汉族人群指纹综合分析

汉族人口数占世界第一,汉核人群的指纹参数是肤纹界关注的重要项目。对17个汉族群体的分析可知汉族人群的指纹总参数及指纹在人群分类上的作用。聚类分析证明:依指纹参数可确定一个较均质的南方群和一个北方混合群,他们以北纬33°线为界,南方群为长江畔或长江以南各群体;使人注意的是北京群体也归入南方群,这与北京人口迁移量大有关。汉族内各群体有多态性。汉族作为蒙古人种,与高加索人种比较,汉族各群体又有统一性。     

走进"台湾史前文化博物馆"(下)

“台湾史前文化博物馆”第三展区的主题是台湾地区的南岛民族。台湾地区的南岛民族是广布于太平洋诸岛和非洲马达加斯加岛的南岛民族的一支,是台湾地区史前文化的继承者,被称作台湾地区的原住民,其含义是指汉人来台湾岛前原来居住在岛上的居民。原住民的居住地区本来遍及全岛,但目前只有居住在中央山脉、花东地区和兰屿岛上的原住民保留了部分传统的语言和文化,     

藏汉后代肤纹参数的聚类分析

木文采用聚类分析的方法,将藏汉后代群休的肤纹参数（其中藏父汉母及汉父藏哥各100例）与他们冬自的父母群体样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较,再与1000例藏族及1040例汉族两个大样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较。结果表明：藏汉子代的肤纹特征介于藏埃和汉族之间,藏汉子代与其母亲的遗传距离相近。提示肤纹参数的多因子遗传本质和肤纹遗传有一定的性别差异。     

台湾阿美原住民肤纹学研究

本文报道台湾原住民（高山族）阿美人男性和女性的肤纹参数,研究项目包含指纹总嵴线数（TFRC）、手掌的指三角a和b间嵴线数（a-b RC）、手掌的轴三角到指三角a和d角度（atd）、手掌的轴三角百分距离（tPD）、指纹、指间纹、手大鱼际纹、指三角以及猿线等参数．阿美人是台湾原住民最大的族群,因此他们的肤纹数据特别具有代表性,然而早期的研究却仅有少数肤纹参数的描述．本研究是阿美人自1960年以来首次详尽的阿美人肤纹调查,以期为人类学、遗传学和医学研究提供较完整的肤纹参数数据．     

内蒙地区蒙古,汉,回,朝鲜族肤纹特征比较研究

本文分析了内蒙地区３２３７例蒙、汉、回、朝鲜族人手肤纹特征,选用２２项肤纹参数进行民族间和同一民族不同性别间比较,并与我国其他８个民族的部分肤纹参数进行聚类分析,结果表明,内蒙地区这４个民族同属我国北方群,其肤纹既有各民族自身的特点,又具蒙古人种的一般特征。     

西藏1000例藏族肤纹参数的研究

本文报道了西藏1000例藏族14项肤纹参数。藏族与汉族的肤纹参数接近,与美国明尼苏达州白人的差异较大;在与12个民族的对比中与哈尼族、汉族的差异较小,与维吾尔族差异较大;在不同的地区,与四川平武地区的藏族差异较小,与甘肃甘南地区的藏族差异较大。本文提示肤纹参数在不同人种、不同民族、甚至同一民族不同地区人群间均不可混用。     

人类单纯性先天性心脏病中TBX5基因的突变及表达研究

本文首次较为完整地报道了藏汉通婚子代群体的14项肤纹参数（其中藏父汉思及汉父藏母各100 例）,并将这些肤纹参数分别与其藏汉父母样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较,再与1000例藏族及1040例 汉族两个大样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较。结果表明：藏汉后代的肤纹特征介于藏族和汉族之间,提示 肤纹参数的多因子遗传本质。     

台湾太鲁阁(Truku)族群肤纹学研究

本文报道台湾太鲁阁(Truku)的肤纹参数, 样本包括100名男性和100名女性。研究方法以《ADA标准-CDA版本》为依据、项目以《CDA标准》的Ⅱ级模式样本为依据。还有atd、tPD、猿线、指三角、同名指指纹对应的情况等, 见到非随机组合的现象。这是首次对太鲁阁人肤纹作Ⅱ级模式样本的调查, 为医学、遗传学和人类学等提供Ⅱ级模式样本。肤纹是人类的生物学性状, 由遗传和环境所致。指纹花样有每人每指各不相同和终身稳定两大特点, 成为个人身份鉴定的证明。肤纹在群体间有特异性, 在民族间有明显的差异。研究群体或民族的肤纹, 可以发现人类肤纹的遗传标记。     

