Male Relationships and Infant Deaths in Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)

For decades howler monkeys were considered to be among the most peaceful animals. Recent investigators, however, have noted that, although male aggression is rare, it may be extremely severe; the criteria used to quantify howler relationships should therefore be different from those used for other primates. This paper describes the pattern of male relationships in the red howler monkey Alouatta seniculus, and examines its effect on reproductive success within the troop and the ability of troop males to resist intrusion by competing males. 4 of the 8 infants born during the study period were killed or disappeared when change occurred in relative status between two adult males.     

人工哺育期腹泻婴猴奇异变形杆菌的分离与鉴定

目的对一株人工哺育期引发恒河猴婴猴腹泻的奇异变形杆菌进行了鉴定,为实验猕猴疾病检测、鉴别诊断提供参考依据。方法通过培养特性、菌落形态、染色、生化试验和血清学诊断鉴别等检查,对分离菌株进行初步鉴定,同时,对分离菌株进行致病性试验及药敏试验。结果通过表型生物学特性鉴定,并结合血清学诊断鉴别方法,确证该分离菌株为奇异变形杆菌,应用药敏试验筛选出了高度敏感的抗菌药,控制了该病的继续发生,致病性试验证明,该分离菌株对小白鼠有高致病性。结论分离到的奇异变形杆菌是导致本次婴猴腹泻死亡的病原菌,该菌为条件致病菌,对实验猕猴和研究人员均有潜在的危害,尽管该菌不是国家标准要求排除的病原菌,但该菌引发的传染病将对动物实验造成严重影响,故应引起高度重视。     

TALEN-Mediated Gene Mutagenesis in Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys

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RT-SHIV感染中国恒河猴及体内传代

目的了解RT-SHIV感染中国恒河猴的感染特点,研究RT-SHIV在中国恒河猴中传代特点;建立RT-SHIV中国恒河猴动物模型,为评价HIV-1药物有效性提供动物平台。方法选择4只健康恒河猴,其中两只动物经上肢静脉感染RT-SHIV病毒,感染急性期采取外周血分离CD8-PBMC,扩增病毒,将新制备的病毒静脉感染另外两只中国恒河猴,通过监测血浆病毒载量,CD4＋/CD8＋比值,CD4＋T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的绝对数,了解实验猴的感染状态,同时分析病毒RT基因变异情况。结果 4只动物均获得系统性感染,且传代动物急性期表现更为强烈,RT基因在感染和传代的过程中共观察到3个氨基酸的改变。结论本研究为RT-SHIV中国恒河猴模型的建立提供了基础信息。     

恒河猴STLV-1血清抗体流行病学研究

目的调查我国恒河猴STLV-1流行病学特征.方法用免疫荧光法和蛋白印迹法对537只野捕恒河猴,365只繁殖猴和44只D型逆转录病毒抗体阳性猴作了STLV-1血清抗体检查.结果 10岁以上恒河猴的STLV-1抗体阳性率(15.5%)高于10岁以下的恒河猴(6.2%);雌猴的STLV-1抗体阳性率(17.5%)高于雄猴(5%);D型逆转录病毒抗体阳性猴群的STLV-1抗体阳性率(34.1%)高于野捕猴群(8.8%).结论在我国的野生和饲养恒河猴群中广泛存在STVL-1血清抗体阳性动物,其抗体阳性率与动物的年龄和性别有关.     

STZ诱导恒河猴糖尿病动物模型的建立

目的复制稳定的链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病恒河猴动物模型。方法健康恒河猴5只,小剂量（30mg/kg）多次静脉注射链脲佐菌素,分别在注射后2、3个月进行葡萄糖耐量实验并连续观察血糖、胰岛素、C肽的变化。连续观察12个月。结果随着时间推移,动物出现典型的糖尿病症状。3只动物的血糖静脉注射1次后持续10周稳定,另外2只分别进行了第2、3次注射。动物血糖在12个月内平稳上升、胰岛素、C肽分泌持续下降。2个月时葡萄糖耐量减低明显（P〈0.01）。结论小剂量多次注射STZ后恒河猴可出现持续、稳定的糖尿病表现,可作为相关研究的动物模型。     

