沙眼衣原体感染HeLa229细胞Bim表达及抑制凋亡研究

研究沙眼衣原体(D血清型)感染的HeLa229细胞中Bim蛋白质的表达及凋亡诱导剂作用后的凋亡情况。Western-blot检测沙眼衣原体感染和未感染的HeLa229细胞Bim蛋白质的表达水平。凋亡诱导剂etopo- side作用HeLa229细胞后,经Hoechst33258染色用荧光显微镜观察核浓缩和凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测凋亡率。HeLa229细胞在未感染及感染沙眼衣原体6 h后可检测到Bim的表达;在感染24、48 h后均未检测到Bim的表达。经etoposide作用后,未感染的HeLa229细胞观察到明显的核浓缩和凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测的凋亡率为90.64%。感染24 h的HeLa229细胞,未观察到核浓缩和凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测的凋亡率为11.50%,与未感染的HeLa229细胞诱导后的凋亡率比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。沙眼衣原体感染HeLa229细胞后可降低Bim蛋白质的表达;并能抑制etoposide诱导的细胞凋亡。     

冻融小鼠卵巢移植后细胞凋亡及血管内皮生长因子表达的变化及意义研究

目的:探讨冻融小鼠卵巢同种异体移植后细胞凋亡及血管内皮生长因子表达的变化及意义。方法:收集C57BL/6j雌鼠和BALB/c雄鼠杂交后F1代4周龄小鼠卵巢,慢冻速融后移植至杂交后F1代8～12周雄鼠的肾被膜下,分别于移植后1d(24h)、2d(48h)和7d回收移植物,将冻融以及移植后不同时间段的卵巢组织进行HE染色、全卵巢卵泡计数、电镜观察、免疫组织化学分析细胞凋亡及RT-PCR检测VEGF基因表达。结果:冻融小鼠卵巢移植后随着时间的推移、各级卵泡数和卵泡存活率逐渐下降;移植后48h内细胞凋亡指数最高;电镜观察发现小鼠卵巢组织移植后损伤主要发生在移植后48h内;移植后VEGF的表达有上升的趋势,至第7d仍维持较高水平;移植后48hVEGF120mRNA和VEGF188mRNA水平明显升高(P0.05),至7d下降恢复至移植前水平,而VEGF164mRNA水平移植后无明显变化(P0.05)。结论:小鼠卵巢组织移植后48h内细胞凋亡最为严重,移植后引起大量卵泡的丢失;在移植后血管化的过程中VEGFmRNA表达量增加,VEGF120mRNA和VEGF188mRNA可能参与卵巢移植后早期血管化过程。     

树鼩呼吸道合胞病毒感染动物模型的建立

探讨用灵长类动物树鼠句建立呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染动物模型的可行性。28只树鼠句随机分为7组,每组4只,鼻内滴入106PFU RSV,感染后每24h检测1组。另取7只树鼠句鼻内滴入100μl Hep-2细胞培养液,滴鼻后每24h检测1只作对照。无菌取树鼠句肺组织进行病毒分离、空斑形成实验检测病毒滴度、病理检查和RT-PCR检测肺组织内RSV mRNA表达。结果显示:树鼠句感染RSV后,无明显呼吸道感染症状;树鼠句肺组织匀浆接种于Hep-2细胞上,第3、4、5实验组出现细胞病变效应(CPE);树鼠句感染RSV后肺部病理改变在3~7d较为明显,主要为间质改变;在106PFU感染浓度下树鼠句肺组织内RSV处于低水平复制,复制的高峰期在3~5d,峰值在第4d。提示:树鼠句可以用来建立RSV感染的动物模型。     