藏汉通婚子代的肤纹参数研究＊

本文首次较为完整地报道了藏汉通婚子代群体的14项肤纹参数（其中藏父汉思及汉父藏母各100 例），并将这些肤纹参数分别与其藏汉父母样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较，再与1000例藏族及1040例 汉族两个大样本的有关肤纹参数进行比较。结果表明：藏汉后代的肤纹特征介于藏族和汉族之间，提示 肤纹参数的多因子遗传本质。     

中国人群肤纹的主成分分析

近年来 ,我国学者多将中国人群分为南、北两大类群。作者对我国 5 9个人群的肤纹进行主成分分析。结果表明 ,根据肤纹特征 ,可将中国人分为 6个族群 ,除北方族群、南方族群外 ,存在着新疆族群与西藏族群。新疆族群与北方族群相比 ,斗型率低 ,尺箕、桡箕率高 ,小鱼际区与指间区Ⅱ、Ⅲ真实花纹率高。西藏族群斗型率高、尺箕率低。北方族群与南方族群相比 ,指纹嵴线总数、小鱼际区与指间区Ⅲ真实花纹率高。此外 ,还存在南北族群间的过渡族群与南北混合族群。 8个汉族人群未能聚集 ,分散于各族群中。这表明 ,汉族与少数民族间、南北方民族间存在着肤纹基因的交流。将中华民族分为南北两大类群的观点可能过于简单化了。     

Fine‐scale genetic structure of Tujia and central Han Chinese revealing massive genetic admixture under language borrowing

Archaeological, genetic, and linguistic evidence has supported the idea that northern China is the original center of modern Sino‐Tibetan‐speaking populations. However, the demographic history of subsequent southward migration and genetic admixture of Han Chinese with surrounding indigenous populations remain uncharacterized, and the language shifts and assimilations accompanied by movement of people, or just an adaptation of cultural ideas among populations in central China is still unclear, especially for Tibeto‐Burman‐speaking Tujia and central Han Chinese populations. To resolve this, we genotyped over 60K genome‐wide markers in 505 unrelated individuals from 63 indigenous populations. Our results showed both studied Han and Tujia were at the intermediate position in the modern East Asian North–South genetic cline and there was a correlation between the genetic composition and the latitude. We observed the strong genetic assimilation between Tujia people and central Han Chinese, which suggested massive population movements and genetic admixture under language borrowing. Tujia and central Han Chinese could be modeled as a two‐way admixture deriving primary ancestry from a northern ancestral population closely related to the ancient DevilsCave and present‐day Tibetans and a southern ancestral population closely related to the present‐day Tai‐Kadai and Austronesian‐speaking groups. The ancestral northern population we suspect to be related to the Neolithic millet farming groups in the Yellow River Basin or central China. We showed that the newly genotyped populations in Hubei Province had a higher proportion of DevilsCave or modern Tungusic/Mongolic‐related northern ancestries, while the Hunan populations harbored a higher proportion of Austronesian/Tai‐Kadai‐related southern ancestries.     

Ascertaining the role of Taiwan as a source for the Austronesian expansion

Taiwanese aborigines have been deemed the ancestors of Austronesian speakers which are currently distributed throughout two‐thirds of the globe. As such, understanding their genetic distribution and diversity as well as their relationship to mainland Asian groups is important to consolidating the numerous models that have been proposed to explain the dispersal of Austronesian speaking peoples into Oceania. To better understand the role played by the aboriginal Taiwanese in this diaspora, we have analyzed a total of 451 individuals belonging to nine of the tribes currently residing in Taiwan, namely the Ami, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Tsou, and the Yami from Orchid Island off the coast of Taiwan across 15 autosomal short tandem repeat loci. In addition, we have compared the genetic profiles of these tribes to populations from mainland China as well as to collections at key points throughout the Austronesian domain. While our results suggest that Daic populations from Southern China are the likely forefathers of the Taiwanese aborigines, populations within Taiwan show a greater genetic impact on groups at the extremes of the current domain than populations from Indonesia, Mainland, or Southeast Asia lending support to the “Out of Taiwan” hypothesis. We have also observed that specific Taiwanese aboriginal groups (Paiwan, Puyuma, and Saisiyat), and not all tribal populations, have highly influenced genetic distributions of Austronesian populations in the pacific and Madagascar suggesting either an asymmetric migration out of Taiwan or the loss of certain genetic signatures in some of the Taiwanese tribes due to endogamy, isolation, and/or drift. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:551–564, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Fine-scale north-to-south genetic admixture profile in Shaanxi Han Chinese revealed by genome-wide demographic history reconstruction