中国猕猴逆转录病毒的分离

国内首次从捕自中国三个地区的猕猴分离到三株逆转录病毒,经ELISA、免疫荧光检查与SRV-1呈阳性反应。免疫蛋白印迹试验加以证实,血清抗体与SRV-1呈阳性反应,其中有一株与SRV-1和STLV血清抗体有交叉反应。电子显微镜下见有大量病毒颗粒,具有典型逆转录病毒结构。     

Endometriosis: clinical monitoring and treatment procedures in Rhesus Monkeys

The National Institute on Aging (NIA) sponsored a workshop on September 8, 2004, to discuss the incidence, diagnosis, and clinical treatment of endometriosis in rhesus monkey colonies. Because of the growing number of aging studies using rhesus monkeys, this disease has become more prevalent as monkeys are living into advanced ages in captivity. The objective of the workshop was to gather information from various NIA-supported aging rhesus colonies on the incidence, clinical manifestations, indicators for early detection, and possible treatment options for endometriosis. Participants outlined a course of action for the effective management of this disease that would best maintain the integrity of long-term aging studies.     

恒河猴感染SARS-CoV的病毒学、血清学检测

目的对感染SARS-CoV的8只恒河猴进行病毒学、血清学指标检测。方法SARS-CoV经鼻腔接种8只恒河猴,在感染的第1天开始到5、7、10、15、20、30和60天分别安乐处死时,不同时间取咽拭子、血液和脏器,进行病毒分离,RT-PCR检测和抗体测定。结果RT-PCR证实感染病毒检出时间为5~16d,8只猴中的5只分离到了病毒,感染15d后可检测到抗体。结论感染SARS-CoV的恒河猴不仅出现与SARS患者类似的临床和病理学改变,也在一定时期内排毒,出现特异免疫反应,这些指标均可作为药物筛选、疫苗评价等方面的重要参数。     

Major Histocompatibility Locus of Rhesus Monkeys (RhL-A)

TISSUE typing in rhesus monkeys is an essential prerequisite of organ and bone marrow transplantation in this and other laboratories. Since our first demonstrations in 1965 that leucocyte antigens are relevant for histocompatibility in primates¹, two leucocyte specificities of rhesus monkeys have been defined serologically² and since then the number of available iso-antisera has gradually increased. Although most of the reagents are not monospecific, the inheritance of the leucocyte “groups” suggests that they are controlled by genes segregating as single units in a Mendelian fashion³, but the data previously obtained were insufficient for a thorough genetic analysis.     

Chronic Calorie Restriction Alters Glycogen Metabolism in Rhesus Monkeys

Chronic caloric restriction (CR) prevents the development of obesity and maintains health, slows aging processes, and prevents or substantially delays the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Because changes in energy metabolism could be involved in all of these positive effects of CR, we examined glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activities and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) and glycogen concentrations in skeletal muscle samples before and during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in 6 older aged monkeys in which CR had been continued for 10.4 ± 2.1 years. Basal GS activity (fractional velocity and independent) was significantly higher in the CR monkeys than has been previously shown in normal, hyperinsulinemic and diabetic monkeys. The normal effect of insulin to activate GS was absent in the CR group due to the paradoxical finding in some of these monkeys of a reduction in GS activity by insulin. Insulin also had the unexpected effect of increasing the independent activity of GP above basal activity (p<0.05). There was an inverse relationship between the change (insulin-stimulated minus basal) in GS fractional velocity and GP activity ratio (r=-0.91, p<0.005). The basal independent activities of GS and GP were also inversely correlated (r=-0.79, p<0.05). The insulin-stimulated concentration of G6P tended to be higher than the basal concentration (p<0.06) and was significantly higher than that previously shown in normal monkeys (p<0.05). We suggest that long-term calorie restriction (1) results in alterations in glycogen metabolism that may be important to the anti-diabetogenic and anti-aging effects of CR and (2) unmasks early defects which may indicate the likelihood of ultimately developing obesity and diabetes.     

Mating and Residence Patterns of Male Patas Monkeys

A longterm study of a population of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kenya indicated fluid male residence patterns. While a single adult male was present in each of the two main study groups for most of each year, several males were present and mating in groups during some conception periods. Tenures of males in heterosexual groups were generally short; some males were resident in both groups and some had more than one tenure in the same group. When not in heterosexual groups, males lived as solitaries or in all-male associations.     

Heterochrony and Cross-Species Intersensory Matching by Infant Vervet Monkeys

Background

Understanding the evolutionary origins of a phenotype requires understanding the relationship between ontogenetic and phylogenetic processes. Human infants have been shown to undergo a process of perceptual narrowing during their first year of life, whereby their intersensory ability to match the faces and voices of another species declines as they get older. We investigated the evolutionary origins of this behavioral phenotype by examining whether or not this developmental process occurs in non-human primates as well.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We tested the ability of infant vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), ranging in age from 23 to 65 weeks, to match the faces and voices of another non-human primate species (the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta). Even though the vervets had no prior exposure to rhesus monkey faces and vocalizations, our findings show that infant vervets can, in fact, recognize the correspondence between rhesus monkey faces and voices (but indicate that they do so by looking at the non-matching face for a greater proportion of overall looking time), and can do so well beyond the age of perceptual narrowing in human infants. Our results further suggest that the pattern of matching by vervet monkeys is influenced by the emotional saliency of the Face+Voice combination. That is, although they looked at the non-matching screen for Face+Voice combinations, they switched to looking at the matching screen when the Voice was replaced with a complex tone of equal duration. Furthermore, an analysis of pupillary responses revealed that their pupils showed greater dilation when looking at the matching natural face/voice combination versus the face/tone combination.

Conclusions/Significance

Because the infant vervets in the current study exhibited cross-species intersensory matching far later in development than do human infants, our findings suggest either that intersensory perceptual narrowing does not occur in Old World monkeys or that it occurs later in development. We argue that these findings reflect the faster rate of neural development in monkeys relative to humans and the resulting differential interaction of this factor with the effects of early experience.     

正常猕猴与人视网膜血管的比较

目的比较正常猕猴与人视网膜血管的异同,为进一步利用猕猴建立动物模型来研究视网膜血管打下基础。方法取健康成年猕猴眼球6只和人角膜移植供体剩余眼杯8只的视网膜,用ADP酶法进行血管染色,对两者视网膜血管的走行、血管分级、毛细血管分层以及黄斑区血管拱环等进行比较,测量结果进行统计学检验。结果猕猴与人的视网膜铺片经ADP酶法染色后见视网膜血管自穿出视盘后的一级血管逐渐分支变细,直至五级血管即毛细血管;在视盘旁、赤道部、周边部两者血管面积百分比没有差异;视盘旁血管分为多层,赤道部有两层,且深浅层间相互交通,周边部仅见一层毛细血管且较稀疏;两者黄斑区毛细血管均较密集,有形态完整呈不规则状的血管拱环,血管面积百分比以及血管拱环的面积、周长和直径没有差异。结论猕猴与人在视网膜血管走行、分级、毛细血管分层以及黄斑区血管拱环等多方面有良好的相似性,可用作人类视网膜血管、尤其是黄斑区视网膜血管研究的良好动物模型。     

Differences Between Vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Agonistic Interactions Between Adult Females

We examined agonistic interactions between adult females in wild, unprovisioned patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops). The dominance hierarchy of patas is far less clear than that of vervets. Patas had fewer interactions per dyad, fewer dyads with interactions, and a high percentage (18%) of reversals in which lower-ranking females won in agonistic interactions with higher-ranking females. Although the rank ordering of the kinds of interactions patas and vervets displayed is similar, with avoidance being the most frequently observed agonistic response to approaches by other females, patas were chased and supplanted more often than vervets were. The resources over which females were supplanted also differ between species. Supplants over food comprise smaller proportion of total supplants patas than for vervets. Patas appear to feed on less usurpable foods than vervets. We conclude that (1) Erythrocebus and Cercopithecus spp., except C. aethiops, should not be categorized with other Cercopithecinae, and C. aethiops should not be categorized with other Cercopithecus spp. and Erythrocebus, in discussions and analyses of relationships between females within groups and (2) ecological conditions, i.e., usurpability of foods, can override phylogenetic history as the selective pressure determining the nature of female competitive relationships within groups.