减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌体内定位分析…

分析减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌口服感染后在小鼠体内定位的情况.将构建的红色荧光蛋白(RFP)原核质粒pYA33-DsRed,以电穿孔法转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌X4550,重组菌命名为X4550(33-DsRed).重组菌分别感染巨噬细胞RAW264.7和骨髓源树突状细胞(BMDC),并用流式细胞术检测红色荧光细胞荧光强度.此外,以不同剂量重组菌口服免疫BALB/c小鼠,并于免疫后1d、2d、3d、5d、7d取小鼠脾、肝、肠系膜淋巴结(MLN)、派伊尔氏结(PP)、腹股沟淋巴结(ILN)细胞,检测各组织器官中的红色荧光阳性细胞百分率.重组菌对RAW264.7细胞和BMDC均具有良好的侵袭力.口服小鼠后,第1d,仅在MLN及PP中检测到RFP阳性细胞,其中PP中阳性细胞达到1.4%;第2 d,在ILN中达到0.4%;第3 d,各个组织器官中RFP阳性细胞均有上升趋势,此时在脾、肝中也检测到RFP阳性细胞.第5 d,RFP阳性细胞均减少,第7 d则未检测到任何RFP阳性细胞.减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌具有良好的侵袭力,其黏膜移行方式以及对免疫组织器官靶向定位性,在优化黏膜疫苗以及提高疫苗免疫效力等方面都具有重要作用.     

不同表型的结核分枝杆菌诱导U937细胞凋亡率差异分析

目的利用流式细胞技术检测耐多药结核分枝杆菌(Multidrug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis,MDRTB)临床分离株和结核分枝杆菌一、二线药物敏感株分别感染U937细胞后的凋亡率及其时相性变化。方法用两组细菌分别感染U937细胞,在感染后2、4、8及12 h用流式细胞技术检测各组感染U937细胞的凋亡率,并分析其时相性变化。结果结核分枝杆菌MDR株和敏感株均能诱导U937细胞凋亡,两组细胞凋亡率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),MDR株诱导U937细胞凋亡率显著低于敏感株诱导的凋亡率,且在诱导后2、4、8及12 h各时间点的凋亡率都显著低于敏感株组,诱导早期凋亡率升高显著,特别是诱导后2 h凋亡率升高最显著,4 h以后凋亡率升高逐渐变慢。结论结核分枝杆菌临床分离株感染U937细胞后能快速诱导其凋亡,凋亡率与诱导菌株的耐药表型相关,敏感株诱导的凋亡率显著高于MDR株,诱导早期凋亡率升高最显著,4 h以后凋亡率升高减慢。     

Ad-IL-24对人胶质瘤细胞生长抑制效应的体外实验

研究携带人白介素24(IL-24)的腺病毒表达载体(Ad-IL-24)对人U251胶质瘤细胞生长的影响和抗肿瘤分子机制。将不同MOI Ad-IL-24感染U251人胶质瘤细胞后, MTT法检测Ad-IL-24对U251细胞生长的抑制作用, 流式细胞仪和Hochest 染色法检测细胞的凋亡率。RT-PCR检测bcl-2、bax、ICE、C-myc、HIF-1a和p53等基因的转录表达水平, Western blotting检测Cleaved Caspase-3的表达。结果表明100 MOI Ad-IL-24感染U251细胞后能明显抑制细胞生长, 并能明显诱导细胞凋亡, 感染72 h后细胞凋亡率可达42%, 感染4 d后细胞生长抑制率可达50%。RT-PCR检测发现Ad-IL-24能引起与细胞凋亡和血管形成相关基因bax/bcl-2、ICE、C-myc、p53的上调和HIF-1a的下调, 并促进Caspase-3的活化。本研究结果显示Ad-IL-24能明显抑制人胶质瘤细胞U251生长和诱导细胞凋亡, 其抗肿瘤机制可能与通过bax/ bcl-2、ICE、c-myc、p53的上调和HIF-1a的下调, 进而导致Caspase-3的活化而诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡有关。     

鸭呼肠孤病毒强毒株致鸭胚原代成纤维细胞凋亡的研究

通过光镜、电镜、DNA Ladder法、流式细胞术、荧光染色对鸭呼肠孤病毒(DRV)诱导鸭胚原代成纤维细胞(DEF)凋亡情况进行检测.结果显示,光镜可见细胞形态学上出现细胞皱缩,染色质浓染边移;电镜观察到细胞胞浆浓缩,细胞核染色质凝聚、部分形成凋亡小体;荧光染色结果显示,在感染后24h有激发绿色荧光的凋亡细胞出现,随着时间的推移,激发红色荧光的死亡细胞数量增多;DNA Ladder检测到感染后24～144h的DNA样品呈梯形条带;流式细胞术于感染后24h检测到凋亡细胞,其数量在72～96h达到高峰,144h开始下降.研究结果表明,DRV在DEF增殖的过程中具有诱导宿主细胞凋亡的作用.     