The Han Chinese are the world's largest ethnic group residing across China. Shaanxi province in northern China was a pastoral–agricultural interlacing region sensitive to climate change since Neolithic times, which makes it a vital place for studying population dynamics. However, genetic studies of Shaanxi Han are underrepresented due to the lack of high-density sampling and genome-wide data. Here, we genotyped 700 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 200 Han individuals from nine populations in Shaanxi and compared with available modern and ancient Eurasian individuals. We revealed a north–south genetic cline in Han Chinese with Shaanxi Han locating at the northern side of the cline. We detected the western Eurasian-related admixture in Shaanxi populations, especially in Guanzhong and Shanbei Han Chinese in proportions of 2%–4.6%. Shaanxi Han were suggested to derive a large part of ancestry (39%–69%) from a lineage that also contributed largely to ancient and present-day Tibetans (85%) as well as southern Han, supporting the common northern China origin of modern Sino-Tibetan-speaking populations and southwestward expansion of millet farmers from the middle-upper Yellow River Basin to the Tibetan Plateau and to southern China. The rest of the ancestry of Shaanxi Han was from a lineage closely related to ancient and present-day Austronesian and Tai-Kadai speaking populations in southern China and Southeast Asia. We also observed a genetic substructure in Shaanxi Han in terms of north–south-related ancestry corresponding well to the latitudes. Maternal mitochondrial DNA and paternal Y-chromosome lineages further demonstrated the aforementioned admixture pattern of Han Chinese in Shaanxi province.     

Genetic link between Chaoshan and other Chinese Han populations: Evidence from HLA-A and HLA-B allele frequency distribution

The genetic polymorphism of HLA-A and HLA-B loci was investigated in 505 Chaoshanese using PCR-SSP method. Among the HLA-A alleles detected, A*11 (35.64%) was most frequent, followed by A*02 (31.78%). Of 34 HLA-B alleles tested, 30 were observed, in which B*60 (21.68%), B*46 (14.46%), and B*58 (10.69%) were highly predominant. Comparison was made with other nine Chinese Han ethnic groups covering the Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The high frequent alleles found in Chaoshanese were also common in other Chinese groups compared though the frequency levels varied from group to group. The phylogenic tree analysis based on the HLA-A and -B allele frequencies of all the 10 Chinese ethnic groups revealed that Chaoshanese, while clustering in general with the southern China-related Han Chinese, had the highest affinity to the Mainland Minnanese, but separated distinctively from the northern Han Chinese. The study, however, was yet to confirm the hypothesis of the Central Plains Han origin of Chaoshanese. Interestingly, the alleles (B*46, B*38, and B*58) and the related haplotypes (A*02-B*46 and A*33-B*58) that are positively associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a disease prevailing predominantly among southern Chinese, were always at much higher frequencies among southern Chinese than among northern Chinese, whereas A*31 and B*13, the two alleles with highly protective effects for NPC, and the associated haplotype A*30-B*13 were predominantly high in northern Chinese. The different genetic background between northern and southern China may explain, at least partially, the prevalence of NPC among southern Chinese.     

Dermatoglyphics from All Chinese Ethnic Groups Reveal Geographic Patterning

Completion of a survey of dermatoglyphic variables for all ethnic groups in an ethnically diverse country like China is a huge research project, and an achievement that anthropological and dermatoglyphic scholars in the country could once only dream of. However, through the endeavors of scientists in China over the last 30 years, the dream has become reality. This paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of dermatoglyphics from all ethnic groups in China. Using cluster analysis and principal component analysis of dermatoglyphics, it has been found that Chinese populations can be generally divided into a southern group and a northern group. Furthermore, there has been considerable debate about the origins of many Chinese populations and about proper assignment of these peoples to larger ethnic groups. In this paper, we suggest that dermatoglyphic data can inform these debates by helping to classify a Chinese population as a northern or southern group, using selected reference populations and quantitative methods. This study is the first to assemble and investigate dermatoglyphics from all 56 Chinese ethnic groups. It is fortunate that data on population dermatoglyphics, a field of physical anthropology, have now been collected for all 56 Chinese ethnic groups, because intermarriage between individuals from different Chinese ethnic groups occurs more frequently in recent times, making population dermatoglyphic research an ever more challenging field of inquiry.     

Northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome-wide array genotyping

The population history of Southeast (SE) China remains poorly understood due to the sparse sampling of present-day populations and limited modeling with ancient genomic data. We report genome-wide genotyping data from 207 present-day Han Chinese and Hmong-Mien (HM)-speaking She people from Fujian and Taiwan Island, SE China. We coanalyzed 66 Early Neolithic to Iron Age ancient Fujian and Taiwan Island individuals obtained from previously published works to explore the genetic continuity and admixture based on patterns of genetic variations of the high-resolution time transect. We found the genetic differentiation between northern and southern East Asians was defined by a north–south East Asian genetic cline and our studied southern East Asians were clustered in the southern end of this cline. The southeastern coastal modern East Asians are genetically similar to other southern indigenous groups as well as geographically close to Neolithic-to-Iron Age populations, but they also shared excess alleles with post-Neolithic Yellow River ancients, which suggested a southward gene flow on the modern southern coastal gene pool. In addition, we identified one new HM genetic cline in East Asia with the coastal Fujian HM-speaking She localizing at the intersection between HM and Han clines. She people show stronger genetic affinity with southern East Asian indigenous populations, with the main ancestry deriving from groups related to southeastern ancient indigenous rice farmers. The southeastern Han Chinese could be modeled with the primary ancestry deriving from the group related to the Yellow River Basin millet farmers and the remaining from groups related to rice farmers, which was consistent with the northern China origin of modern southeastern Han Chinese and in line with the historically and archaeologically attested southward migrations of Han people and their ancestors. Our estimated north–south admixture time ranges based on the decay of the linkage disequilibrium spanned from the Bronze Age to historic periods, suggesting the recent large-scale population migrations and subsequent admixture participated in the formation of modern Han in SE Asia.     

Mitochondrial DNA data indicate an introduction through Mainland Southeast Asia for Australian dingoes and Polynesian domestic dogs

In the late stages of the global dispersal of dogs, dingoes appear in the Australian archaeological record 3500 years BP, and dogs were one of three domesticates brought with the colonization of Polynesia, but the introduction routes to this region remain unknown. This also relates to questions about human history, such as to what extent the Polynesian culture was introduced with the Austronesian expansion from Taiwan or adopted en route, and whether pre-Neolithic Australia was culturally influenced by the surrounding Neolithic world. We investigate these questions by mapping the distribution of the mtDNA founder haplotypes for dingoes (A29) and ancient Polynesian dogs (Arc1 and Arc2) in samples across Southern East Asia (n = 424) and Island Southeast Asia (n = 219). All three haplotypes were found in South China, Mainland Southeast Asia and Indonesia but absent in Taiwan and the Philippines, and the mtDNA diversity among dingoes indicates an introduction to Australia 4600-18 300 years BP. These results suggest that Australian dingoes and Polynesian dogs originate from dogs introduced to Indonesia via Mainland Southeast Asia before the Neolithic, and not from Taiwan together with the Austronesian expansion. This underscores the complex origins of Polynesian culture and the isolation from Neolithic influence of the pre-Neolithic Australian culture.     

Y-chromosome haplotype distribution in Han Chinese populations and modern human origin in East Asians

We investigated the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype using 19 Y-SNPs in Han Chinese populations from 22 provinces of China. Our data indicate distinctive patterns of Y chromosome between southern and northern Han Chinese populations. The southern populations are much more polymorphic than northern populations. The latter has only a subset of the southern haplotypes. This result confirms the genetic difference observed between southern and northern ethnic populations in East Asia. It supports the hypothesis that the first settlement of modern humans of African origin occurred in the southern part of East Asia during the last Ice Age, and a northward migration led to the peopling of northern China.     

Y-chromosome haplotype distribution in Han Chinese populations and modern human origin in East Asians

We investigated the distribution of Y-chromosome haplotype using 19 Y-SNPs in Han Chinese populations from 22 provinces of China. Our data indicate distinctive patterns of Y chromosome between southern and northern Han Chinese populations. The southern populations are much more polymorphic than northern populations. The latter has only a subset of the southern haplotypes. This result confirms the genetic difference observed between southern and northern ethnic populations in East Asia. It supports the hypothesis that the first settlement of modern humans of African origin occurred in the southern part of East Asia during the last Ice Age, and a northward migration led to the peopling of northern China.     

台湾闽南汉人肤纹学研究

本文报导台湾闽南汉人的肤纹参数,样本包括100名男性和100名女性。研究的项目有TFRC、a-b RC、atd、tPD、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等,并且还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况,见到非随机组合的现象。这是对闽南汉人肤纹较详尽的调查,为人类学、遗传学和医学等提供了较完整的肤纹数据。