水螅体表鳃隐鞭虫的安全清除方法

鳃隐鞭虫Cryptobia branchialis常寄生在鱼鳃上,易导致鱼类窒息死亡。中性红是一种易氧化分解的常用活体生物染色剂。本研究以普通水螅Hydra vulgaris为材料,使用中性红溶液,探索有效清除水螅体表鳃隐鞭虫的安全浓度与使用方法。结果表明:中性红浓度20³0 mg·L-1(25℃±1℃)时10 min可有效清除鳃隐鞭虫,且不影响水螅的正常生长。中性红浓度为2030 mg·L-1(25℃±1℃)时10 min可有效清除鳃隐鞭虫,且不影响水螅的正常生长。中性红浓度为20⁵0 mg·L-1时,触手出现解体的对应时间为3050 mg·L-1时,触手出现解体的对应时间为30¹0 min。研究表明,中性红溶液浓度与处理时间科学组合,能达到安全高效杀灭水螅体表寄生原虫的目的。     

播散性隐球菌病1例及其实验研究

目的 播散性隐球菌病1例临床及实验研究.方法 患者男,72岁,红皮病1年2个月,口服醋酸泼尼松治疗,双下肢出现结节、溃烂6个月.皮损组织病理、皮损组织真菌培养、尿素酶试验、PCR扩增测序比对明确诊断,同时做胸部及脑部CT.结果 皮损组织病理显示为感染肉芽肿改变,可见大量圆形和椭圆形酵母细胞.皮损组织真菌培养可见酵母样菌落生长,菌株尿素酶试验阳性,ITS区测序比对鉴定为新生隐球菌grubii变种.血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原乳胶凝集试验阳性(++++).胸部CT显示左下肺后基底段空洞性病灶.依据临床及实验室检查确诊为由新生隐球菌grubii变种引起的 播散性隐球菌病.给予患者静滴氟康唑400 mg/d治疗2周,之后改口服300 mg/d治疗,3个月后结节性皮损全部消退,胸片显示左肺陈旧性病变,血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原乳胶凝集试验阳性(++).治疗15个月后,血清隐球菌荚膜多糖抗原乳胶凝集试验仍阳性(++).结论 对该病例的临床和实验室研究为临床明确诊断和治疗提供了依据,确定菌种需要进行分子生物学研究.     

水螅体表鳃隐鞭虫,车轮虫的防治

用不同浓度硫酸铜、亚甲基蓝和中性红处理寄生于水螅的鳃隐鞭虫和车轮虫。结果表明,０２×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸铜、３３４×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ亚早基蓝和２３１×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ中性红的溶液,能分别在１０４小时、１３小时和５２小时内完全杀死其体表虫体,且对水螅无任何伤害;当分别高于上述３种浓度时,随浓度升高,对水螅的伤害愈严重;当分别低于上述３种浓度时,不能完全杀灭其体表虫体。经比较,认为中性红毒性低,易氧化分解,污染甚微,是杀灭水螅体表鳃隐鞭虫和车轮虫的理想药物。亦可供水产养殖等参考。     

原发性皮肤隐球菌病

原发性皮肤隐球菌病的存在与否多年来一直存在争议,直到近3年才逐步得到了确立。目前对于本病的研究刚刚开始。本文从本病的病原学、易感因素、临床表现、诊断、治疗以及皮肤感染后的全身播散等方面对本病作一介绍。     

肺隐球菌病12例临床分析

目的 提高对隐球菌病的认识.方法 对确诊为肺隐球菌病的12例病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 12例病例中,男性8例,女性4例,年龄31～68岁,平均年龄(51.8±12.6)岁,6例伴有基础疾病,但无1例有鸟类接触史;有临床症状者10例,其中咳嗽8例,咯痰3例,胸痛4例,发热2例,有体征者仅2例;胸部影像表现为:1...     

隐球菌病的诊治进展

隐球菌通常感染免疫功能低下的患者,荚膜多糖是其主要的致病因子,隐球菌主要通过肺进入机体从而引起肺隐球菌病,但因其嗜神经的特性,中枢神经系统也是隐球菌的主要靶器官。隐球菌感染的主要危险因素包括H IV感染和器官移植。由于感染部位的不同和患者的免疫功能的差异,其临床症状也多种多样,轻者无症状,重者危及生命。治疗方案主要由患者的免疫状态和病情的严重程度决定,主要包括多烯类和咪唑类抗真菌药物的治疗。即使经过抗真菌治疗,H IV患者隐球菌病的病死率仍较高,而CME(隐球菌性脑膜炎/脑膜脑炎)患者的临床治疗失败率之高让人难以接受。现介绍近年来隐球菌病在诊断和治疗方面的进展,并对未来治疗的发展趋势作简要的评价。     

伏立康唑治疗隐球菌病的研究进展

伏立康唑是新型的三唑类抗真菌药,现对隐球菌体外药敏试验、动物实验以及治疗隐球菌病的临床应用作一综述.     

播散性隐球菌病1例

我们在临床工作中遇到1例播散性隐球菌病患者，现报道如下。     

隐球菌病免疫治疗的研究现状

由于隐球菌感染的发病率逐步升高,一方面现有的抗真菌药物因其毒性较大或疗效不确定已经不能满足临床治疗的需要;另一方面,由于本病患者往往同时有不同程度的免疫功能受损,所以在抗真菌治疗的同时进行免疫功能调节治疗已经成为一种重要的辅助手段。本文对目前隐球菌病免疫治疗的研究现状进行综述,并分析各种免疫制剂的作用机理,对其未来的临床应用进行评价。     

B群脑膜炎球菌疫苗的研制策略

脑膜炎奈瑟菌主要引起儿童细菌性脑脊髓膜炎和败血症,有较高的发病率和病死率。现用疫苗能够控制A、C、W135和Y群脑膜炎球菌引起的感染,而由于B群荚膜多糖免疫原性弱,外膜蛋白变异性高等原因,仍无安全和具有广泛保护性的疫苗用于控制B群脑膜炎球菌的感染。目前,B群脑膜炎球菌大多已成为引起发达国家侵袭性脑膜炎疾病的主要病原体。随着研究的不断深入,B群脑膜炎球菌疫苗的研究已经取得了很大的进展,外膜囊(Out membrane vesicles,OMV)疫苗已经在控制特异性菌株爆发流行中取得了成功。然而,人们对具有广泛保护性的B群脑膜炎球菌疫苗的探索仍在继续。本文对近年来B群脑膜炎球菌基于不同型抗原疫苗的各种研制策略及其存在的问题进行了综述。     

Protection against Cryptobia (Trypanoplasma) salmositica and Salmonid Cryptobiosis

Cryptobia (Trypanoplasma) salmositica is a haemoflagellate that causes morbidity and mortality in salmon, Oncorhynchus spp, on the Pacific coast of North America. In this review, Patrick Woo briefly describes the pathogen, its transmissions (either indirectly via its leech vector, Piscicola salmositica, or directly between fish) and the clinical signs of the disease. He then outlines strategies that have been developed to protect fish against the pathogen, and the mechanism of innate resistance to disease in Cryptobia-tolerant fish. Protective strategies include the breeding of fish that are resistant to infection, and the use of an attenuated C. salmositica strain to protect susceptible fish from disease for at least two years. He ends the review with suggestions for further research that include the use of the leech vector to deliver the vaccine and the development of more novel protective strategies (eg. immunochemotherapy, anti-idiotype vaccine) against cryptobiosis.     