胃腺癌组织中高表达TNFAIP3抑制胃癌细胞凋亡

目的 研究肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白3(tumor necrosis factorα-induced protein 3,TNFAIP3)在胃腺癌组织中的表达及TNFAIP3与胃癌细胞凋亡的关系。方法 免疫组织化学检测60例胃腺癌组织和30例正常胃黏膜组织中TNFAIP3表达;Western blot检测两种胃癌细胞株MKN28和SGC7901中TNFAIP3的表达差异,流式细胞术检测两株细胞的凋亡;利用siRNA技术沉默TNFAIP3蛋白的表达后,检测转染后细胞的凋亡。结果 TNFAIP3蛋白在正常胃黏膜组织中多呈低表达,而在胃腺癌组织中多呈高表达。其在低分化腺癌中表达高于高中分化腺癌,而与胃腺癌患者的年龄、性别、浸润深度和淋巴结转移无关。SGC7901细胞中TNFAIP3蛋白表达显著高于MKN28,而SGC7901细胞凋亡率显著低于MKN28细胞。siRNA-TNFAIP3转染SGC7901细胞后,流式细胞术检测显示降低TNFAIP3蛋白表达可显著提高SGC7901的凋亡率。结论 胃腺癌组织中高表达TNFAIP3可能通过抑制胃癌的细胞凋亡而参与胃癌的发生和发展。     

Galectin-7在哮喘儿童支气管黏膜中的表达及对支气管上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨半乳糖凝集素-7(Galectin-7)在哮喘儿童支气管黏膜中的表达及对支气管上皮细胞凋亡的影响。方法:收集哮喘儿童支气管黏膜及支气管扩张非哮喘儿童支气管黏膜,Western blot检测其Galectin-7的表达。体外培养人支气管上皮细胞,分为正常组、对照组、感染组和实验组,正常组用正常的人支气管上皮细胞,对照组细胞用转染siRNA control后的人支气管上皮细胞,感染组细胞用RSV感染后的人支气管上皮细胞,实验组细胞为RSV感染后并转染siRNA Galectin-7的人支气管上皮细胞。培养24 h后,检测各组细胞中Galectin-7蛋白表达,并采用流式细胞术检测各组细胞的凋亡情况,Western blot检测细胞中Bcl-2、Bax、STAT3、p-STAT3蛋白的表达。结果:哮喘儿童支气管黏膜中Galectin-7的表达明显高于非哮喘儿童支气管黏膜组织(P0.01)。正常组和对照组Galectin-7水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),感染组Galectin-7、Bax表达和细胞凋亡率均明显高于正常组,而Bcl-2、p-STAT3的表达均明显低于正常组(P0.01),实验组Galectin-7、Bax表达和细胞凋亡率明显低于感染组,而Bcl-2、p-STAT3的表达均明显高于感染组(P0.01)。结论:Galectin-7在哮喘儿童支气管黏膜中表达上调,可能通过活化STAT3,促进支气管上皮细胞凋亡。     

AcMNPVie—1基因诱导的斜纹夜蛾细胞凋亡

苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒 (Autographacalifornicamulticapsidnucleopolyhedrovirus,AcMNPV)感染可诱导斜纹夜蛾 (Spodopteralitura)离体细胞Sl zsu 1发生典型的细胞凋亡。通过细胞松弛素 (cytochalasinD)和NH4Cl的抑制实验 ,分别排除病毒粒子结合细胞受体蛋白 ,和病毒在核内体运输过程启动细胞凋亡信号发生的可能性。RT PCR实验证实 ,病毒基因组进入了细胞核 ,极早期基因ie 1开始了转录 ;而DNA聚合酶抑制剂 (芽栖菌素 )的存在对病毒诱导的细胞凋亡程度与进程均没有明显的影响。这说明细胞凋亡的信号是先于病毒晚期复制事件启动的。单独转染AcMNPV极早期基因ie 1可诱导斜纹夜蛾离体细胞系Sl zsu 1细胞发生部分凋亡 ,转染 2 4h后出现凋亡小体 ,4 8h达到高峰。提取转染细胞的总DNA电泳 ,可检测到典型的DNA梯形条带 (DNAladder)。另外 ,AcMNPV的ie 1基因温度敏感突变株tsB82 1在非受纳温度感染细胞时 ,细胞不发生凋亡。这些结果暗示 ,在AcMNPV感染诱导的Sl zsu 1细胞凋亡中 ,ie 1基因是一个凋亡信号的直接或间接诱导因子。     

Comparative analysis of apoptotic changes in peripheral immune organs and lungs following experimental infection of piglets with highly pathogenic and classical porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Background

Our previous studies have demonstrated that piglets infected with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) may develop significant thymus atrophy, which related to thymocytes apoptosis. However, apart from that detected in the thymus, there are no reports describing cell apoptosis induced by HP-PRRSV infection. In this study, we analyzed comparatively the pathological changes, cell apoptosis and viral load in peripheral immune organs including tonsil, inguinal lymph nodes (ILNs) and spleen and lungs following experimental infection of piglets with HP-PRRSV HuN4 and classical PRRSV CH-1a.

Findings

HP-PRRSV HuN4 exhibited much stronger cell tropism than CH-1a in immune organs and lungs of piglets. HuN4 infection led to the serious injuries in tonsils, ILNs, spleens and lungs, especially apoptosis in these organs was significant.

Conclusions

HuN4 infection induced severe lesions (gross pathology, histopathology and cell apoptosis) in the peripheral immune organs and lungs of infected piglets. Large numbers of apoptotic cells in immune organs and lung induced by HuN4 may play a role in the pathogenesis of the HP-PRRS and the distinct injuries caused by HuN4 infection may be associated with the high mortality rate of HP-PRRS in pigs.     

High levels of viral replication contrast with only transient changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell numbers during the early phase of experimental infection with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1 in Mandrillus sphinx

Early events during human immunodeficiency virus infections are considered to reflect the capacity of the host to control infection. We have studied early virus and host parameters during the early phase of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1 nonpathogenic infection in its natural host, Mandrillus sphinx. Four mandrills were experimentally infected with a primary SIVmnd-1 strain derived from a naturally infected mandrill. Two noninfected control animals were monitored in parallel. Blood and lymph nodes were collected at three time points before infection, twice a week during the first month, and at days 60, 180, and 360 postinfection (p.i.). Anti-SIVmnd-1 antibodies were detected starting from days 28 to 32 p.i. Neither elevated temperature nor increased lymph node size were observed. The viral load in plasma peaked between days 7 to 10 p.i. (2 × 10⁶ to 2 × 10⁸ RNA equivalents/ml). Viremia then decreased 10- to 1,000-fold, reaching the viral set point between days 30 to 60 p.i. The levels during the chronic phase of infection were similar to that in the naturally infected donor mandrill (2 × 10⁵ RNA equivalents/ml). The CD4⁺ cell numbers and percentages in blood and lymph nodes decreased slightly (<10%) during primary infection, and CD8⁺ cell numbers increased transiently. All values returned to preinfection infection levels by day 30 p.i. CD8⁺ cell numbers or percentages, in peripheral blood and lymph nodes, did not increase during the 1 year of follow-up. In conclusion, SIVmnd-1 has the capacity for rapid and extensive replication in mandrills. Despite high levels of viremia, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cell numbers remained stable in the post-acute phase of infection, raising questions regarding the susceptibility of mandrill T cells to activation and/or cell death in response to SIVmnd-1 infection in vivo.     

