安徽禹会村遗址双墩文化时期农业发展的植硅体证据

本文利用植硅体分析方法,对安徽蚌埠禹会村遗址双墩文化时期44份土壤样品开展植物考古研究,重点关注典型农作物植硅体类型及其形态特征,以及敏感型与固定型植硅体组合特征等。结果显示,禹会村遗址大部分样品中皆发现有水稻特征型植硅体,并未发现粟、黍等旱地作物遗存;水稻扇型及双峰型植硅体形态特征分析显示,水稻遗存为驯化程度较高的粳型稻。以上研究结果表明,该遗址双墩文化时期的农业结构延续了顺山集文化时期以来种植粳型稻为主的传统。此外,通过水稻植硅体高密度样品中敏感型与固定型植硅体含量比值为0.7±0.2推测,该遗址水稻栽培环境属于“高地势-雨水供给”或“低地势-雨水供给”类型。本文研究结果为探讨淮河中游地区新石器时代农业发展、水稻栽培与驯化以及人类适应策略等问题提供了重要科学依据。     

黄淮西部仰韶时代农业结构研究——来自河南石固和贾庄遗址的植硅体证据

黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进行了植硅体分析。结果显示,黄淮西北部的石固遗址仰韶文化早、中、晚三期(6398–5326 cal BP)样品中均存在丰富的黍(Panicum miliaceum)稃壳植硅体,同时兼有水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体以及粟(Setaria italica)稃壳植硅体。位于黄淮西南部的贾庄遗址仰韶文化早中期(6179–5745 cal BP)样品中同样发现较多黍稃壳植硅体以及粟稃壳及少量水稻的特征型植硅体。上述结果表明,黄淮西部在仰韶文化早期时已形成统一的以黍、粟为主的稻旱兼作农业模式,其中黄淮西北部延续了该地区裴李岗文化阶段以旱作为主的稻旱兼作的农业传统,而黄淮西南部则从贾湖文化时的单一稻作农业发展为稻旱兼作农业,且这一转变发生的时间不晚于距今6200年。此外,在6000 a BP前后,石固遗址农作物结构曾发生明显变化,表现为旱地作物黍、粟的比重显著上升。最后,...     

安徽蚌埠禹会村遗址植硅体分析及其指示的龙山文化时期农业活动

禹会村遗址是淮河中游地区的一处大型龙山文化时期城址,了解其农业活动有助于认识本地区新石器时代末期的农业发展水平与社会组织形式等。本文对禹会村遗址2017年和2020年两个发掘区的49份样品进行了植硅体分析,在多个遗迹单位中发现不同浓度的水稻特征性植硅体,未发现粟遗存的证据。结合已有研究成果,本文认为禹会村遗址龙山文化时期的农作物以水稻(Oryza sativa)为主,粟(Setaria italica)在农业结构中所占比重较低。遗址中发现的水稻植硅体以来自茎叶的扇型植硅体为主,而且不同区域水稻植硅体分布浓度存在明显的差异,反映禹会村遗址的水稻收割方式可能为连杆收割,将水稻带入遗址内分开完成脱粒与脱壳行为。其中城垣区水稻加工活动可能存在集中完成的现象,而生活遗迹区是以家庭为单位开展。此外,水稻扇型植硅体形态参数分析结果显示,禹会村遗址龙山文化时期水稻驯化水平较低,可能存在包括粳稻在内多个水稻品种。本文揭示了禹会村遗址龙山文化时期农业结构、农作物的加工活动及农业发展水平等相关信息,为进一步研究淮河中游地区龙山文化时期农业生产及与其相关的社会组织形式等方面提供了新的科学依据。     