In vitro attenuation of Cryptobia salmositica and its use as a live vaccine against cryptobiosis in Oncorhynchus mykiss

The present communication reports on the attenuation of a pathogenic hemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz (Sarcomastigophora: Kinetoplastida) and its use as a live vaccine against cryptobiosis. The parasite was attenuated by continuous in vitro culture (at 10 C for 55 wk) in minimum essential medium. Attenuated (culture) forms are morphologically similar to virulent (blood) forms. They are however more slender and have a shorter anterior flagellum and a smaller nucleus and kinetoplast. The attenuated form returned to its normal size and multiplied when inoculated into naive Oncorhynchus mykiss. It produced a low parasitemia but did not cause disease (e.g., no exophthalmia or anemia) in fish. At four wk after infection, the vaccinated fish were challenged with the virulent parasite. They were protected from the disease, whereas the control (naive) fish, infected with only the virulent parasite, had the usual clinical signs (e.g., anemia, exophthalmia). No parasite was detected in any of 10 vaccinated fish at 22 wk after challenge with the virulent parasite. However, 5 of 9 fish infected with culture forms and 6 of 9 fish infected with blood forms still had detectable parasites at 26 and 22 wk after infection, respectively.     

Prediction and analysis of multi epitope based vaccine against Newcastle disease virus based on haemagglutinin neuraminidase protein

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian orthoavulavirus, is a causative agent of Newcastle disease named (NDV), and can cause even the epidemics when disease is not treated. Previously several vaccines based on attenuated and inactivated viruses have been reported which are rendered useless with the passage of time due to versatile changes in viral genome. Therefore, we aimed to develop an effective multi-epitope vaccine against the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) protein of 26 NDV strains from Pakistan through a modern immunoinformatic approaches. As a result, a vaccine chimaera was constructed by combining T-cell and B-cell epitopes with the appropriate linkers and adjuvant. The designed vaccine was highly immunogenic, non-allergen and antigenic; therefore, the potential 3D-structureof multi epitope vaccine was constructed, refined and validated. A molecular docking study of a multiepitope vaccine candidate with the chicken Toll-like receptor-4 indicated successful binding. An In silico immunological simulation was used to evaluate the candidate vaccine''s ability to elicit an effective immune response. According to the computational studies, the proposed multiepitope vaccine is physically stable and may induce immune responses whichsuggested it a strong candidate against 26 Newcastle disease virus strains from Pakistan.     

消灭脊髓灰质炎行动现状分析及免疫策略建议

脊髓灰质炎曾在全球广泛流行和传播,严重危害儿童健康。自1988年世界卫生大会发起全球消灭脊髓灰质炎行动倡议以来,全球脊髓灰质炎防控工作取得显著进展,但消灭脊髓灰质炎工作仍面临重重挑战。在目前维持无脊髓灰质炎状态下,我国面临的主要问题是疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎(vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis, VAPP)病例和脊髓灰质炎疫苗衍生病毒(vaccine-derived poliovirus,VDPV)病例的发生。为此,通过回顾消灭脊髓灰质炎工作取得的进展,总结不同国家或地区在消灭脊髓灰质炎过程中所采用的防控策略,尤其是不同国家或地区的脊髓灰质炎疫苗使用经验,分析消灭脊髓灰质炎最后阶段面临的挑战,进而提出应对策略和建议,即科学评价防控措施、适时调整脊髓灰质炎免疫策略、努力消除接种犹豫并提高疫苗接种率,这对早日实现根除脊髓灰质炎的目标是非常有必要的。     

The natural antiviral and immune stimulant effects of Allium cepa essential oil onion extract against virulent Newcastle disease virus

Fifty broiler chicks were divided into five groups to study the antiviral and immune-stimulant effect of Allium cepa essential oils (ACEO). The effect of Allium cepa essential oils administration single or combined with NVD vaccine in broilers, more than one parameter was studied in this study i.e., the clinical symptoms that appeared on the chicks after the experimental infection with velogenic Newcastle disease virus, postmortem lesions, pathological lesions scoring, mortality rate (MR), and viral shedding, birds immunity was assessed by HI test and protection percent post-challenge with vNDV. Our result showed that mild clinical signs, lesion scoring, decreased viral shedding in ACEO treated groups 3 (G 3) more than control groups post-challenge with vNDV. Delayed onset of mild clinical signs in G3 followed by complete recovery 7th-day post-challenge (DPC). Low MR (40 and 0%) and high protection percent (100 and 60%) in ACEO treated G3 and G5, respectively. spleen, thymus, cecal tonsil, proventriculus, and cerebrum lesions scoring in G3 and G5 were significantly ((p ≤ 0.05).) lower than the control group, proving a decrease in NDV replication and effective antiviral activity of ACEO. HI titer significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) In G3, G4 and G5 compared with control groups. There is no significant difference in HI titer in ACEO treated groups and vaccinated groups. In conclusion, oral administration of ACEO combined with NDV vaccines significantly reduces or eliminates lethal clinical signs, lesions, viral shedding, and enhances immune response and protection percent after vNDV challenge proving the natural antiviral and immune stimulant effect of ACEO onion extract. Implementing such a regime might aid NDV control in broiler flocks in endemic areas and reduce the epidemiological load of NDV in the environment.     

Cell division during the development ofArtemia salina

Summary Cell division during embryonic development of the brine shrimp,Artemia salina has been studied by counting nuclei and mitotic figures. No cell division was observed during development of the encysted gastrula until about an hour before emergence of the embryo (a pre-nauplius) from the cyst, and even then only a few mitotic figures were observed. Following emergence, and during further development up to the stage II nauplius larva an increase of about 25% in the number of cells occurs. However, when the newly hatched larva is exposed to FUdR (10 g/ml) cell division is largely inhibited, but observable development nevertheless proceeds normally. Evidently all processes involved with the development of the gastrula into a stage II nauplius larva can occur with far fewer cells than normally are present.     

Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis. Feasibility and prospects

Sporotrichosis is an emergent subcutaneous mycosis of humans and some animals caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. The disease occurs worldwide but is endemic or hyperendemic in tropical and subtropical areas. The epidemiology of the disease is changing dramatically, and it is now considered an important zoonosis with high morbidity rates, principally in Brazil, and an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. Due to the limited options currently available to treat invasive fungal infections, including sporotrichosis, and the emergence of drug resistance and toxicity, the development of anti-Sporothrix vaccines has become an area of great interest. This work provides a brief analysis of the feasibility of the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, the main advances achieved to date, future challenges and prospects.     

Vaccine instability in the cold chain: Mechanisms,analysis and formulation strategies

Instability of vaccines often emerges as a key challenge during clinical development (lab to clinic) as well as commercial distribution (factory to patient). To yield stable, efficacious vaccine dosage forms for human use, successful formulation strategies must address a combination of interrelated topics including stabilization of antigens, selection of appropriate adjuvants, and development of stability-indicating analytical methods. This review covers key concepts in understanding the causes and mechanisms of vaccine instability including (1) the complex and delicate nature of antigen structures (e.g., viruses, proteins, carbohydrates, protein-carbohydrate conjugates, etc.), (2) use of adjuvants to further enhance immune responses, (3) development of physicochemical and biological assays to assess vaccine integrity and potency, and (4) stabilization strategies to protect vaccine antigens and adjuvants (and their interactions) during storage. Despite these challenges, vaccines can usually be sufficiently stabilized for use as medicines through a combination of formulation approaches combined with maintenance of an efficient cold chain (manufacturing, distribution, storage and administration). Several illustrative case studies are described regarding mechanisms of vaccine instability along with formulation approaches for stabilization within the vaccine cold chain. These include live, attenuated (measles, polio) and inactivated (influenza, polio) viral vaccines as well as recombinant protein (hepatitis B) vaccines.     

轮状病毒疫苗预防轮状病毒性肠炎效果观察

为了解轮状病毒疫苗预防小儿轮状病毒性肠炎的效果 ,选择定期预防接种 2个月～ 2岁婴幼儿 6 5 2例 ,分为两组 ,服疫苗组 2 0 7例 ,对照组 4 4 5例 ,观察 9个月 ,观察腹泻发生。实验结果为服疫苗组发病 2例 ,发生率0 .97% ;对照组发病 2 6例 ,发生率 5 .84 %。证明口服轮状病毒疫苗可明显减少婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎发生 ,其两组发病率比较 ,有显著差异 ,具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。口服轮状病毒疫苗后无明显副作用 ,同时服苗方便 ,口感好 ,婴幼儿乐意接受 ,是目前预防婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎唯一有效的方法