沙地云杉生态型对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应

采用干旱胁迫处理不同生态型沙地云杉幼苗,对其主干高生长、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量进行了测定．结果表明,沙地云杉幼苗高生长明显受到干旱胁迫的抑制,绿果型沙地云杉在水分条件良好的情况下,高生长迅速,明显高于紫果型沙地云杉．随着干旱胁迫强度的增强,其高生长受抑制的程度高于紫果型沙地云杉．红果型沙地云杉处于二者之间．同时干旱胁迫也影响沙地云杉生长进程,使得其封顶时间提前一个多月．MDA含量无论在叶还是根中呈上升趋势,只是在土壤含水量在10％左右出现轻度胁迫时略有下降;叶片中MDA含量明显高于根中;从不同生态型来看,紫果型沙地云杉体内MDA含量高,绿果型低且具有较大的变化幅度．脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫强度增加而增加;绿果型沙地云杉根部脯氨酸含量在处理4之前高于另外两种生态型．叶绿素的变化规律,紫果型和红果型沙地云杉基本相同,只是红果型含量略微低于紫果型．其叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量都是开始逐渐升高;随着胁迫强度增加,叶绿素含量下降;绿果型沙地云杉叶绿素含量总体上都呈下降趋势,只有叶绿素b含量在胁迫初期有所增加．从叶绿素a／b值出现下降趋势,但不同生态型表现不一样．绿果型沙地云杉由最高下降到最低,紫果型沙地云杉下降幅度较小,红果型介于二者之间．表明不同生态型沙地云杉抗旱能力不同,紫果型>红果型>绿果型．     

蒜头果的民间利用

蒜头果的民间利用陆树刚蒜头果仅自然分布于中国云南东南部至广西西北部的狭窄地带,是国家重点保护的稀有树种,又是油、材两用的重要经济植物和优良的石山绿化树种。植物学家认识蒜头果的历史很短。在１９７３年出版的《中国油脂植物手册》和《云南经济植物》中,蒜头果...     

蒜头果幼苗衰退过程中组织养分含量变化特征

在没有寄主植物存在的情况下,蒜头果幼苗长势随独立生长时间延长而逐渐衰退是一种普遍现象。为解析蒜头果幼苗衰退过程中组织养分含量变化和分布特征,该研究比较了独立生长半年、两年和三年的蒜头果植株各部分组织中N、P、K元素浓度变化,并用组织切片染色法定性评估了这些不同衰退程度幼苗的根和茎杆中淀粉分布和含量变化。结果表明：(1)蒜头果幼苗在衰退过程中,除侧根中K浓度逐渐升高外,其余器官中组织N、P、K浓度逐渐降低,叶片N/P比逐渐失衡,衰退程度不同的幼苗所受的养分胁迫类型存在差异,其中独立生长半年的蒜头果幼苗主要受N供应不足的限制(平均N/P比11.33),两年后转为P限制(平均N/P比17.81),三年后蒜头果幼苗叶片N/P比严重失衡(均值52.46),活力极低,不适合用于造林。(2)植株淀粉含量水平逐渐降低,独立生长三年后蒜头果幼苗植株中淀粉消耗殆尽。幼苗茎根交界处、根顶膨大处、主根及侧根的淀粉含量水平在不同衰退程度的幼苗间差异均较显著,表明淀粉含量水平可以作为评估幼苗活力的重要参考,其中侧根可以作为微创法检测幼苗活力的理想取样部位。鉴于独立生长的蒜头果幼苗活力逐渐衰退与组织养分含量降低有关...     

杂交水稻及其亲本光合特性的研究 Ⅰ．功能叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素－蛋白复合物及诱导荧光动力学

研究了杂交水稻青优１５９和广优四号及其亲本功能叶片的光合速率、叶绿素含量、叶绿素－蛋白复合物及诱导荧光动力学特性．这二个杂交水稻的光合速率分别高于其亲本,其超亲优势分别为１８．７２％和１８．２％,平均优势分别为２９．６％和２６．２％．杂交水稻功能叶片的叶绿素－蛋白复合物在６５０ｎｍ和６７５ｎｍ处光密度扫描峰面积具有明显的杂种优势,并与光合速率之间有较密切的正相关关系;叶绿素诱导荧光动力学特征参数Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ和Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ比值超过其高值亲本,具有杂种优势;杂交水稻功能叶片的叶绿素含量没有明显的杂种优势,光合速率与叶绿素含量之间没有明显的相关关系。而杂交水稻功能叶片的叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值均低于其亲本,并且叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值与光合速率呈较为密切负相关．     

欧洲3种常见乔木幼苗在两种光环境下叶片的气体交换、叶绿素含量和氮素含量

在室内测定了分别栽培于全光照和20％光照条件下的垂枝桦Betulapendula,欧洲水青冈Fagussylvatica和欧洲白栎Quercusrobur幼苗叶片的光合作用－光响应曲线、叶片气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、水分利用效率,叶绿素含量和氮素含量,并分析叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率的回归关系．20％光照条件引起净光合速率的光饱和点下降,叶片气孔导度和水分利用效率以及单位叶面积叶绿素含量降低,叶片的光合物质积累减少,但氮素含量上升．回归分析结果表明,叶片叶绿素含量与净光合速率成正相关．3种植物的幼苗对荫蔽条件有一定的适应性,其中B．pendula和Q．robur的耐荫能力比Fsylvatica强.     

控制水稻叶片叶绿素含量及其离体叶片叶绿素降解速度相关的QTL定位(简报)

许多研究认为,在一定范围内,叶绿素含量与光合速率成正相关关系、叶绿素含量高的水稻叶片能延缓衰老。理论上推算,水稻叶片如果推迟1天衰老,可使水稻增产2％左右,而实际实验结果表明可增产1％左右。叶片早衰往往也是造成有些水稻品种结实率偏低、空秕率较高及产量降低的主要原因。叶片衰老是水稻发育过程中的生命现象,它是水稻在长期进化过程中形成的适应性。叶片衰老的显著特征之一是叶绿素含量下降,叶色褪绿变黄。[第一段]     

淹水胁迫对秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗叶片C、N及单宁含量的影响——一个关于碳素-营养平衡假说的实验

通过在福建厦门同安湾潮间带滩涂种植红树植物秋茄,测定不同滩面高程（黄海高程1．6,1．0,0．4m）下1年生秋茄幼苗叶片单宁、C、N、叶绿素含量及幼苗的生长指标,研究了淹水胁迫对秋茄幼苗次生代谢物质单宁的影响及作用机理。结果表明,随着滩面高程的降低,淹水胁迫增强,秋加幼茁生物量、叶片C／N及单宁含量显著降低,在滩面高程0．4m处,与1．0m和1．6m相比,幼苗生物量分别降低了18．2％和47．0％,叶片C／N比值分别降低了17．5％和20．0％,相应地,叶片单宁含量也分别降低了44．6％和70．5％。秋茄幼苗叶片单宁含量与叶片C／N比值呈显著止相关（R=0．8425）,表明秋茄幼苗叶片中C、N含量及单宁含量对淹水胁迫的响应符合碳素／营养平衡假说。     

脱落酸与镉处理对辣椒果实中辣椒素和维生素C含量的影响

本文以湘研15号辣椒为材料,研究了脱落酸（ABA）与镉（Cd^2＋）在辣椒米实不同发育时期对辣椒素和维生素C含量的影响,并分析了处理后辣椒素、维生素C含量变化与POD活性以及叶片光合特征之间的关系。结果表明：湘研15号辣椒植株经ABA与Cd^2＋处理后果实中辣椒素含量峰值分别比对照提高了80．4％与61．4％,POD活性均显著升高,二者处理后辣椒果实中的辣椒素、POD变化趋势基本一致,处理后叶片光合速率均有下降趋势。ABA处理后果实中维生素C含量在转色期比对照降低12．8％～21．7％,叶片中叶绿素相对值显著增加;Cd^2＋处理后果实中维生素C含量在转色期比对照减少18％～25％,红熟期减少13％-26％,叶片叶绿素相对值在红熟期之前比CK显著降低。     

不同光照强度对西洋参光合特性,营养成分和产量的影响

在２１．６％自然光强下生长的西洋参叶片,光合作用的光饱和点和光补偿点皆比１１％自然光强下的高．在恒定条件下,光合作用最适温度为２８℃．２１．６％自然光强下的光合产物,较多地分配到根部,１１％自然光强下则分配到果实中的高．光合速率在一定范围内随透光强度的增加而提高,以透光３０％的叶片为最高．其日变化呈双峰曲线．叶绿素含量在一定范围内随光强的增加而降低,叶绿素ｂ含量的变化亦为同样趋势．叶片结构以弱光和强光相比,在上表皮角质层花纹、下表皮气孔数、叶肉细胞形状、叶绿体数及其基粒片层结构都有明显差别．参的产量随光强的增加而显著增加,但以透光３０％时增长幅度最大,４０％时增长变小．根中总皂苷和氨基酸含量在一定范围内随光强而增加,至透光４０％时又下降．     

水稻光合功能相关性状QTL分析

利用粳稻Kinmaze／籼稻DV85杂交后代单粒传衍生的81个F11家系所组成的重组自交系（Recombinant Inbred Lines,RILs）群体,研究水稻光合功能相关性状的数量性状基因座（QTL）。在水稻抽穗后7d测定叶片全氮含量（TLN）、叶绿素a／b比值（Chl．a：b）和叶绿素含量（Chl）。共检测到6个QTL,各QTL的LOD值为2．66～4．81,贡献率为11．2％-29．6％,其中,在第1、2和11染色体上检测到3个与全氮含量相关的QTL,相应贡献率为17．3％、15．3％、13．7％;在第3和4染色体检测到2个与叶绿素a／b比值相关的QTL,贡献率为13．8％和29．6％;在第1染色体检测到1个与叶绿素含量相关的QTL,贡献率为11．2％。4个QTL为本研究新检测的基因座。有趣的是,控制叶绿素含量的qCC-1位于第1染色体上RFLP标记C122附近,与已报道的NADH-谷氨酸合成酶基因位置一致,而叶绿素合成始于谷氨酸,暗示该基因座与水稻光合功能关系极为密切。然而,对抽穗后30d叶绿素含量进行QTL分析,结果未检测到与其相关的QTL,表明控制叶绿素含量qCC-1效应随水稻叶片的衰老而降低。     

蒜头果的核型

Inthis paper, the kmyotype of Molania oleifera Chun et Lee has been reported for the first time. The result shows that the number of the somatic chromosome of the species is 26, and its basic chro-mosome number is x = 13. The hayotype fonmtla is 2n = 2x = 24m (2SAT) 2sin, and belongs to 1A type of Stebbins karyotypic symmetry.     

Concentration and retention of chlorophyll around the extrafloral nectary of Mallotus japonicus

Plants need to allocate some of their limited resources for defense against herbivores as well as for growth and reproduction. However, the priority of resource allocation within plants has not been investigated. We hypothesized that plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) invest more chlorophyll around their EFNs—to support a high rate of carbon fixation there—than in other leaf parts of young leaves. Additionally, this chlorophyll may remain around EFNs rather than in the other leaf parts. We used Mallotus japonicus plants to investigate the chlorophyll content at leaf centers and edges and around EFNs at four stages of leaf development: middle‐expanded young leaves, fully expanded mature leaves, senior leaves, and leaves prior to abscission. These four stages of development were located at the third, fifth, eighth, and eleventh leaf positions from the apex, respectively. The results revealed that the chlorophyll content around the EFN side of the third‐position leaves was higher than that at the leaf center or edge. Although the chlorophyll content in the fifth‐position leaves did not differ between those at the leaf edge and around EFNs, the chlorophyll content around EFNs in the eighth‐position leaves was higher than that at the leaf centre and edge. The volume of EF nectar was positively correlated with the chlorophyll content around EFN during the leaf stage, but it was not correlated with the chlorophyll content in the leaf center and edge, except in fifth‐position leaves. These findings suggest that M. japonicus plants facilitate and maintain secretion of EF nectar in their young and old leaves, respectively, through the concentration and retention of chlorophyll around EFNs.     

The loss of seagrass in cockburn sound,Western Australia. III. The effect of epiphytes on productivity of Posidonia australis Hook. F.

The hypothesis was examined that increased epiphyte growth was responsible for a reduction in seagrass meadows in Cockburn Sound during the discharge of nutrient-rich effluent. One study site was in a deteriorating meadow near an effluent outfall, the other at similar depth in an unaffected meadow in more oceanic water. Seagrass production at the first site was less than that at the second, with 33% lower growth per shoot and 29% less dense meadow. Water at the former site had higher mean concentrations of chlorophyll and phosphate than the latter, but light reaching the seagrass meadows was not significantly different. Epiphyte loads (as dry weight or chlorophyll per unit leaf area) were 2–8 times higher at the former site. Seasonal changes in epiphyte loads were well correlated with periphyton biomass on glass slides or plastic seagrass.Photosynthesis of leaf segments, with and without epiphytes, was measured using an oxygen meter in the laboratory; epiphyte photosynthetic rates were similar to those of periphyton on plastic, expressed per unit chlorophyll. The percentage reduction in light by known periphyton loads was measured, and used to calculate light reduction by epiphytes in the field, which was estimated to be 63% on average at the first site and 15% at the second. Pooling data for sites and seasons, there was a negative log-linear relationship between leaf production and epiphyte load. The observations provide support for the suggestion that seagrass loss in the Sound may be attributed to enhanced epiphyte loads following nutrient enrichment.     

RuBP carboxylase activity in wheat following ear emergence and evaluation of the role of ear

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity and chlorophyll content were measured in the leaves and reproductive parts of two wheat cultivars after ear emergence. The chlorophyll content of the flag leaf was mostly higher than that of the awns and glumes. Awns had the highest chlorophyll content among reproductive parts. Light transmission to the lower leaves was higher in the dwarf cultivar Moti than in the medium tall cultivar Kalyansona. RuBP carboxylase activity in Kalyansona leaves was higher than in Moti leaves. In postanthesis stages there was no difference in RuBP carboxylase activity in the flag leaf and lower leaves between cultivars. Awns had the maximum activity of RuBP carboxylase followed by glumes and grains among ear parts. The relative capacity for photosynthesis in the ear parts was several times higher than in the flag leaf on a unit chlorophyll basis. It is suggested that in a crop canopy in the field, the spike(ear) may have a greater importance in grain development than has been previously estimated.     

实生和嫁接槐树的枝梢生长与光合特性

测定槐树实生树和嫁接树叶片的光合光响应特性、比叶重和叶绿素含量及枝梢生长的结果表明,嫁接树枝梢基径和高度增长趋势与实生树一致,但嫁接树一次、二次梢基径和高度增长量均大于实生树。嫁接树的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、比叶重和单位重量的叶绿素含量均显著高于实生树,高的光合能力与其单位面积叶片重量增加和单位重量叶绿素含量增高有关。嫁接槐树的类胡萝卜素与叶绿素比值高于实生槐树,叶绿素a,b比值和单位重量类胡萝卜素含量显著高于实生槐树,表明其对强光的适应性强。     

白桦黄叶突变株叶色变化规律及苗高生长特性分析

植物叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用机制、叶绿素生物合成分解途径的理想材料。为了研究白桦T-DNA突变株（yl）叶色与叶绿素含量的关系及yl苗高生长特性,实验以yl突变株为材料,测定其叶绿素与叶色的时序变化规律,分析生长特性。实验结果显示,白桦在生长季的不同发育时期,yl突变株的叶色一直呈现深黄绿色,色度计测定发现其叶片黄色程度及亮度均高于对照株系,叶色参数b*值分布于CIELab系统色拼图的黄色区域;从早春到9月中旬,yl突变株的叶绿素SPAD值一直显著低于对照株系（P<0.05）,该值与a*值呈显著的负相关。yl突变株苗高显著低于对照株系,苗高年生长仅是对照株系均值的35.15%,其速生期内苗高日生长量均值（GD）也显著低于对照株系,是对照株系均值的58.50%,认为苗高生长量的降低是由于T-DNA插入突变影响了叶绿素生物合成的结果。     

小麦根系活力变化与叶片衰老的研究

对小麦根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率变化的田问实验结果表明,根系活力的衰退早且快于叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率的衰退;根系活力和叶片光合速率呈正相关关系(r=0．8006)．拔节期追施氮肥,改善根际营养条件后,叶片的光合速率、根系活力明显提高,叶片中ABA含量降低,ZRs升高,SOD活性增加,MDA的高峰期比对照推迟8～10d,说明根系活力变化与地上部叶片的衰老密切相关,改善根际营养,提高生育前期的根系活力有助于延缓地上部分的衰老．     

Inhibition of chilling-induced photooxidative damage to leaves of Cucumis sativus L. by treatment with amino alcohols

The effect of pretreatment of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) roots with choline chloride or ethanolamine on leaf phospholipid composition and light-induced leaf damage during chilling was studied. Photooxidative chlorophyll degradation was similarly inhibited by both amino alcohols. The decrease of the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio and the increase of polyunsaturated-fatty-acid degradation during chilling in the light were equally inhibited by pretreatment with choline chloride or ethanolamine. Treatment with choline chloride and ethanolamine caused, respectively, 43% and 26% increases in the total phospholipid contents of the leaves. After treatment with choline chloride, the phosphatidylcholine content was higher than the content of phosphatidylethanolamine; the reverse was true after treatment with ethanolamine. The chlorophyll concentration increased less than the phospholipid concentration, resulting in a decreased chlorophyll/phospholipid ratio of treated leaves. During chilling in the light, degradation of phosphatidylcholine, ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol occurred. Phosphatidyl glycerol was less sensitive than phosphatidylcholine and ethanolamine. The degradation was equally inhibited by pretreatment with either amino alcohol. Possible connections between the phospholipid content of leaf membranes and the inhibition of chilling-induced photooxidative leaf damage are discussed.Abbreviations CC choline chloride - Chl chlorophyll - EA ethanolamine - PC phosphatidyl choline - PE phosphatidyl ethanolamine - PG phosphatidyl glycerol     

硅对菜心炭疽病发生、菜薹形成及硅吸收沉积的影响

采用不同浓度硅(Si)对菜心进行处理, 研究了Si对菜心炭疽病发生、菜薹形成及Si吸收沉积的影响.结果表明：Si对菜心炭疽病的发生有明显的调控作用,并存在基因型差异;感病品种2.5 mmol·L^-1和抗病品种0.5 mmol·L^-1Si处理对炭疽病菌的抗性最强,病情指数最低,菜薹产量最高.Si对菜心品质也有明显影响,不同浓度Si处理可促进感病品种的叶绿素、粗纤维、Vc的合成,并诱导可溶性糖的生成,且叶绿素、粗纤维含量随Si处理浓度的提高而增加;抗病品种的叶绿素含量随Si处理浓度的增加明显增加,而Vc含量下降,Si对抗病品种的粗纤维、可溶性糖含量影响不显著;Si对两个品种菜薹的粗蛋白和可溶性蛋白质含量影响均不显著.施Si明显提高了菜心叶片Si的积累,且叶片的Si含量随着Si处理浓度的增加而显著提高;叶片组织沉积的Si粒大小不一,Si在叶片表皮组织呈不均匀分布.表明Si在菜心叶片中的积累可提高植株的抗病能力,但其积累量与植株的抗病能力不呈直线相关关系.     

Carbon Fixation Gradients across Spinach Leaves Do Not Follow Internal Light Gradients

In situ measurements of 14C-CO2 incorporation into 40-[mu]m paradermal leaf sections of sun- and shade-grown spinach leaves were determined. Chlorophyll, carotenoid, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content in similar 40-[mu]m paradermal leaf sections was also measured. The carbon fixation gradient did not follow the leaf internal light gradient, which decreases exponentially across the leaf. Instead, the 14C-CO2 fixation was higher in the middle of the leaf. Contrary to expectations, the distribution of carbon fixation across the leaf showed that the spongy mesophyll contributes significantly to the total carbon reduced. Approximately 60% of the carboxylation occurred in the palisade mesophyll and 40% occurred in the spongy mesophyll. Carbon reduction correlated well with Rubisco content, and no correlation between chlorophyll and carotenoid content and Rubisco was observed in sun plants. The correlation among chlorophyll, carotenoids, Rubisco, and carbon fixation was higher in shade leaves than in sun leaves. The results are discussed in relation to leaf photosynthetic and biochemical measurements that generally consider the leaf as a single homogeneous unit.