烤烟旺长期气孔和非气孔限制对水分胁迫的反应

烤烟NC89、LJ851、LJ911在旺长期生长迅速,耗水量大。烟株生长的最适宜土壤相对含水量应保持在75%~85%,此土壤水分条件下的中午光合速率的下降是气孔限制所致。当土壤相对含水量低于75%,光合非气孔限制因素开始出现。当土壤相对含水量低于65%时,非气孔限制逐渐成为光合下降主导因子,并可能导致光合器官受到损伤。     

盐胁迫对枸杞光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制

NaCl胁迫后,枸杞叶片的Pn,gs,Tr随盐浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。在0．08％－0．6％的NaCl胁迫范围内,枸杞叶片的Ci降低,Ls升高,gs下降主要受气孔限制,这可能由于盐刺激根系产生的某些物理或化学信号运输到地上部所致;而在盐分浓度大于0．6％的胁迫条件下,枸杞叶片的Ci则升高,Ls降低,gs下降的原因是由于Na^ ,Cl^-的大量积累对光合酶活性产生直接的毒害作用,从而使非气孔限制因素成为主要限制因子。     

水分胁迫下烟草光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制

快速水分胁迫处理时,处于中度水分胁迫(Ψ_w=-1.54MPa)的烟草叶肉活性、叶绿体放氧能力及光合暗反应受到的影响很小;处于严重水分胁迫(Ψ_w=-1.84MPa)的RuBPCase,FBPase及果糖二磷酸醛缩酶活性明显降低,叶肉活性和叶绿体放氧能力受到强烈的抑制。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子光合生理特性影响的研究

采用PVC管种植模拟土壤干旱的方法,研究了牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)在水分胁迫下光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素荧光的变化规律及不同生育期适应性表现。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合生理的影响与其胁迫时间及其胁迫程度都有关系,胁迫前中期Pn下降的原因主要是气孔限制,而到后期则以非气孔因素限制为主。中度土壤水分胁迫在短期内对牛心朴子叶片光合作用具有促进作用,而且有利于WUE的提高。而重度胁迫对牛心朴子Pn的影响较显著,而且非气孔因素的出现早于中度胁迫的处理。牛心朴子的光合生理对土壤水分胁迫具有一定的适应时期和适应范围。     

水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气孔限制

评述了水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气限制研究的进展,提出了一个判别水分胁迫下气孔和非气孔限制的方法。     

增强UV-B辐射和NaCl复合胁迫下绿豆光合作用的气孔和非气孔限制

研究了0.35 W/m2的UV-B辐射、0.4%NACl及其复合胁迫下绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus L.)幼苗光合作用的气孔和非气孔限制.发现各胁迫处理下,幼苗净光合速率、气孔导度、光合能力、羧化效率和Rubisco含量均明显降低;细胞间隙CO2浓度在各胁迫处理前期低于对照,后期高于对照;气孔限制值除复合处理第5天外,其余均高于对照;复合处理下上述指标的变化程度均大于两胁迫因子单独处理.表明各胁迫下光合速率的降低既有气孔因素也有非气孔因素,但前期以气孔限制为主,后期以非气孔限制为主;Rubisco含量的降低是各胁迫下光合速率降低的非气孔因素.     

大豆光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的响应

土壤水分胁迫使两个供试大豆品种(系)光合速率和气孔导度降低,“鲁豆四号”降低的幅度大于小粒大豆品系“7605”。在相同的叶水势下,“7605”的光合速率和气孔导度均高于“鲁豆四号”,但“7605”气孔随水势下降而关闭的速率大于“鲁豆四号”。水分胁迫使叶片温度升高,“7605”比“鲁豆四号”升温较快,但在同一水分处理中,“鲁豆四号”的叶温高于“7605”。水分胁迫降低了大豆的水分利用效率,且“鲁豆四号”降低的速率大于“7605”。结果表明,“7605”对水分胁迫具有较好的适应能力。     

番茄叶片光合作用对快速水分胁迫的响应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液控制番茄根际水势和叶片离体的方式设置了水分胁迫处理,测算了光合诱导过程中净光合速率、暗呼吸速率和CO2补偿点等光合参数的变化.结果表明:在1000μmol·m-2·s-1光诱导下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片净光合速率(Pn)达到最大值所需时间缩短为对照的1/3,气孔导度(gs)快速增大为对照的1.5倍.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片光饱和点(LSP)比对照降低了65％～85％,而光补偿点(LCP)比对照增加了75％ ～100％,缩小了番茄叶片利用光能的有效范围.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片最大光合能力(Amax)低于对照40％以上,暗呼吸速率(Rd)增大了约45％.可见,快速水分胁迫处理使番茄叶片气孔迅速开放,光合诱导初始阶段消失.水分胁迫导致植物利用光能的效率和潜力降低是植物生产力下降的重要原因,而气孔调节是番茄适应快速水分胁迫的重要生理机制.     