水稻和旱稻植硅体形态的对比研究

我国南方丘陵山地地区的原始稻种种类是"旱稻"还是"水稻",一直备受争议。水稻和旱稻是亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa)的不同生态型,如何区分史前遗址中两者遗存是解决该争议的关键。植硅体分析方法可有效区分野生稻和栽培稻,在研究水稻驯化过程中取得了重要研究进展,因此旱稻植硅体形态大小和组合变化与水稻可能存在差异。本文对水稻与旱稻的植硅体形态进行统计和对比分析,结果显示虽然两种水稻型所含植硅体形态相似,但旱稻哑铃型和刺棒型植硅体百分含量高于水稻,水稻扇型植硅体百分含量较高,且水稻扇型、哑铃型植硅体个体更大。以上这些差异可能与不同生态型水稻的生长环境、耕作及管理方式、泡状细胞发育程度等因素相关。哑铃型、双斧型、刺棒型的百分含量差异或可作为判别水稻和旱稻的指标,在判别南方丘陵山地史前稻作方式中拥有较大潜力。     

水稻扇型植硅体野生–驯化特征研究进展

近年来,植硅体分析方法被广泛应用于考古学领域,为世界农业起源、演化研究提供了新的手段和关键证据,其中在稻作农业起源和传播的研究中,水稻扇型植硅体对于发现、鉴定水稻遗存起到了重要的作用。研究农业起源的关键,是找到地质考古记录中的植物遗存,并准确鉴定野生–驯化特征,本文介绍了水稻扇型植硅体鉴定方法从定性到定量研究的历史,重点阐述了现代野生稻生长区、驯化水稻田、旱稻田表土中水稻扇型植硅体鱼鳞状纹饰研究的新进展,明确了野生、驯化水稻扇型植硅体研究中关于个体鉴定、选择和鱼鳞状纹饰计数的标准,在此基础上讨论了野生和驯化水稻扇型植硅体纹饰产生差异的可能原因和机制。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能够使植硅体分析方法在作物起源和传播的研究中得到更准确、更广泛的应用。     

安徽临泉宫庄遗址大汶口文化早期与龙山文化时期稻作农业发展的植硅体证据

新石器时代晚期(7.0-5.0ka BP)是淮河中游地区单一稻作农业向稻旱兼作农业转变的关键阶段,然而,由于相关研究资料的匮乏,目前学术界对这一转变过程以及该时期淮河中游地区农作物的驯化水平等问题依然不清楚。本文利用植硅体分析方法,结合相对应年代分析结果,对安徽临泉宫庄遗址大汶口文化早期、龙山文化时期的的农业发展与植物资源利用情况进行了研究,结果在宫庄遗址大汶口文化早期和龙山文化时期的大多数土样中都发现有水稻特征型植硅体,且水稻植硅体的百分含量随时间推移呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,同时未发现粟、黍等其它农作物遗存的证据。这一结果表明大汶口文化早期和龙山文化时期,该遗址先民从事的是单一稻作农业,基本沿袭着淮河中游地区新石器时代中期以来的稻作农业传统。对水稻扇型植硅体边缘鱼鳞状纹饰数量统计结果显示,宫庄遗址大汶口文化早期水稻的驯化水平已接近于现代栽培稻。此外,本研究还在该遗址所有样品中发现有较丰富的竹亚科植物特征型植硅体,推测宫庄遗址先民可能较普遍的利用竹亚科植物作为工具、建筑、食物等的原材料。本文研究结果可为淮河中游地区新石器时代晚、末期先民的植物资源利用概况,农作物结构演替,水稻的驯化历程等研究提供重要的科学依据。     

基于大样本数据的中国水稻扇型植硅体形态特征研究

水稻扇型植硅体在水稻起源研究中起着重要的作用,但由于野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体的区分存在不确定性,限制了扇型植硅体在早期稻作研究中的应用。本研究通过对植硅体大样本数据的统计分析得出:扇型植硅体长宽大小趋势是,普通野生稻大于栽培稻,粳稻大于籼稻;普通野生稻B/A显著大于栽培稻,粳稻B/A又显著小于籼稻。水稻扇型植硅体的长(VL)与宽(HL)呈现正相关的规律,扇型植硅体主要分布在VL<41μm和HL<39μm与VL>41μm和HL>39μm的区间内;在遗址水稻鉴定中,如发掘的扇型植硅体中多数B/A小于等于1.20就有很大可能是粳稻;如B/A大于1.2,可再根据扇型植硅体的大小区分野生稻和籼稻,多数植硅体在VL<41μm和HL<39μm的区间内可能是籼稻,在VL>41μm和HL>39μm的区间内则可能是普通野生稻。     

东北地区芦苇植硅体形态的空间差异

笔者对东北地区12个样点的芦苇叶片的植硅体进行了分析,探讨了芦苇植硅体在空间上的分布规律,揭示芦苇植硅体的环境指示意义,为定量恢复古环境提供参考。实验结果表明:12个样点中芦苇植硅体基本类型相同,共有5种主要植硅体类型,即中鞍型、帽型、芦苇扇型、尖型和棒型;但芦苇植硅体的浓度随着纬度的变化而相应的发生变化。总体来说,纬度较低的样点芦苇植硅体的浓度较大,而纬度较高的样点芦苇植硅体的浓度相对较小;随着纬度的变化,芦苇的特征植硅体中鞍型的浓度也呈现波状变化,牡丹江以南的几个样点中鞍型植硅体浓度相对较大,9、10两个月牡丹江以北的几个样点中鞍型植硅体浓度迅速减少。芦苇扇型植硅体则呈现出纬度较高的样点植硅体浓度较大,纬度较低的样点植硅体浓度较小的特点,芦苇扇型植硅体的空间变化规律与扇型植硅体的不同。     

全新世早期中国长江下游地区橡子和水稻的开发利用

最近发掘的浙江上山和小黄山遗址(11400—8000cal BP)是长江下游地区迄今发现最早的村落遗址。这两个遗址均出土有大量磨石, 而有机物遗存保存很少。本文对7件石器进行了淀粉粒、植硅体以及矿物残留物的初步分析, 以便检验这些方法在复原古代生计形态和器物功能研究中的可行性。鉴定出的淀粉粒包括橡子、根茎类、薏苡以及疑似菱角等, 但是没有发现水稻。在发现的水稻植硅体中, 来自茎杆和叶的密度较高, 而来自颖壳的密度较低。矿物分析表明残留物来自工具的使用以及周围的土壤基质。结果显示这些磨石曾经用于加工富含淀粉的植物和制陶用的羼和料。我们认为, 对富含淀粉并且适于长期贮存的植物特别是橡子的大量开发利用是全新世早期长江下游地区生计形态中采集策略的特征。本研究显示了淀粉粒和植硅体分析在古代生计重建中的巨大潜力。对这些遗址残留物的进一步研究将有助于我们更好地理解这一地区从采集经济到定居农耕经济的转变。     

江苏泗洪顺山集遗址植硅体分析及其环境意义

江苏泗洪顺山集遗址是淮河中下游地区迄今为止发现年代最早的新石器时代遗址之一。本文对遗址三个不同文化时期连续剖面土壤堆积物中的植硅体进行分析,结果显示该遗址先民早在距今8 500年左右已经开始种植水稻,并一直延续到遗址三期(7 500 BP)。植硅体组合分析结果表明,顺山集遗址所处时期的气候总体上较温暖湿润,但存在气候波动,从一期至三期大体上经历了温暖—偏凉—回暖的过程,可能对应了全新世高温期到来之前的气候转暖。从顺山集遗址水稻遗存的连续发现以及水稻驯化水平不断提高来看,气候变冷并未抑制当地稻作农业的发展,相反在一定程度上可能促进了其发展与扩散。本文研究结果对研究全新世早中期中国中东部气候变化背景下人类适应策略提供了重要的科学依据。     

