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1.
Most of our current understanding of comparative population structure has been come from studies of parasite–host systems,
whereas the genetic comparison of gallnut-aphids and their host-plants remain poorly documented. Here, we examined the population
genetic structure of the Chinese sumac aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis and its unique primary host-plant Rhus chinensis in a mountainous province in western China using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Despite being sampled from
a mountainous geographic range, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the majority of genetic variation occurred
among individuals within populations of both the aphid and its host. The aphid populations were found to be structured similarly
to their primary host populations (F
ST values were 0.239 for the aphid and 0.209 for its host), suggesting that there are similar patterns of gene flow between
the populations of the aphid and between populations of its host-plant. The genetic distances (F
ST/1 − F
ST) between the aphid populations and between its host-plant populations were uncorrelated, indicating that sites with genetically
similar host-plant populations may not always have genetically similar aphid populations. The lack of relationships between
genetic and geographical distance matrices suggested that isolation by distance (IBD) played a negligible role at this level.
This may be mainly attributed to the founder effect, genetic drift and the relative small spatial scale between populations.
Zhumei Ren and Bin Zhu contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
2.
Conserving endangered wild rice species requires a thorough understanding of their population genetic structure and appropriate approaches. We applied six and seven microsatellite loci to study the genetic structure of six populations throughout the range of Chinese Oryza rufipogon and Oryza officinalis, respectively. The results showed that O. rufipogon possesses higher levels of genetic diversity but lower differentiation (RS = 3.2713, P = 100.0%, HO = 0.1401, HS = 0.5800, FST = 0.271) than O. officinalis (RS = 2.0545, P = 57.14%, HO = 0.0470, HS = 0.2830, FST = 0.554). Mean population FIS was slightly larger for O. officinalis (FIS = 0.844) than that for O. rufipogon (FIS = 0.755), indicating that O. officinalis has slightly higher departures from Hardy–Weinberg expectations and heterozygosity deficits than O. rufipogon. In addition to different origins and evolutionary histories, O. officinalis has restricted gene flow, high inbreeding, isolated small populations and fewer opportunities of hybridization with other taxa, which may determine major differences in population genetic structure from O. rufipogon. Our results suggest the adoption of a plan of involving fewer populations but more individuals within populations for O. rufipogon, while both the number of populations and the individuals for a sampled population should be almost equally considered for O. officinalis. The known high degree of inbreeding in the populations of both species implies that conservation and restoration genetics should particularly focus on the maintenance of historically significant processes such as high levels of outbreeding, gene flow and large effective population sizes. We finally proposed to further estimate the role of rice gene flow in the conservation of O. rufipogon, and to perform detailed analysis of mating systems in both species for better conservation perspectives of their ecological and evolutionary processes. 相似文献
3.
Cupressus chenggiana S. Y. Hu (Cupressaceae) is an endemic and endangered conifer species in southwest China. In order to study the population
genetics and design the effective conservation methods, we aimed to develop microsatellite primers for this species in the
present study. We developed eight new microsatellite loci for this species through biotin capture method. Polymorphism of
each locus was further assessed in 18 individuals from three geographically distant populations. The number of alleles per
locus ranged from 6 to 11 with an average of 8.13. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.219 to 0.296 and
from 0.374 to 0.470, with averages of 0.254 and 0.417, respectively. We further found that three of nine microsatellite loci
developed previously for another congeneric species showed polymorphic banding patters. We performed primer-crossing tests
of these loci in the other two congeneric species which are closely related to C. chenggiana (C. gigantea and C. duclouxiana). These microsatellite markers would be effective for analyzing genetic diversity and population genetic structure of this
species and its morphological differentiation with the close relatives. 相似文献
4.
Xiao-Li Peng Chang-Ming Zhao Gui-Li Wu Jian-Quan Liu 《Trees - Structure and Function》2007,21(4):457-464
Repeated cycles of retreat and recolonization during the Quaternary ice ages are thought to have greatly influenced current
species distributions and their genetic diversity. It remains unclear how this climatic oscillation has affected the distribution
of genetic diversity between populations of wind-pollinated conifers in the Qinghai-Tibetan region. In this study, we investigated
the within-species genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Picea likiangensis, a dominant forest species in this region using polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Our results suggest that this species has
high overall genetic diversity, with 85.42% of loci being polymorphic and an average expected heterozygosity (H
E) of 0.239. However, there were relatively low levels of polymorphism at population levels and the differences between populations
were not significant, with percentages of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranging from 46.88 to 69.76%, Nei’s gene diversity (H
E) from 0.179 to 0.289 and Shannon’s indices (Hpop) from 0.267 to 0.421. In accordance with our proposed hypothesis, a high level of genetic differentiation among populations
was detected based on Nei’s genetic diversity (G
ST = 0.256) and AMOVA analysis (Phi
st = 0.236). Gene flow between populations was found to be limited (Nm = 1.4532) and far lower than reported for other conifer species with wide distribution ranges from other regions. No clusters
corresponding to three morphological varieties found in the south, north and west, respectively, were detected in either UPGMA
or PCO analyses. Our results suggest that this species may have had different refugia during the glacial stages in the southern
region and that the northern variety may have multiple origins from these different refugia. 相似文献
5.
Commiphora wightii is a medicinally important endangered species endemic to the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India and adjoining areas of Pakistan.
The populations of this species are declining sharply because of its extensive use as a natural herb. Random amplified polymorphic
DNA analysis was conducted to find the genetic variation among 7 populations of C. wightii. Of the 100 random primers screened, 44 primers yielded 220 loci. Statistical analysis indicated low genetic diversity (H
pop = 0.0958; I = 0.1498; mean polymorphic loci = 14.28%), and high genetic differentiation among the populations (G
ST = 0.3990; AMOVA Φ
ST of 0.3390; Bayesian θ
(II) = 0.3002). The low genetic diversity may be due to geographic isolation and restricted gene flow (N
m = 0.7533) between the fragmented populations. Unsustainable utilization of the plant has fragmented the population continuum
which served the purpose of genetic exchange between populations. Mantel’s test was performed which revealed a highly significant
positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance (r
2 = 0.614, P = 0.023) among the populations studied. Low variation can also be attributed to poor seed setting and the slow growth pattern
of the species, which is also an apomict. In UPGMA dendrogram the Commiphora wightii samples were divided into two major and one minor cluster. These findings can serve as a guide to preserving the genetic
resources of this medicinal plant species. 相似文献
6.
Marjan Khalili Mahani Nobuyuki Inomata Alireza Saboori Baraldin Ebrahim Sayed Tabatabaei Hiroko Ishiyama Ardeshir Ariana Alfred E. Szmidt 《Experimental & applied acarology》2009,48(4):273-289
Allothrombium
pulvinum Ewing is a common natural enemy of aphids and some other arthropods. So far, there are no studies that have addressed genetic
variation of this predatory mite. We investigated genetic variation of A. pulvinum across its whole known range in Iran. A 410 bp portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (coxI) and 797–802 bp portion of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of rDNA (ITS2) were sequenced for 55 individuals from 11 populations, resulting in 12 and 26 haplotypes, respectively. In the coxI region, haplotype and nucleotide diversities varied among populations from 0.00 to 0.90 and from 0.0000 to 0.0110, respectively.
In the ITS2 region they varied from 0.20 to 0.91 and from 0.0006 to 0.0023, respectively. For both gene regions the highest haplotype
and nucleotide diversities were detected in population Mahmoud Abad from northern Iran. Statistically significant population
differentiation (F
ST) was detected in most pair-wise population comparisons. The results of population differentiation for both gene regions were
generally congruent indicating that A. pulvinum from Iran consists of genetically different populations. This suggests that A. pulvinum comprises at least two geographically distinct populations or even more than one species. This study is an initial step towards
understanding genetic variation of A. pulvinum, a taxon for which little molecular information is available. More intensive sampling and analysis of additional DNA regions
are necessary for more detailed classification of this taxon. 相似文献
7.
We used random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) to assess genetic variation between- and within-populations of Anisodus tanguticus (Solanaceae), an endangered perennial endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with important medicinal value. We recorded
a total of 92 amplified bands, using 12 RAPD primers, 76 of which (P = 82.61%) were polymorphic, and calculated values of Ht and Hsp of 0.3015 and 0.4459, respectively, suggesting a remarkably high rate of genetic variation at the species level. The average
within-population diversity also appeared to be high, with P, He and Hpop values of 55.11%, 0.1948 and 0.2918, respectively. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that among- and between-population
genetic variation accounted for 67.02% and 32.98% of the total genetic variation, respectively. In addition, Nei’s coefficient
of differentiation (GST) was found to be high (0.35), confirming the relatively high level of genetic differentiation among the populations. These
differentiation coefficients are higher than mean corresponding coefficients for outbreeding species, but lower than reported
coefficients for some rare species from this region. The genetic structure of A. tanguticus has probably been shaped by its breeding attributes, biogeographic history and human impact due to collection for medicinal
purposes. The observed genetic variations suggest that as many populations as possible should be considered in any planned
in situ or ex situ conservation programs for this species. 相似文献
8.
Genetic variation and population structure of wild white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from 4 geographic locations from Mexico to Panama were investigated using 5 microsatellite DNA loci. The genetic diversity between populations was indicated by the mean number of alleles per locus and mean observed heterozygosity, which ranged from 7.4 to 8.6 and from 0.241 to 0.388, respectively. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found at most locations at each locus, with the exception Guatemala at Pvan0013, and were caused by high heterozygote deficiencies. Genetic differences between localities were detected by pairwise comparison based on allelic and genotypic frequencies, with the exception of locus Pvan1003. Significant pairwise F
ST values between locations and total F
ST showed that the white shrimp population is structured into subpopulations. However, population differentiation does not follow an isolation-by-distance model. Knowledge of the genetic diversity and structure of L.vannamei populations will be of interest for aquaculture and fisheries management to utilize and preserve aquatic biodiversity. 相似文献
9.
Galium catalinense (Rubiaceae) is a perennial shrub consisting of two subspecies endemic to California’s Channel Islands: Galium catalinense subsp. catalinense on Santa Catalina Island, and G. catalinense subsp. acrispum, a state-endangered taxon on San Clemente Island. A long history of overgrazing by introduced herbivores has contributed
to population declines in G. catalinense subsp. acrispum. We surveyed 12 populations throughout the taxon’s range for genetic variation using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci
to determine the genetic impact of this demographic bottleneck. At the taxon level, 65 alleles were identified with an average
of 8.1 alleles per locus, although many alleles were rare; the effective number of alleles per locus averaged 2.6. Expected
heterozygosity was 0.550. Individual populations had between six and eight polymorphic loci, with expected heterozygosities
ranging from 0.36 to 0.60, and effective numbers of alleles ranging from 1.8 to 3.5 per locus. Populations fell into three
or four genetic clusters, depending on type of analysis, which may represent refugia where the populations persisted during
intense herbivory. There is little evidence of genetic bottlenecks or substantial inbreeding within populations. These findings,
coupled with indications of recent migration between populations, suggest that G. catalinense subsp. acrispum is currently unlikely to be endangered by genetic factors, but small population sizes make the taxon vulnerable to future
loss of genetic diversity. Management strategies based on these genetic data, population sizes, and the spatial distribution
of populations are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is a critically endangered species endemic to China. In this study, the extent of genetic variation in the captive alligators
of the Changxing Reserve Center was investigated using microsatellite markers derived from American alligators. Out of 22
loci employed, 21 were successfully amplified in the Chinese alligator. Sequence analysis showed loci in American alligators
had a bigger average size than that of the Chinese alligators and the longest allele of an individual locus almost always
existed in the species with longer stretch of repeat units. Eight of the 22 loci were found to be polymorphic with a total
of 26 alleles present among 32 animals scored, yielding an average of 3.25 alleles per polymorphic locus. The expected heterozygosity
(H
E) ranged at a moderate level from 0.4385 to 0.7163 in this population. Compared to that in the American alligators, a lower
level of microsatellite diversity existed in the Changxing population as revealed by about 46% fewer alleles per locus and
smaller H
E at the homologous loci. The average exclusion power and the ability to detect shared genotypes and multiple paternity were
evaluated for those markers. Results suggested that when the polymorphic loci were combined, they could be sensitive markers
in genetic diversity study and relatedness inference within the Chinese alligator populations. The level of genetic diversity
present in the current Changxing population indicated an important resource to complement reintroductions based on the individuals
from the other population. In addition, the microsatellite markers and their associated diversity characterized in this population
could be utilized to further investigate the genetic status of this species. 相似文献
11.
The role of dominance and epistasis in population divergence has been an issue of much debate ever since the neoDarwinian
synthesis. One of the best ways to dissect the several genetic components affecting the genetic architecture of populations
is line cross analysis. Here we present a study comparing generation means of several life history-traits in two closely related
Drosophila species: Drosophila subobscura, D. madeirensis as well as their F
1 and F
2 hybrids. This study aims to determine the relative contributions of additive and non-additive genetic parameters to the differentiation
of life-history traits between these two species. The results indicate that both negative dominance and epistatic effects
are very important in the differentiation of most traits. We end with considerations about the relevance of these findings
for the understanding of the role of non-additive effects in speciation. 相似文献
12.
The ultimate goal of ecological restoration is to create a self-sustaining ecosystem that is resilient to perturbation without
further assistance. Genetic variation is a prerequisite for evolutionary response to environmental changes. However, few studies
have evaluated the genetic structure of restored populations of dominant plants. In this study, we compared genetic variation
of the restored populations with the natural ones in Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia, a dominant species of evergreen broadleaved forest. Using eight polymorphic microsatellite loci, we analyzed samples collected
from restored populations and the donor population as well as two other natural populations. We compared the genetic diversity
of restored and natural populations. Differences in genetic composition were evaluated using measurements of genetic differentiation
and assignment tests. The mean number of alleles per locus was 4.65. Three parameters (A, A
R, and expected heterozygosity) of genetic variation were found to be lower, but not significantly, in the restored populations
than they were in the natural populations, indicating a founder effect during the restoration. Significant but low F
ST
(0.061) was observed over all loci, indicating high gene flow among populations, as expected from its wind-pollination. Differentiation
between the two restored populations was smallest. However, differences between the donor population and the restored populations
were higher than those between other natural populations and the restored populations. Only 13.5% and 25.7% individuals in
the two restored populations were assigned to the donor population, but 54.1 and 40% were assigned to another natural population.
The genetic variation of the donor population was lowest, and geographic distances from the restoration sites to the donor
site were much higher than the other natural populations, indicating that the present donor likely was not the best donor
for these ecological restoration efforts. However, no deleterious consequences might be observed in restored populations due
to high observed heterozygosity and high gene flow. This study demonstrates that during the restoration process, genetic structures
of the restored populations may be biased from the donor population. The results also highlight population genetic knowledge,
especially of gene flow-limited species, in ecological restoration. 相似文献
13.
Abdul Muneer PM Gopalakrishnan A Musammilu KK Mohindra V Lal KK Basheer VS Lakra WS 《Molecular biology reports》2009,36(7):1779-1791
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite markers were applied to evaluate the genetic variation in endemic
and endangered yellow catfish, Horabagrus
brachysoma sampled from three geographic locations of Western Ghat, South India river systems. In RAPD, of 32 10-mer RAPD primers screened
initially, 10 were chosen and used in a comparative analysis of H. brachysoma collected from Meenachil, Chalakkudy and Nethravathi River systems. Of the 124 total RAPD fragments amplified, 49 (39.51%)
were found to be shared by individuals of all 3 populations. The remaining 75 fragments were found to be polymorphic (60.48%).