番茄叶片光合作用对快速水分胁迫的响应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)溶液控制番茄根际水势和叶片离体的方式设置了水分胁迫处理,测算了光合诱导过程中净光合速率、暗呼吸速率和CO₂补偿点等光合参数的变化.结果表明： 在1000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光诱导下,水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片净光合速率(P_n)达到最大值所需时间缩短为对照的1/3,气孔导度(g_s)快速增大为对照的1.5倍.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片光饱和点(LSP)比对照降低了65%～85%,而光补偿点(LCP)比对照增加了75%～100%,缩小了番茄叶片利用光能的有效范围.水分胁迫处理的番茄叶片最大光合能力(A_max)低于对照40%以上,暗呼吸速率(R_d)增大了约45%.可见,快速水分胁迫处理使番茄叶片气孔迅速开放,光合诱导初始阶段消失.水分胁迫导致植物利用光能的效率和潜力降低是植物生产力下降的重要原因,而气孔调节是番茄适应快速水分胁迫的重要生理机制.     

Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis in 19 temperate tree species on contrasting sites during wet and dry years

A unique approach was used to evaluate stomatal and nonstomatal constraints to photosynthesis in 19 naturally occurring, deciduous tree species on xeric, mesic and wetmesic sites in central Pennsylvania, USA, during relatively wet (1990) and dry (1991) growing seasons. All species exhibited significantly decreased stomatal conductance to CO₂ (g_c) in 1991 compared to 1990. The mesic species had drought related decreases in photosynthesis (A) attributed primarily to increased absolute stomatal limitation to A (L_g), whereas in the wet-mesic species, the absolute mesophyll limitation (Lm) was at least as important as L_g in limiting A during drought. The xeric species maintained relatively high A during drought despite decreased g_c. In the xeric and mesic species, L_m decreased and L_g increased during drought due to stomatal closure. From xeric to mesic to wet-mesic, the relative stomatal limitation (I_g) generally decreased faster, and relative mesophyll limitations to A increased faster, with increasing g_c suggesting greater photosynthetic capacity (i.e. greater potential maximum A) with increasing drought tolerance rank of species. Few species exhibited a significant drought-related decrease in photosynthetic capacity. The results of this landscape-based study indicate that the interaction of stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of A vary in a manner consistent with species' drought tolerance and site conditions, and that nonstomatal constraints to A in field plants during a moderate, season-long drought were generally not as severe as reported in controlled studies.     

Inhibition of photosynthetic reactions under water stress: interaction with light level

When the shrub Nerium oleander L., growing under full natural daylight outdoors, was subjected to water stress, stomatal conductance declined, and so did non-stomatal components of photosynthesis, including the CO₂-saturated rate of CO₂ uptake by intact leaves and the activity of electron transport by chloroplasts isolated from stressed plants. This inactivation of photosynthetic activity was accompanied by changes in the fluorescence characteristics determined at 77 K (-196°C) for the upper leaf surface and from isolated chloroplasts. The maximum (F _M) and the variable (F _V) fluorescence yield at 692 nm were strongly quenched but there was little effect on the instantaneous (F _O) fluorescence. There was a concomitant quenching of the maximum and variable fluorescence at 734 nm. These results indicate an inactivation of the primary photochemistry associated with photosystem II. The lower, naturally shaded surfaces of the same leaves were much less affected than the upper surfaces and water-stress treatment of plants kept in deep shade had little or no effect on the fluorescence characteristics of either surface, or of chloroplasts isolated from the water-stressed leaves. The effects of subjecting N. oleander plants, growing in full daylight, to water stress are indistinguishable from those resulting when plants, grown under a lower light regime, are exposed to full daylight (photoinhibition). Both kinds of stress evidently cause an inactivation of the primary photochemistry associated with photosystem II. The results indicate that water stress predisposes the leaves to photoinhibition. Recovery from this inhibition, following restoration of favorable water relations, is very slow, indicating that photoinhibition is an important component of the damage to the photosynthetic system that takes place when plants are exposed to water stress in the field. The underlying causes of this water-stress-induced susceptibility to photoinhibition are unknown; stomatal closure or elevated leaf temperature cannot explain the increased susceptibility.Abbreviations and symbols Chl chlorophyll - PFD photon flux area density - PSI, PSII photosystem I, II - F _M, F _O, F _V maximum, instantaneous, variable fluorescence emission - leaf water potential C.I.W.-D.P.B. Publication No. 775     

水分胁迫条件下草莓克隆分株间水分调控及其对光合功能的影响

以盆栽草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)为材料研究了水分胁迫下克隆植物草莓母株和子株间的水分调控机制及其与碳同化、光系统Ⅱ激发能分配的关系.实验材料分为匍匐茎连接和剪断两个大组,进行两步实验.第1步实验,对连接组和剪断组的所有母株控水,子株充分供水;4d后进入第2步实验,把连接组分为两小组,对其中一组充分供水子株开始控水,另一组保持不变.结果表明,土壤干旱引起母株叶片失水,并使其净光合速率和气孔导度显著降低.但是连接组中供水良好的子株能有效缓解缺水母株的水分胁迫.当供水良好的子株也开始受到干旱处理的时候,则会加剧与之相连母株的水分胁迫.受胁迫母株可以通过加强渗透调节能力和降低水势从相连子株获取水分.虽然土壤干旱会造成受胁迫母株叶片脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)含量的大幅度增加,但是与之相连子株的叶片ABA含量并没有增加;并且气孔导度与ABA变化趋势一致.(1)草莓母株和子株间的水分运输是由二者的水势差驱动的;(2)ABA不会通过匍匐茎在母株和子株间传递并影响相邻子株气孔导度;(3)在水分异质性较大情况下,生理整合可明显提高克隆系统的碳同化能力和光系统Ⅱ激发能利用效率.     

水分胁迫下臭柏（Sabina vulgaris Ant.）光合特性和色素组成的季节变化

在室内砾耕栽培条件下,通过培养液中加入PEG(Polyethylene glycol 分子量为6000)以调节溶液渗透势,设置对照、弱水分胁迫和强水分胁迫3种处理 (培养液渗透势分别为0.02,-0.1,-0.34 MPa), 从1997年开始对臭柏进行长期干旱胁迫模拟实验.2003年测定了臭柏叶片光合色素和光合特性的季节变化.结果表明:对照区气孔导度季节变化在5月和9月份形成了典型的双峰曲线.尽管对照区的气孔导度明显高于其他两个处理,但日光合量却低于弱水分胁迫区.3个处理Chl a/b的比值在11月至翌年3月的低温期内均升高,以强水分胁迫区的增幅最大,其它月份该比值在3个处理之间没有显著的差异.3个处理的叶绿素总量(Chl a+b)在生长季的5～9月份均有不同程度的上升,但其中以强水分胁迫区增幅最小.在11月至翌年3月的低温期,各处理均大幅提高叶黄素总量(V+A+Z)和热耗散色素比例(A+Z)/(V+A+Z) (V:紫黄质、A:单环氧玉米黄质、Z:玉米黄质);在5～7月份的生长高峰期,各处理则明显降低了叶黄素总量和热耗散色素比例.这种趋势在强水分胁迫区表现的更为显著.     

The effect of water stress on photosynthetic carbon metabolism in four species grown under field conditions

Abstract. The effect of gradually-developing water-stress has been studied in Lupinus albus L., Helianthus annuus L., Vitis vinifera cv. Rosaki and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Water was withheld and diurnal rhythms were investigated 4–8d later, when the predawn water deficit was more negative than in watered plants, and the stomata closed almost completely early during the photoperiod. The contribution of ‘stomatal’ and ‘non-stomatal’ components to the decrease of photosynthetic rate was investigated by (1) comparing the changes of the rate of photosynthesis in air with the changes of stomatal conductance and (2) measuring photosynthetic capacity in saturating irradiance and 15% CO₂. Three species (lupin, eucalyptus and sunflower) showed larger changes of stomatal conductance than photosynthesis in air, and showed little or no decrease of photosynthetic capacity in saturating CO₂. Photosynthesis in air also recovered fully overnight after watering the plants in the evening. In grapevines, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in air changed in parallel, there was a marked decrease of photosynthetic capacity, and photosynthesis and stomatal conductance did not recover overnight after watering water-stressed plants. Relative water content remained above 90% in grapevine. We conclude that non-stomatal components do not play a significant role in lupins, sunflower or eucalyptus, but could in grapevine. The effect of water-stress on partitioning of photosynthate was investigated by measuring the amounts of sucrose and starch in leaves during a diurnal rhythm, and by measuring the partitioning of ¹⁴C-carbon dioxide between sucrose and starch. In all four species, starch was depleted in water-stressed leaves but sucrose was maintained at amounts similar to, or higher than, those in watered plants. Partitioning into sucrose was increased in lupins and eucalyptus, and remained unchanged in grapevine and sunflower. It is concluded that water-stressed leaves in all four species maintain high levels of soluble sugars in their leaves, despite having lower rates of field photosynthesis, decreased rates of export, and low amounts of starch in their leaves.     

苗期玉米叶片光合特性对水分胁迫的响应

以2个抗旱性不同的玉米品种为材料进行盆栽试验,在苗期设置4个水分梯度,研究气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数及光响应特征。结果表明:随水分胁迫的加剧,除细胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学淬灭(qN)上升外,其它参数均下降,先玉335(XY335)各参数的变化幅度小于陕单902(SD902);轻度胁迫下品种间气体交换参数差异最大,严重干旱下叶绿素荧光参数差异最大;净光合速率(Pn)和相对电子传递速率(rETR)的光响应曲线拟合结果显示,水分胁迫导致玉米叶片最大光合速率和光能利用率下降,XY335各参数的下降幅度小于SD902;轻度干旱下Pn光响应拟合参数品种间差异最大,严重干旱下rETR光响应拟合参数差异最大。综上表明,水分胁迫导致玉米叶片对强光的敏感性增加,干旱和光抑制对光系统Ⅱ造成的叠加伤害随干旱加重和品种抗旱性弱而加剧,是制约光合作用的主要原因;旱区强光下的玉米幼苗应及时补水,以避免严重干旱和高光强的叠加伤害。     

不同生育期玉米叶片光合特性及水分利用效率对水分胁迫的响应

利用大型移动防雨棚开展了玉米水分胁迫及复水试验,通过分析玉米叶片光合数据,揭示了不同生育期水分胁迫及复水对玉米光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:水分胁迫导致玉米叶片整体光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度下降以及光合速率日变化的峰值提前;水分胁迫后的玉米叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率和气孔导度为适应干旱缺水均较对照显著下降,从而提高了水分利用效率,缩小了与水分充足条件下玉米叶片的水分利用效率差值;在中度和重度水分胁迫条件下,玉米叶片的水分利用效率降幅低于光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的降幅, 有时甚至高于正常供水条件下的水分利用效率;适度的水分胁迫能提高玉米叶片的水分利用效率,从而增强叶片对水分的利用能力,抵御干旱的逆境;水分亏缺对玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的影响具有较明显滞后效应,干旱后复水,光合作用受抑制仍然持续;水分胁迫时间越长、胁迫程度越重,叶片的光合作用越呈不可逆性;拔节-吐丝期水分胁迫对玉米叶片光合作用的逆制比三叶-拔节期更难恢复。     

果树对水分胁迫反应研究进展(综述)

综述近十多年果树对水分胁迫反应的研究进展。对果树在水分胁迫下叶片、根系的形态和显微结构的变化以及气孔反应、光合作用、水势变化、碳水化合物代谢、矿质营养、活性氧代谢、多胺代谢、内源激素、脯氨酸和甜菜碱等生理生化指标的反应作了全面的阐述。     

Suboptimal nitrogen status sensitizes the photosynthetic apparatus in willow leaves to long term but not short term water stress

The response to drought was compared for willow plants of optimal leaf nitrogen content (100 N) and those of 86% of this content (86 N). Gas exchange measurements revealed that the carboxylation efficiency (CE) of photosynthesis was more sensitive to drought than the photosynthetic capacity in both N regimes. Since the leaf content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) was found to be much more resistant it is suggested that a decreased specific activity of Rubisco underlies the decreased CE. Although the rate of water consumption was the same for 86 N and 100 N plants the photosynthetic apparatus responded much more rapidly in the 86 N leaves. This increased sensitivity of 86 N leaves was not due to accelerated senescence as judged by comparison with parallel plants subjected to discontinued fertilization; the two categories of treatments resulted in the same loss of leaf nitrogen and Rubisco but drought induced a much more rapid photosynthetic depression. In contrast to the drought situation, 86 N and 100 N plants behaved similarly when compared under short term water stress. First, when single attached leaves were exposed to a sudden drop in air humidity the capacity of CO₂ uptake in both N regimes decreased about 20% over 10 min while the leaf water potential remained high. Second, in freely transpiring leaf discs cut from 86 N and 100 N leaves the same relationship between capacity of O₂ evolution and extent of dehydration was observed. The possible mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility of 86 N leaves to drought is discussed; the water status of the roots not the leaves is suggested to be the determining factor.Abbreviations CE carboxylation efficiency - 100 N optimal nitrogen regime - 86 N suboptimal nitrogen regime with 86% of the optimal leaf nitrogen content, Rubisco ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase