四川彝族成人手长、手宽和指长推断身高及性别判别的研究

本文通过对460例(男354, 女106) 20—50岁中国四川凉山彝族健康成年人右利手手长、手宽、五指长度及确切身高的测量, 研究了四川彝族成人手长、手宽、指长推断身高和性别判别的方法。建立了推断身高的22个回归方程和2个性别判别函数, 其中手长推断身高和手长、手宽判别性别的效果较好。     

手掌分区与指掌侧总神经和指掌侧总动脉

目的：为研究手掌血管、神经损伤修复重建提供解剖学基础。方法：手掌借5条横平行线和4条纵平行线分为20区,解剖并观察指掌侧总神经和指掌侧总动脉在手掌的分布及其伴行关系。结果：第一、二指掌侧神经起始处位于7区外上象限,第三指掌侧总神经、小指尺掌侧神经起始处位于4区内下象限。第一、二、三指掌侧总动脉起始处位于7、8区近C线处。小指尺掌侧动脉起始处位于8区内下象限。第一、二指掌侧总神经在7区被掌浅弓骑跨,分弓上、下两段。弓上、下段,分别在13、14区D线处发出指掌侧固有神经。小指尺掌侧神经、第三指掌侧总神经起始处位于同名动脉的近侧,其行程在9、15、20区位于同名动脉的尺侧。第一、二指掌侧总动脉分别在18、19区距E线0．8-1．0cm处发出相应的指掌侧固有动脉。第一、二、三指掌侧总神经及其发出的指掌侧固有神经与同名的指掌侧总动脉的伴行关系有四型：H1、H2、O、V型。结论：指掌侧总神经与指掌侧总动脉在手掌的一定区域内有按规律分布的特点,有助于手掌损伤离断手术修复过程中指掌侧总神经与指掌侧总动脉的寻找和吻合,以及手掌神经阻滞麻醉的精确定位。     

广东瑶族青少年学生体表面积研究

研究瑶族青少年身高、体重及体表面积的生长发育状况, 为建立瑶族中小学生健康指标评价体系提供依据。采用Stevenson公式和胡咏梅公式计算每位学生的体表面积, 并求得7—18岁12个年龄组的男女学生的体表面积均数。结果显示: 瑶族青少年学生的身高、体重及体表面积随年龄增长而增长, 且其增长速度男女生均可分为匀速增长期、快速增长期、缓慢增长期3个不同时期; 男女生身高、体重及体表面积发育曲线均出现双交叉现象。两法统计的瑶族青少年的体表面积均随年龄增长而增长。胡咏梅法计算的体表面积大于Stevenson法(P<0.01)。     

掌骨X线测量推断身高的研究

随机选取在校健康大学生186人(男90人, 女96人, 年龄18—27岁), 拍摄双手后前位372侧X线片, 测量身高和掌骨的长与宽。通过掌骨和身高的测量, 分析掌骨各参数与身高的关系, 为人类学和法医学的身高推断积累研究资料。掌骨长与身高的相关性明显高于掌骨宽, 其中男性第2掌骨长与身高相关性最高, 其线性回归方程为Ym=1097.320+9.337X; 女性第3掌骨长与身高的相关性最高, 其线性回归方程为Yf=1016.752+9.878X。男性第2掌骨长和女性第3掌骨长与身高的相关性最高, 可分别作为推断身高的依据。     

饰纹姬蛙的两性异形及雌性繁殖能力

用采自云南省西双版纳傣族自治州勐腊县的53只(28♂♂,25♀♀)成体饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla fissipes),测量全部个体的体长、头长、头宽、体重等16项形态特征和雌体怀卵量数据,通过独立样本t检验和协方差检验该物种所有形态特征的两性差异,进而采用线性回归方法分析雌雄成体局部形态特征与体长的相关性,以及雌性成体怀卵量与局部形态特征的相关性。结果表明,饰纹姬蛙平均体长雌性为(25.08±0.40)mm,雄性为(24.78±0.31)mm,体长和体重在雌雄两性间差异不显著(P> 0.05),两性个体大小基本同形。该蛙的所有局部形态特征与体长均存在极显著正相关性(P <0.01);雌雄两性间只在头宽和前臂及手长这两个形态特征上存在显著差异(P <0.05),且随体长的增大其生长速率也存在显著差异。雌性成体的怀卵量与体长、体重、眼间距、前臂宽、胫宽和跗足长均存在显著正相关性(P <0.05),且与体重存在极显著正相关性(P <0.01)。分析认为,饰纹姬蛙成体两性异形主要表现在头宽和前臂及手长,与生存竞争中对食物的获取能力及雄性争夺交配权的成功率有关;而...     

西南大西洋拉式南美南极鱼耳石外型特征

基于2009年12月至2010年1月西南大西洋阿根廷外公海海域采集的拉式南美南极鱼(Patagonotothen ramsayi)145对耳石样本,对其形态特征进行了分析。结果表明,拉式南美南极鱼耳石长(OL)和宽(OW)分别为4.50—7.99 mm和1.99—3.69 mm之间。耳石外型呈狭长有缺刻,基叶长,翼叶短,具明显的主间沟,后端闭合呈钝圆形,整体结构凸凹不平。左右矢耳石形态无显著性差异。耳石绝对尺寸随体长增加而增加,但相对尺寸减少,耳石的形态结构比例基本不变。耳石长、宽、面积(S)及周长(P)与体重呈对数关系,耳石背长(DL)和基叶长(RL)与体重(W)呈指数关系,耳石背宽(DW)与体重呈乘幂关系,而耳石翼叶长(ARL)与体重则呈线性关系。耳石宽、面积、背长、背宽、周长、翼叶长及基叶长与体长(L)拟合符合对数关系,仅耳石长与体长呈线性关系。本研究可为鱼类耳石形态研究提供参考,并为南美南极鱼渔业生物学研究提供基础资料。     

人体数值漫谈(一)

一、人的体重新生儿平均体重3公斤,1—3个月内每月增加0.7公斤,4—6个月内每月增加0.6公斤,7—12个月内每月增加0.5公斤,1岁后每年约增加2公斤左右。成年人的标准体重可这样计算: 体重(公斤)=身高(厘米)—100 实际体重±10％都属正常范围,理想的体重,男子应比标准体重低10％,女子应比标准体重低15％。二、人体的比例人体的比例是以头长为单位,在我国成人的高度通常为7—7.5个头长,比例大致是两肩之间为2个头长,手臂3个头长,从股骨大转子至脚后跟为4个头长。1—2岁的幼儿头部与体长的比例为1:4,儿童约为1:5,少年为1:6。     

山蝠肪刺螨新种记述(蜱螨目:皮刺螨科)

山蝠肪刺螨Steatonyssus nyctali,新种 雌螨(图1—2)体卵圆形,长833(828—838)微米(本文测量单位全用微米,以下略),宽554(538—569)。前背板前缘钝圆,后缘微外凸,长319(311—325),最宽处宽277(259—290),具11对刚毛;V毛(长53—62,平均58)约为D_1毛长(74—82,平均80)的     

端黑萤和边褐端黑萤两性异形和雌性个体生育力

检测了端黑萤(Abscondita chinensis)和边褐端黑萤(Abscondita terminalis)繁殖期个体大小和形态特征的两性异形以及雌性繁殖输出。两因素方差分析表明,端黑萤的全长显著小于边褐端黑萤的全长,雌性个体显著大于雄性个体。以全长为协变量的两因素协方差分析显示,端黑萤的前胸背板宽、鞘翅长、复眼宽、胸长、腹宽、发光器面积及体重均显著小于边褐端黑萤,而腹长显著大于边褐端黑萤,触角长物种间差异不显著;雌性的前胸背板宽、腹长、腹宽及体重均显著大于雄性,而鞘翅长、复眼宽、胸长、触角长、发光器面积均显著小于雄性;物种和性别的交互作用对前胸背板宽、复眼宽、腹长、触角长及发光器面积影响显著,对其余的鞘翅长、胸长、腹宽及体重影响不显著。端黑萤和边褐端黑萤的两性异形指数分别为0.144和0.091。9个形态特征变量的主成分分析(Eigenvalue ≥ 1)发现,前2个主成分共解释56.8%的变异;复眼宽和发光器面积在第一主成分有较高的负负载系数,腹长有较高的正负载系数(解释31.3%变异);前胸背板宽和鞘翅长在第二主成分有较高的负负载系数(解释25.5%变异)。端黑萤和边褐端黑萤的平均窝卵数分别为28.9粒和18粒。线性回归显示,端黑萤和边褐端黑萤的窝卵数均与母体的全长及体重呈显著的正相关。单因素方差分析表明,特定全长的端黑萤的窝卵数显著大于边褐端黑萤。端黑萤和边褐端黑萤均属于雌性偏大的两性异形,是生育力选择、能量分配和运动综合影响的结果。雌萤腹腔容量等关键局部特征的增大是对生育力选择的适应,且生育力大小与两性异形差异程度成正相关。     

马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata martensii)近交家系与其杂交子代DNA甲基化差异分析

2012年4月,利用马氏珠母贝全同胞家系进行家系内与家系间交配组合构建了近交家系(A与D)与杂交家系(B与C)。贝龄2龄时,比较家系生长性状差异,利用甲基化敏感多态性扩增技术(MSAP)检测了4个家系甲基化水平的差异,估计了甲基化比例与生长性状平均值相关性系数。结果表明,家系杂交子代的平均壳长、平均壳高、平均壳宽与平均体重均值大于近交家系,性状优势率为8.5%~24.7%;近交家系与杂交家系的总条带数和甲基化比例均存在显著性差异(p0.05)。近交家系A和D获得的总条带数分别729.0±19.6与717.3±28.2,甲基化水平分别为(10.0±0.9)%与(8.5±0.4)%;杂交家系B和C获得的总条带数分别为703.0±10.7与726.3±18.8,甲基化比例分别为(5.9±0.7)%与(5.7±0.9)%;家系的平均壳长、平均壳高、平均壳宽与平均体重性状与甲基化均存在明显负相关,相关系数分别为-0.849、-0.751、-0.674和-0.652。     

ASPECTS OF THE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF LABEO CAPENSIS IN THE CALEDON RIVER

SUMMARY

The scale studies indicate that the annulus is a reliable year mark. A linear relationship exists between anterior scale radius and body length so that back-calculations of length were possible. Males and females had a similar growth rate. The growth rate is similar to that found by Mulder (1973) for L. capensis in the Vaal River. Fish under 35 centimetres in length had a sex ratio of 1:1, but in larger fish, only 16 per cent were males. Males reach sexual maturity at a length of 15 to 25 centimetres and females at a length of 20 to 25 centimetres. The spawning season extends from September to March with a peak in November. Fecundity increased with an increase in length from 12 664 for a fish of 22.8 centimetres to 106 286 for a fish of 34.8 centimetres.

The results are basically similar to those found by Mulder (1973) in the Vaal River except for fecundity and length at sexual maturity.     

Determination of hand surface area by sex and body shape using alginate

Hand surface area (HSA) has been utilized for burned skin area estimation in burn therapy, heat exchange in thermal physiology, exposure assessment in occupational toxicology, and the development of manual equipment/ protective gloves in ergonomics. The purpose of this study was to determine the hand surface area to the total body surface area (BSA) and derive a formula for estimating HSA. Thirty-four Korean males (20-60 years old; 158.5-187.5 cm in height; 48.5-103.1 kg in body weight) and thirty-one Korean females (20-63 years old; 140.6-173.1 cm; 36.8-106.1 kg) participated as subjects. The HSA and BSA of 65 subjects were directly measured using alginate. The measurements showed 1) the surface area of the hand had a mean of 448 (371-540) cm(2) for males, and 392 (297-482) cm(2) for females. 2) The hand as a percentage of the total body surface area for males and females was 2.5% and 2.4% respectively, showing no significant difference. 3) The hand as a percentage of BSA by body shape was 2.5% for the lean group and 2.3% for overweight people (p=0.001). 4) When estimating the surface area of a hand, formulae based on hand length or hand circumference were more valid than formulae based on height and body weight. We obtained the following formula for estimating HSA: Estimated HSA(cm(2))=1.219 Hand length(cm) x Hand circumference(cm).     

Lumbar ontogenetic allometry and dimorphism in humans. A case for comparison between interspecific and intraspecific scaling

The ontogenetic allometry of the lumbar region of 1913 humans (1228 females and 685 males), ranging from newborn to 21-year-old individuals, was studied by means of length, width, projected surface area and bone mineral density of the segment L2 - L4, obtained by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). All these parameters were regressed to body mass and height of the individuals, considered alternatively as the independent variable. Firstly, we addressed the comparison between the results obtained on both sexes in order to elucidate whether ontogenetic differences existed. Length of the segments increased significantly faster in females than in males, independently whether the regression was made against body mass or height, while in both types of regression width scaled in males faster than in females. Regarding bone mineral density, although males increased bone mineral density faster than females, slope differences were not significant. However, y-interception was significantly higher in females than in males when bone mineral density was regressed to body mass. Results on length and width are compared with others from previous research on allometry. Finally, global results are discussed as regards the slope predictions for interspecific scaling.     

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS FROM THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA

Skulls of 69 bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops ) from the Indian/Banana River on the east coast of Florida were examined for evidence of sexual dimorphism. The only sexual dimorphism shown by t -tests on 28 morphological and four meristic skull characters was that males have, on average, more teeth than females in all four arcades. Results of covariance analysis, employed to account for variation in size, indicate minor dimorphism in parietal width of the skull. Twenty body measurements of 29 Tursiops originating in the same area were also analysed for differences between males and females. Statistical results indicate the possibility of sexual dimorphism in the length from the snout to the umbilicus and in flipper width. No evidence was found for differences in overall skull or body length between the sexes.     

The natural history of the growth of the hand: I. Hand area as a percentage of body surface area

The use of a patient's own hand as a tool to estimate the area of burn injury is well documented. The area of the palmar surface of one hand has been estimated to be 1 percent of the body surface area. The area of the palmar surface of the hand was measured to test the accuracy of this estimate and then compared with the body surface area as calculated by formulas in common use. This study also sought to determine the natural history of the growth of the hand to permit development of a readily available, bedside means of estimating hand area and body surface area. Bilateral hand tracings were obtained from 800 volunteers ranging in age from 2 to 89 years. The area of each tracing was determined using an integrating planimeter. The height and weight of each individual were measured, and his/her body surface area was calculated. The palmar hand's percentage of body surface area was determined by calculating the quotient for hand area divided by body surface area. Additionally, the width of the hand was measured from the ulnar aspect at the palmar digital crease of the small finger to the point where the thumb rested against the base of the index finger. The length of the hand was measured from the middle of the interstylon to the tip of the middle finger. These two figures were multiplied together to obtain a product which approximated the area of the hand. Based on the most commonly used DuBois formula for calculating body surface area, the area of palmar surface of the hand corresponds to 0.78 +/- 0.08 percent of the body surface area in adults. The percentage varies somewhat with age and reaches a maximum of 0.87 +/- 0.06 percent in young children. Multiplying the length of the hand by its width overestimates the area of the hand as determined by planimetry by only 2 percent. A patient's own hand may be used as a complementary, readily available template for estimation of burn area or other areas of disease or injury. In adults, the area of tracing of the outline of the hand is 0.78 percent of the body surface area, whereas in children, this number tends to be slightly higher. In the emergency room or on the wards, a simple product of length multiplied by width of the hand will closely approximate the area as determined by planimetry. This method allows a more accurate determination of the area of the palmar surface of the hand than the 1 percent estimate, which may lead to an overestimation of the size of a burn wound in adults.     

Static intraspecific allometry of jaws and teeth in Cercopithecus aethiops

Adult static intraspecific allometry of jaw size and tooth area was evaluated in a sample of 100 Cercopithecus aethiops crania (50 male, 50 female). Tooth areas were calculated from mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements of all the teeth in both arcades and were scaled to four viscero-cranial measurements: bimaxillary breadth, maxillo-alveolar length, mandibular length and bigonial width. Allometric coefficients calculated for jaw dimensions alone indicate tighter viscerocranial integration in females than in males. A finding of note was that half of the variation in maxillo-alveolar length may be accounted for by variation in mandibular length: females are isometric, males negatively allometric.
A similar degree of allometric mosaicism was found when maxillary incisor size was scaled to maxillary length and width. In females, the relationship was negatively allometric, whilst incisor size in males was found to be unrelated to either. Negative allometry characterized the relationship of canine base area to jaw length in both sexes, with males additionally being positively allometric to mandibular width.
The scaling of postcanine tooth areas to jaw length was characterized by a dichotomous pattern: males showed significant mandibular integration whilst females showed only significant maxillary integration. Compensatory tooth size interaction between maxillary canine base area and the summed incisor and postcanine areas was suggested by the significant negative allometric relation between them.     

INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION IN LEAFLET MORPHOLOGY OF ZAMIA PUMILA L. IN RELATION TO MICROENVIRONMENT AND SEX

The cycad Zamia pumila L. was examined for differences in leaflet morphology between sun and shade plants and between males and females within a single population in northern Puerto Rico. Sun leaflets are significantly smaller than shade leaflets in length, width, and surface area; and sun leaflets have a higher length: width ratio than shade leaflets. Also, average densitythickness is greater for sun leaflets than for shade leaflets. Males and females are similar in leaflet size; but the females had a larger number of leaflets per leaf than males.     

金丝猴牙齿与体重间的相关性研究

对金丝猴牙齿与体重间关系的研究结果表明,在雄性中,无论是线性还是面积与颅长之间的相关关系均较雌性的更为紧密。而且,随着体重的增加,雄性牙齿的近中远中长(M/D)也比雌性的增长较快。在上、下颌中,上颌牙齿与颅长的关系表现出更强的相联性。与其他灵长类相比较,金丝猴在取食和咀嚼过程中主要利用颊齿;大的个体具有大的犬齿及一定比例的臼齿面积和齿弓(牙合)面面积;上齿弓(牙合)面面积大于下齿弓(牙合)面面积。也就是说上齿弓提供了比下齿弓更大的咀嚼面积。金丝猴牙齿与体重间的关系位于猴类和人猿类之间,更接近于大猩猩(Gorilla)、疣猴(Colobus)和猕猴。     

三突起类花粉形态学及其度量和描述

三突起类(Triprojectacites Mtchedlishvili,1961 emend. Stanley,1970)是晚白垩世—古新世北半球广泛分布的一类被子植物花粉,具有重要的孢粉植物分区和地层意义。其主要特征是发育突出于体的突起和其末端的沟状萌发器。由于形态复杂多变,该类花粉在度量和描述中存在不少难点,缺少明确而统一的标准,制约了其分类的进展。本文根据对松辽盆地白垩系三突起类标本的萌发器、极性、突起形态和纹饰等分类性状的观察,结合对前人在三突起类描述、分类中存在问题的剖析,提出了一套形态学术语、度量方法和参数。它们不仅能有效避免各种误差、准确反映和描述三突起类花粉的形态特征,而且还适用于不同位置保存的标本,有助于建立这些标本之间的联系,为三突起类花粉分类系统提供了科学合理的形态学度量和描述基础。     

Morphometric variation in the Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)

Intra- and intersexual variation in 16 skull dimensions and total body length of 233 aged Hooded seals caught in the north-west Atlantic were investigated. Absolute growth was described by asymptotic growth curves applied to single dimensions, as well as to scores on the first principal component of logarithmically transformed cranial data, which are believed to reflect the multivariate nature of growth. All dimensions were found to be fully developed later in males than in females. The growth of the male skulls was found to continue for more than 20 years, while the females approach final size about–7 years earlier than males, according to the scores on the first principal component. Female seals were found to reach 86 % of final total body length at the time of maturation, which is a generalized pinniped pattern. In both sexes, a yearling skull was characterized by a large brain-case, which decreased relatively with growth. The male skulls were further characterized by an increase in zygomatic width and orbital width in relation to basal length, a pattern which was not found in females.
All the asymptotic values were significantly larger in males than in females. The dimorphism develops mainly as a result of prolonged growth of males after the attainment of sexual maturity.