Home Garden Production and Energetic Sustainability in Calakmul,Campeche, Mexico

Energy flows were studied for the 2002–2003 agricultural cycle in four households for which agriculture is part of a diversified survival strategy and four that practice agriculture as a business. Home garden inputs and outputs were measured monthly. Quantified inputs were: household labour, household agro-system production, and purchased external renewable and non-renewable energy. Outputs measured were: sales, family and animal foods. While both strategies had similar indicators in biomass and energy production, vegetable richness, and soil quality, household garden function and sustainability differed between subsistence and commercial householders. Subsistence gardens complemented family diet and contributed to household system resiliency. They relied heavily on renewable energy sources from within their agro-system. Gardens in commercial households reduced fruit tree area and increased animal husbandry for the market. They depended more on purchased non-renewable energy sources and were less sustainable and much less energy efficient than traditional gardens.

Patterns of land use,extensification, and intensification of Brazilian agriculture

Sustainable intensification of agriculture is one of the main strategies to provide global food security. However, its implementation raises enormous political, technological, and social challenges. Meeting these challenges will require, among other things, accurate information on the spatial and temporal patterns of agricultural land use and yield. Here, we investigate historical patterns of agricultural land use (1940–2012) and productivity (1990–2012) in Brazil using a new high‐resolution (approximately 1 km²) spatially explicit reconstruction. Although Brazilian agriculture has been historically known for its extensification over natural vegetation (Amazon and Cerrado), data from recent years indicate that extensification has slowed down and was replaced by a strong trend of intensification. Our results provide the first comprehensive historical overview of agricultural land use and productivity in Brazil, providing clear insights to guide future territorial planning, sustainable agriculture, policy, and decision‐making.     

农业的起源、传播与影响

农业是文明形成和发展的基础。约1万年以前,农业在西亚、中美洲和东亚地区几乎同时独立出现。西亚的两河流域被认为是小麦、大麦、燕麦等作物的起源中心;中美洲则是玉米、马铃薯和花生等农作物的诞生地;中国拥有两套独立的原始农业系统,分别是起源于长江中下游地区的稻作农业和黄河中游地区的粟-黍旱作农业,孕育了中华农耕文明。西亚的小麦农业、东亚的稻作和粟-黍农业逐步传播到世界上大多数地区,促进了早期农业全球化。15世纪末,新航路的开辟和众多贸易路线的出现加快了欧亚大陆和美洲大陆农作物的传播和融合,加速了农业全球化进程。农业的发展改变了人类改造和适应环境的能力;促进了人类定居,导致人群结构的重大变革,出现劳动分工和商品交换等,为人类提供了稳定的食物供应及储存,推动了人口的增长。农业起源和发展极大地增强了人类活动的强度和范围,深刻地影响着全球生态和气候环境。     

Yam is King! But Cassava is the Mother of all Crops: Farming, Culture, and Identity in Igbo Agrarian Economy

The history of Igbo scholarship has benefits from pioneer scholars such as Victor Uchendu, Ikenna Nzimiro, Don Ohadike, Michael Mbabuike, Ezenwa-Ohaeto, and Angela Uwalaka, among many others. Collectively, their scholarship defined the contours of Igbo political economy, anthropology, and sociology, and linguistic. As an agricultural people, the history of the Igbo people was defined by their relationship to the land and their ecology. These scholars, to whom I humbly devote this piece, have touched upon the changing nature of Igbo political economy as much as the link between Igbo agriculture and their identity.     

Common Ground: Risk, Scarcity, and Shared Resources in Goan Agriculture

In the Indian state of Goa, communally owned agricultural land has persisted through indigenous state rule, colonial occupation and postcolonial liberation. We show that in Goa, and indeed elsewhere in the world, communally owned land provides protection against scarcity, risk, and state revenue demands in wet rice agriculture. When wet rice agriculture is the primary agricultural activity, communally owned land is an effective way to utilize resources. These findings add to the literature that challenges the inevitability of the tragedy of commonly owned resources.

Microbial Enzymes: Production,Purification, and Isolation

Abstract

The cytoplasmic membranes of many aerobic and facultative bacteria contain enzymes that catalyze the reduction of dissolved oxygen to water. Preparations of small particles derived from such membranes can be filter sterilized without loss of the oxygen-reducing enzymes. These particle preparations can be used to produce anaerobic conditions in a variety of biological environments. They have been shown to stimulate the growth of many anaerobic bacteria and can also be used to stabilize oxygen-sensitive chemical reagents. The particle preparations are stable for long periods of time. They are functional over a pH range and temperature range frequently encountered in biological systems. Various techniques for using the particles are presented. The advantages and limitations of this new approach to achieving oxygen-free conditions are discussed.     

Diversity, Risk Mediation, and Change in a Trans-Himalayan Agropastoral System

We describe the diversity and dynamism of social, agricultural, and livestock husbandry practices in a traditional mountain production system in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. These are interpreted in the context of their role in mediating environmental risk. The production system is a little known Buddhist agropastoral system in the high altitude Spiti Valley (agriculture up to 4450 m, livestock grazing 4900 m, total area ca. 12,000 km²) in the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh. The local population (ca. 10,000) belongs to one of the three Buddhist sects Gelukpa, Shakyapa, or Ningmapa, is related by blood, and shares a common Tibetan dialect. Family is the basic unit of production, though families are highly dependent upon the community to meet production goals. A village council appointed on rotation and functioning democratically is responsible for village administration, and is the arbiter of all decision-making pertaining to collective work and settling disputes. The council ensures equal access of families to common resources, as well as equitable distribution of responsibilities among them. Systems of primogeniture, celibacy, and polygamy seem to have prevented the fragmentation of land holdings and limited population growth. The diversity of practices in the agropastoral system seems adapted to the risk-prone mountainous environment, the risks being climatic, geological, and those posed by wildlife. The system seems to aim at maximizing production while mediating environmental risk. The production system comes forth as highly dynamic, characterized by continuous innovation and experimentation. Recent changes in the production system are in response to both changes in local conditions as well as increasing integration of the local economy with regional markets, though many aspects of the traditional lifestyle continue to be maintained.     

现代农业与新型农业类型与模式特点

论述了目前现代与新型农业种类与模式的内涵、特点、基本指导思想与发展前景,分析了可持续农业、生态农业、有机农业、精准农业、设施农业、白色农业、城市农业、质量农业、蓝色农业、自然农业、生物农业、生物动力农业、集约农业及其他新型农业产生的背景条件和精髓,指出这些农业类型之间并不是完全对立,而是互相渗透与补充。其中的许多农业模式都注重依靠农业生态系统自身的循环,其生产过程有利于生态环境的改善和保护,但它们绝对排斥现代化学工业产品,侧重强调环境意识,忽视农业的生产功能和收益,会使农业生产效率和效益降低。面对人类人口增加和耕地面积不断减少的现实问题,这些替代农业很难实现大面积应用,如果能够把这些农业模式的精髓之处有机地结合起来,将形成具有生命力的现代农业,将主宰21世纪的农业潮流。     

The intensification of traditional agriculture among Yucatec Maya Farmers: Facing up to the dilemma of livelihood sustainability

This article discusses the change among Yucatec Maya farmers from traditional shifting milpa agriculture to intensive horticultural production for the Mexican market. The process of agricultural intensification among this group of peasant farmers has involved movement toward an increasingly sedentary form of production which has heightened reliance on the use of chemicals with negative consequences for the environment. The research, which focuses on the pressure on producers to abandon more sustainable forms of cultural controls against crop loss in favor of modern chemical controls, raises the issue of the transferability of sustainable traditional technology to small commercial farmers in the tropics. More specifically, the article draws attention to the sometimes overlooked issue of economic, as well as environmental, sustainability in discussions on agricultural development and resource management.Parts of this article were presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in New Orleans in November 1990, as well as at a conference in Mérida in Yucatan entitled La modernización de la milpa en Yucatán: utopía o realidad in May 1991.