In microsatellites, six polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified by using primers developed for Pangasius
hypophthalmus, Clarias
macrocephalus and Clarias
gariepinus. The identified loci were confirmed as microsatellite by sequencing after making a clone. The nucleotide sequences of 6 loci
were published in NCBI genbank. The number of alleles across the six loci ranged from 4 to 7 and heterozygosities ranged from
0.07 to 0.93. The mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles per locus were 5.00 and 3.314, respectively. The
average heterozygosity across all investigated samples was 0.72, indicating a significant deficiency of heterozygotes in this
species. RAPD and microsatellite methods reported a high degree of gene diversity and genetic distances depicted by UPGMA
dendrograms among the populations of H. brachysoma. 相似文献
14.
The razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) is an important aquacultured bivalve in China. The natural populations of this species are decreasing quickly. To facilitate
studies on genetic diversity and population structure of wild populations, microsatellites were isolated from a CA enriched
genomic library. Eight microsatellite loci were polymorphic in 30 individuals from Chongming in Shanghai, China. The number
of alleles per polymorphic locus varied from 6 to 13 and the values of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity
ranged from 0.350 to 1.000 and from 0.602 to 0.902, respectively. These microsatellites are being used in studying population
differentiation and genetic diversity for effective conservation and management genetic resources of S. constricta. 相似文献
15.
Elizabeth S. MacAvoy Lorna M. McGibbon James P. Sainsbury Hayley Lawrence Carol A. Wilson Charles H. Daugherty Geoffrey K. Chambers 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(2):305-318
Tuatara (Sphenodon spp) populations are restricted to 35 offshore islands in the Hauraki Gulf, Bay of Plenty and Cook Strait of New Zealand.
Low levels of genetic variation have previously been revealed by allozyme and mtDNA analyses. In this new study, we show that
six polymorphic microsatellite loci display high levels of genetic variation in 14 populations across the geographic range
of tuatara. These populations are characterised by disjunct allele frequency spectra with high numbers of private alleles.
High F
ST (0.26) values indicate marked population structure and assignment tests allocate 96% of all individuals to their source populations.
These genetic data confirm that islands support genetically distinct populations. Principal component analysis and allelic
sequence data supplied information about genetic relationships between populations. Low numbers of rare alleles and low allelic
richness identified populations with reduced genetic diversity. Little Barrier Island has very low numbers of old tuatara
which have retained some relictual diversity. North Brother Island’s tuatara population is inbred with fixed alleles at 5
of the 6 loci. 相似文献
16.
Sinadoxa corydalifolia is the only species of Sinadoxa (Adoxaceae) with the aberrant morphology. This species has become extremely endangered in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. To
provide a population-level genetic profile for investigation and conservation of genetic diversity of this species, we developed
10 new microsatellite loci for this species by the combining biotin capture method. About 31 microsatellites were screened
from the library, 10 of the screened microsatellites are polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus in 18 individuals ranged
from 3 to 11, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.3071 to 0.6243 and from 0.1675 to 0.4357,
respectively. We further performed cross-priming tests of these primers in another species of the Adoxaceae: Adoxa moschatellina and found 9 of 10 successfully amplified the targeted sequences. These newly developed loci provide a useful tool to investigate
the genetic diversity and design the conversation measures of S. corydalifolia and study the genetic divergence and the initial speciation pattern between it and the related species in the Adoxaceae. 相似文献
17.
We developed 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers for an endangered shrub Ammopiptanthus mongolicus using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats protocol. Polymorphism of each locus was assessed in 24
individuals from five natural populations of A. mongolicus. The average allele number of these markers was 4.2, ranging from 2 to 7. The observed (H
O) and expected (H
E) heterozygosities were 0.044–0.956 and 0.044–0.827, respectively. Further assessment in the congeneric species A. nanus revealed that nine of eleven loci were successfully amplified, but only two loci showed polymorphism. These markers provide
powerful tools for the conservation genetics studies of A. mongolicus. 相似文献
18.
Clonal plants have the ability to spread and survive over long periods of time by vegetative growth. For endangered species,
the occurrence of clonality can have significant impacts on levels of genetic diversity, population structure, recruitment,
and the implementation of appropriate conservation strategies. Here we␣examine clone structure in three populations of Ambrosia pumila (Nutt.) Gray (Asteraceae), a federally endangered clonal species from southern California. Ambrosia pumila is a perennial herbaceous species spreading from a rhizome, and is frequently found in dense patches of several hundred stems
in a few square meters. The primary habitat for this species is upper terraces of rivers and drainages in areas that have
been heavily impacted by anthropogenic disturbances and changing flood regimes. RAPD markers were employed to document the
number and distribution of clones within multiple 0.25 m2 plots from each of three populations. Thirty-one multi-locus genotypes were identified from the 201 stems sampled. The spatial
distribution of clones was limited with no genotypes shared between plots or populations. Mean clone size was estimated at
9.10 ramets per genet. Genets in most plots were intermingled, conforming to a guerrilla growth form. The maximum genet spread
was 0.59 m suggesting that genets can be larger than the sampled 0.25 m2 plots. Spatial autocorrelation analysis found a lack of spatial genetic structure at short distances and significant structure
at large distances within populations. Due to the occurrence of multiple genets within each population, the limited spread
of genets, and a localized genetic structure, conservation activities should focus on the maintenance of multiple populations
throughout the species range. 相似文献
19.
Kouichi Kawamura Masashi Kubota Miki Furukawa Yasushi Harada 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(5):1163-1176
The amago salmon, Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae, is an endemic subspecies of O. masou in Japan. Owing to the extensive stocking of hatchery fish throughout Japan, indigenous populations of O. m. ishikawae are now on the verge of extinction. We examined the genetic effects of stocking hatchery fish on wild populations in the
River Koza, Japan, using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. For mtDNA, haplotype mt1, which is common in
wild populations, was present exclusively in isolated wild populations assumed to be unaffected by previous stocking, while
it was never observed in hatchery fish. Genetic diversity was much higher in wild populations in the stocked area, which shared
many mtDNA haplotypes with hatchery fish, than in isolated wild populations with haplotype mt1. Pairwise F
ST estimates based on microsatellites showed significant differentiation among the isolated populations with many microsatellite
loci monomorphic. Significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed in wild populations in the area subject
to stocking, where a Bayesian-based assignment test showed a high level of introgression with hatchery fish. These results
suggest that wild populations with haplotype mt1, which became isolated through anthropogenic environmental change in the
1950–1960s, represent indigenous populations of O. m. ishikawae in the River Koza. They have low genetic diversity, most likely caused by genetic bottlenecks following damming and environmental
deterioration, while stocking of hatchery fish over the past 30 years apparently had a large impact on the genetic structure
of wild populations in the main channel of the River Koza. 相似文献
20.
Wang J Raman H Zhou M Ryan PR Delhaize E Hebb DM Coombes N Mendham N 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2007,115(2):265-276
Aluminium (Al) tolerance in barley is conditioned by the Alp locus on the long arm of chromosome 4H, which is associated with Al-activated release of citrate from roots. We developed
a high-resolution map of the Alp locus using 132 doubled haploid (DH) lines from a cross between Dayton (Al-tolerant) and Zhepi 2 (Al-sensitive) and 2,070
F2 individuals from a cross between Dayton and Gairdner (Al-sensitive). The Al-activated efflux of citrate from the root apices
of Al-tolerant Dayton was 10-fold greater than from the Al-sensitive parents Zhepi 2 and Gairdner. A suite of markers (ABG715,
Bmag353, GBM1071, GWM165, HvMATE and HvGABP) exhibited complete linkage with the Alp locus in the DH population accounting 72% of the variation for Al tolerance evaluated as relative root elongation. These
markers were used to map this genomic region in the Dayton/Gairdner population in more detail. Flanking markers HvGABP and
ABG715 delineated the Alp locus to a 0.2 cM interval. Since the HvMATE marker was not polymorphic in the Dayton/Gairdner population we instead investigated
the expression of the HvMATE gene. Relative expression of the HvMATE gene was 30-fold greater in Dayton than Gardiner. Furthermore, HvMATE expression in the F2:3 families tested, including all the informative recombinant lines identified between HvGABP and ABG715 was significantly correlated
with Al tolerance and Al-activated citrate efflux. These results identify HvMATE, a gene encoding a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion protein, as a candidate controlling Al tolerance in barley. 相似文献