Dynamics of nontypical apoptotic morphological changes visualized by green fluorescent protein in living cells with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection

Morphologically, apoptotic cells are characterized by highly condensed membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies. Recently, we reported that apoptosis precedes necrosis in a fish cell line infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). In the present study, we tested the possibility that nontypical apoptosis is a component of IPNV-induced fish cell death. A variant type of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was expressed in a fish cell line such that EGFP served as a protein marker for visualizing dynamic apoptotic cell morphological changes and for tracing membrane integrity changes during IPNV infection. Direct morphological changes were visualized by fluorescence microscopy by EGFP in living cells infected with IPNV. The nontypical apoptotic morphological change stage occurred during the pre-late stage (6 to 7 h postinfection). Nontypical apoptotic features, including highly condensed membrane blebbing, occurred during the middle apoptotic stage. At the pre-late apoptotic stage, membrane vesicles quickly formed, blebbed, and were finally pinched off from the cell membrane. At the same time, at this pre-late apoptotic stage, apoptotic cells formed unique small holes in their membranes that ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 micrometer according to examination by scanning electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Quantitation of the intra- and extracellular release of EGFP by CHSE-214-EGFP cells after IPNV infection was done by Western blotting and fluorometry. Membrane integrity was quickly lost during the late apoptotic stage (after 8 h postinfection), and morphological change and membrane integrity loss could be prevented and blocked by treatment with apoptosis inhibitors such as cycloheximide, genistein, and EDTA before IPNV infection. Together, these findings show the apoptotic features at the onset of pathology in host cells (early and middle apoptotic stages), followed secondarily by nontypical apoptosis (pre-late apoptotic stage) and then by postapoptotic necrosis (late apoptotic stage), of a fish cell line. Our results demonstrate that nontypical apoptosis is a component of IPNV-induced fish cell death.     

Induction of apoptosis in host cells: a survival mechanism for Leishmania parasites?

Leishmania parasites invade host macrophages, causing infections that are either limited to skin or spread to internal organs. In this study, 3 species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis, L. major, L. aethiopica and L. tropica, were tested for their ability to interfere with apoptosis in host macrophages in 2 different lines of human monocyte-derived macrophages (cell lines THP-1 and U937) and the results confirmed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). All 3 species induced early apoptosis 48 h after infection (expression of phosphatidyl serine on the outer membrane). There were significant increases in the percentage of apoptotic cells both for U937 and PBMC following infection with each of the 3 species. Early apoptotic events were confirmed by mitochondrial membrane permeabilization detection and caspase activation 48 and 72 h after infection. Moreover, the percentage of infected THP-1 and U937 macrophages increased significantly (up to 100%) following treatment with an apoptosis inducer. Since phosphatidyl serine externalization on apoptosing cells acts as a signal for engulfment by macrophages, induction of apoptosis in the parasitized cells could actively participate in spreading the infection. In summary, parasite-containing apoptotic bodies with intact membranes could be released and phagocytosed by uninfected macrophages.     

CHOP双重调控衣霉素诱导的DU-145细胞凋亡及自噬的研究

目的研究内质网应激分子CHOP调控细胞凋亡与自噬的作用和机制。 方法利用衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞产生内质网应激,Western Blot法检测内质网应激相关分子Grp78、Grp94、p-eIF2α和CHOP及自噬蛋白LC3Ⅱ、Atg5和Beclin1的表达;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡水平;沉默CHOP基因,用Western Blot法检测凋亡蛋白PARP、Caspase3的表达,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;并利用免疫荧光检测自噬标志性蛋白LC3B的表达。 结果衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激能诱导一定程度的细胞凋亡,衣霉素处理8、12、24?h的细胞凋亡率分别为3.27﹪±1.02﹪,8.97﹪±0.71﹪和11.67﹪±1.41﹪,处理12?h及24?h的细胞凋亡率与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。同时也能通过抑制PI3K/AKt/mTOR信号通路激活DU-145细胞自噬。CHOP基因沉默抑制细胞凋亡,shCtrl组细胞凋亡率为32.17﹪±3.93﹪,shCHOP-1组细胞凋亡率为23.53﹪±3.41﹪,两组相比差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。且CHOP基因沉默能促进细胞自噬分子LC3B的表达。 结论衣霉素诱导DU-145细胞内质网应激状态下,CHOP在细胞凋亡与自噬之间发挥双重调控作用。     

Direct detection of apoptotic cells in peripheral blood from highly pathogenic SHIV-inoculated monkey

Apoptosis in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) has been estimated by the enhancement of spontaneous apoptosis after in vitro culture, because apoptotic cells have not been observed directly in freshly isolated PBL in the course of HIV/AIDS. In monkeys infected with a highly pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), which corresponds to rapid progressors of HIV infection, a high frequency of apoptotic cells was directly detected in fresh PBL by electron-microscopic studies. Peripheral blood apoptosis transiently occurred after intense plasma viremia, and peaking at 3 weeks postinfection; occurrence was not limited specifically to lymphocytes, but also occurred in other types of leukocytes. Apoptosis in peripheral lymph nodes was also detected following intense plasma viremia. However, the in vivo apoptosis was not detected in nonpathogenic SHIV-infected monkeys that showed no cell loss. Thus, we directly showed the apoptosis of PBL, which might be associated with pathogenic SHIV produced during the time of plasma viremia.     

Atrophy of mesenteric lymph nodes in experimental Chagas' disease: differential role of Fas/Fas-L and TNFRI/TNF pathways

It is currently accepted that experimental acute infection by Trypanosoma cruzi promotes changes in secondary lymphoid organs, with general T and B lymphocyte polyclonal activation. Here we show that mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of acutely infected mice show severe atrophy due to extensive lymphocyte apoptosis. Accordingly, clusters of apoptotic cells are detected in the initial phase of infection in MLN but not in subcutaneous nodes. Moreover, such atrophy is independent of the infection route, parasite load or the mouse strain used. Studies in Fas-L deficient (BALB gld/gld+/+) and in TNF type 1 receptor (p55-/-) knockout mice indicate that both molecules are involved in MLN atrophy: Fas-L participates in cell death of CD4+ as well as B lymphocytes, whereas the TNF type 1 receptor is important for the apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In contrast, perforin does not play a role, as lymph nodes from perforin-deficient mice do not behave differently from the corresponding wild types. Our data support the concept that, even in a systemic infection, differential (even opposing) responses can be found in different lymph node chains.     

Activation, differentiation, and migration of naive virus-specific CD8+ T cells during pulmonary influenza virus infection

The low precursor frequency of individual virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in a naive host makes the early events of CD8(+) T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation in response to viral infection a challenge to identify. We have therefore examined the response of naive CD8(+) T cells to pulmonary influenza virus infection with a murine adoptive transfer model using hemagglutinin-specific TCR transgenic CD8(+) T cells. Initial activation of CD8(+) T cells occurs during the first 3 days postinfection exclusively within the draining lymph nodes. Acquisition of CTL effector functions, including effector cytokine and granule-associated protease expression, occurs in the draining lymph nodes and differentially correlates with cell division. Division of activated CD8(+) T cells within the draining lymph nodes occurs in an asynchronous manner between days 3 and 4 postinfection. Despite the presence of Ag for several days within the draining lymph nodes, dividing T cells do not appear to maintain contact with residual Ag. After multiple cell divisions, CD8(+) T cells exit the draining lymph nodes and migrate to the infected lung. Activated CD8(+) T cells also disseminate throughout lymphoid tissue including the spleen and distal lymph nodes following their emigration from draining lymph nodes. These results demonstrate an important role for draining lymph nodes in orchestrating T cell responses during a local infection of a discrete organ to generate effector CD8(+) T cells capable of responding to infection and seeding peripheral lymphoid tissues.