高速LED背光速视器揭示拓扑性质的快速加工

灵长类视觉系统能够非常有效地从环境中提取稳定的不变性特征,而不受各种变换与干扰的影响.这种不变性知觉的时间与动态过程为视觉理论提供了重要的约束.我们开发了一种高速发光二极管(LED)背光速视器,能够短暂呈现1 ms的视觉刺激,并以亚毫秒级精度调整刺激呈现时间.这使得我们可以通过控制视觉输入的可获取时间,估计感觉线索积累的心理物理曲线,从而研究在图形结构优势效应任务中,拓扑、射影、仿射和欧氏不变性的相对加工速度.实验结果表明拓扑不变性所需要的呈现时间最短,这与大范围首先理论的预测相一致.     

跨期决策是否基于“折扣计算”:来自双分离范式的证据

跨期决策指对发生在不同时间点上的结果之间进行的权衡.跨期决策主要理论可依据跨期决策是否基于折扣计算分为两类:折扣模型和非折扣模型,但目前学界却缺乏研究直接检验跨期决策的折扣计算假设是否成立.因此,本研究通过设计新的实验范式检验了跨期决策的"折扣计算"假设.该范式对比了符合折扣计算假设的基线折扣任务和被试自主进行跨期决策的自主跨期任务的任务表现和分层贝叶斯模型拟合结果,并基于双分离逻辑,分别选择了仅影响基线折扣任务或者自主跨期任务的操作变量(计算难度或选项的结果大小)与调节变量(计算能力或认知反思风格).研究结果发现,基线折扣任务的任务表现符合折扣计算假设的预测:其反应时随计算难度上升而增加,且其正确率受到计算难度和计算能力的影响;自主跨期决策任务的任务表现与基线折扣任务不同:其反应时短于基线折扣任务,且当选项结果越大,其选择SS选项的比例越少;调节变量和模型拟合出现了双分离效应,计算能力只影响基线折扣任务中的选择,认知反思风格只影响自主跨期任务偏好选择;计算难度只影响基线折扣任务的模型拟合度,而选项结果大小只影响自主跨期任务的模型拟合度.本研究结果不仅证明了新实验范式在检验折扣计算假设中的有效性,且从任务表现、调节变量和模型拟合层面看,自主跨期任务可能并不符合折扣计算假设的预测.本研究为更好地检验跨期决策的过程提供了新的方法学上的有益探索.     

注意与非注意位置的知觉组织

研究注意如何影响基于相邻性组织和连接性(UC)的知觉单元的形成. 实验一在视野中心呈现排成一行的三个由相邻性或UC形成的字母, 要求被试识别刺激阵列中位于中间的字母,刺激与掩蔽之间的SOA在180 ms到500 ms之间变化. 实验发现在适中的SOA条件下, 对相邻性靶子的反应速度比对UC靶子的反应速度慢, 而在长SOA和短SOA条件下, 对两种靶子的反应速度没有差别. 与靶子不一致的侧翼字母使得对靶子的反应变慢, 这种侧翼一致性效应在侧翼刺激是由UC决定时比起侧翼刺激由相邻性决定时要大. 实验二研究空间线索提示对相邻性或UC靶子的分辨反应时的影响. 与刺激出现在线索提示的位置相比, UC刺激相对于相邻性刺激的优势在未被线索提示的位置更明显. 这些结果提示在刺激没有得到完全注意的情况下形成知觉单元时, UC具有相对于相邻性组织的优势; 注意对相邻性知觉组织有所助益.     

长江经济带自然资本使用量的空间效应及影响因素

厘清区域自然资本的使用情况及其空间效应和影响因素,对实现区域可持续发展具有重要的理论和现实意义.本研究以2008-2018年长江经济带112个地级市为研究区域,利用三维生态足迹模型、探索性空间数据分析、空间马尔科夫链和空间面板杜宾模型,分析区域总体和分地类自然资本流量和存量占用量的空间效应和影响因素.结果 表明:研究期...     

溶解肠杆菌的交流电电解刺激过程

以葡萄糖为惟一碳源,研究了溶解肠杆菌(Enterobacter dissolvens)在外加电场交流电的刺激下细胞的生长和代谢的过程.研究表明,在低电流10 mA刺激下,交流电刺激下的细菌没有明显的刺激效应;当采用100 mA的电流通电24 h,交流电刺激下的细菌出现了明显的刺激效应,当通电12 h后,菌液葡萄糖的降解率和脱氢酶活性分别为对照参比的1.4倍和2.17倍,细胞浓度呈现明显的增长.分析原因可能是由于电极产物中没有过氧化氢的产生.     

