric genes. These expressed Mtase activity at a level comparable to that of the parental genes. The methylation specificity of chimeric enzymes was correlated with the location of chimeric fusions. This analysis, which also included the use of mutant genes, showed that domains involved in the recognition of target sequences unique to each enzyme [CCGG, CC(A/T)GG or GCNGC] are represented by the central non-conserved parts of the proteins, whilst recognition of the sequence (GGCC), which is a target for both enzymes, is determined by an adjacent conserved region.