空间注意策略对Flanker任务下冲突适应的影响

标准Flanker任务中能否获得稳定的冲突适应效应（conflict adaptation effect,CAE）,在已有研究中存在激烈争议,由于该任务中靶刺激与分心物在空间上是分离的,这使得刺激呈现前是否出现注视点可能有重要影响,注视点出现与否会成为被试完成任务的线索,导致其采用不同的策略而影响CAE的获得,此外,试次间间隔（intertrial interval,ITI）也是影响CAE的原因之一,本研究结果显示,在无注视点长ITI条件下,去除反应重复后仍获得了显著的CAE,其他条件下如果去除反应重复则都不会有显著的CAE。这表明ITI与注视点共同影响着CAE的产生,这一结果可能与Flanker刺激的空间分离性,以及被试在任务中采用的空间注意策略有关。     

植物细胞的生物力学研究现状与进展

植物细胞的生物力学,是探索生物生长奥妙的基础.本文阐述了国内外关于植物细胞生物力学的研究现状与进展;讨论了植物细胞力学分析的几个基本理论;重点讨论了植物细胞的力学模型及组织模型,其中包括植物细胞的流变特性、黏附特性、应激效应(植物对外界应力刺激的响应)以及植物器官之茎杆的研究;提出了植物细胞生物力学应在以下几个方面做进一步深入研究:细胞间接触和细胞间相互渗透,应力刺激对植物根、茎和叶等方面的影响以及外力在细胞中传递与分布规律.     

情绪刺激影响源记忆的理论模型与研究进展

源记忆是对信息来源(例如信息获取的媒介和感觉通道)的记忆.情绪刺激是能使个体产生正性或负性情绪的刺激.已有研究所揭示的情绪刺激对源记忆的影响不尽相同.综合情绪刺激对源记忆影响的研究成果,阐述注意资源缩减理论和优先捆绑理论,并基于情绪刺激增强、减弱和不影响源记忆三种实验现象总结现有相关实验研究,指出现有研究存在的局限,并对未来研究进行展望.     

面孔社会性线索的加工机制

本文旨在综述面孔社会性线索加工的神经机制。通过系统回顾面孔社会性线索相关的研究,分别从面孔情绪、面孔吸引力、眼睛注视方向和面孔朝向以及唇读四个角度阐述其加工的神经机制。首先简要阐述了人类大脑对面孔刺激的一般加工机制,包括下颞叶梭状回面孔区、颞上沟后部面孔区和枕下回的枕叶面孔区等脑区在加工面孔刺激中的功能。接下来探讨了大脑对情绪面孔的加工。情绪面孔加工主要包括对面孔的知觉编码和情绪编码。研究显示,除了视觉皮层的面孔加工区之外,杏仁核在情绪编码中具有重要作用。神经系统对面孔表情的反应受到情绪类型、情绪面孔的动态性以及情绪面孔阈下呈现等因素的影响。在面孔吸引力加工方面,研究表明高吸引力面孔会激活奖赏相关的神经环路,但是吸引力对神经活动的具体影响目前仍存在争议。对面孔吸引力的神经反应可能受实验任务类型、观察者性取向和性别、观察者心理因素、面孔其他社会线索等因素的调节。眼睛注视方向和面孔朝向线索则和视觉注意有关,其神经加工系统除了包括面孔加工区外,还包括和注意相关的顶内沟等区域。关于唇读的研究则表明唇读在言语知觉中具有重要作用,可以激活听觉皮层和言语相关皮层。最后,一方面总结了以上各方面实验证据对面孔信息加工理论的支持和改善作用,另一方面进一步探讨了特殊人群中这些加工存在的缺陷,并指出了该领域未来的研究方向。     

年龄相关的情绪偏向效应的时间进程

来自记忆、注意和决策等领域的大量研究发现,在加工情绪刺激时老年人具有正性情绪偏向或负性情绪规避的特点.本研究采用oddball变式,将情绪面孔图片作为分心刺激呈现.实验过程中记录被试脑电,考察不同情绪效价对脑电波的影响,同时考察老年人在非任务相关条件下情绪加工和情绪调节的时间进程.研究发现,在相对早期时间窗口(270~460 ms),年轻组脑电不受情绪效价影响,而老年组中悲伤情绪面孔较之快乐和中性情绪面孔引发了一个更大的正成分(P3a).在晚期时间窗口(500~850 ms),年轻组中悲伤情绪面孔吸引了被试更多注意并引发了一个更大的正性慢波.相反,老年组在晚期加工阶段,情绪效价效应消失.研究揭示了老年人和年轻人在加工非任务相关的情绪刺激时存在的时间进程差异,年龄相关的正性情绪效应发生在晚期时间窗口,表现为年轻组的负性情绪偏向和老年组的无情绪偏向.研究结果为社会情绪选择理论提供了来自脑电数据的支持.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor