On Pseudoaraucaria Fliche emend., a Genus of Fossil Pinaceous Cones

The type material of some fossil Pinaceous cones (from the Albianof France) originally described by Fliche in 1896 under thename Pseudoaraucaria is here redescribed in detail. The conesare similar in form to one from the English Lower Greensandhitherto called Pityostrobus benstedi (Mantell) Seward whichis also redescribed here. This newly recognized group of conesdiffers from the cones of any of the recent members of the Pinaceaechiefly by (a) the massive ridge of scale tissue lying betweenthe seeds so that these are deeply embedded in the basal partof the scale, and (b) the presence of a cushion of parenchymaat the chalazal end of the seed. The probable significance ofthese and certain other characters is discussed.     

松科早期球果研究的历史和现状

本文主要对早白垩世到老第三纪渐新世这段时间的松科化石球果的研究作了系统回顾和总结。松科化石球果的研究经历了一个由分散、幼稚到系统、成熟的发展过程,现在将松科化石球果分为三个属：Pityostrobus、Pseudoaraucaria 及Pinus。其中Pseudoaraucaria及Pinus为两个自然属,Pseudoaraucaria已经绝灭。Pityostrobus作为一个器官属,包括那些在松科中分类位置不明的球果。对松科化石球果进行细致的外部形态及内部结构的研究主要目的在于演化关系的探讨上：对于Pinus,主要探讨这个属内各个亚属、组、亚组之间的演化关系;对于Pityostrobus和Pseudoaraucaria,通过绝灭类型的分析,探索松科内各个类群(包括绝灭的)的演化关系进而完成进化树是研究的主要方向,现在这方面已有了Pinus中心说及Pseudoaraucaria分支说两个假说。     

松科早期球果研究的历史与现状

本文主要对早白垩世到老第三纪渐新世这段时间的松科化石球果的研究作了系统回顾和总结。松科化石球果的研究经历了一个由分散、幼稚到系统、成熟的发展过程,现在将松科化石球果分为三个属：Ｐｉｔｙｏｓｔｒｏｂｕｓ、Ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｒａｕｃａｒｉａ及Ｐｉｎｕｓ。其中Ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｒａｕｃａｒｉａ及Ｐｉｎｕｓ为两个自然属,Ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｒａｕｃａｒｉａ已经绝灭。Ｐｉｔｙｏｓｔｒｏｂｕｓ作为一个器官属,包括那些在松科中分类位置不明的球果。对松科化石球果进行细致的外部形态及内部结构的研究主要目的在于演化关系的探讨上：对于Ｐｉｎｕｓ,主要探讨这个属内各个亚属、组、亚组之间的演化关系;对于Ｐｉｔｙｏｓｔｒｏｂｕｓ和Ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｒａｕｃａｒｉａ,通过绝灭类型的分析,探索松科内各个类群（包括绝灭的）的演化关系进而完成进化树是研究的主要方向,现在这方面已有了Ｐｉｎｕｓ中心说及Ｐｓｅｕｄｏａｒａｕｃａｒｉａ分支说两个假说。     

SEM Observation of the Inner Surface Structure of Needle Cuticles in Pinus

Comparative investigation on the inner surfaces of needle cuticle of Pinus was made for 17 species and two varieties under SEM. It is shown that the differences in protrusions and depressions of the internal cuticle surfaces of needles in the genus are not remarkable. However, the features of intercellular flanges are rather distinct and three types can be distinguished. They are: (1) Subgen. Strobus (Sweet) Rehd (except Sect. Parrya) is of the Pinus koraiensis type; (2) Subgen. Pinus is of the P. tabulaeformis type; (3) Sect. Parrya Mayr of Subgen. Strobus (Sweet) Rehd is of the P. bungeana type. The character may provide taxonomy of the genus Pinus with a new piece of evidence. Based on the features mentioned above, together with many others, such as wood anatomy, warts of wood tracheids, bark structure, needle anatomy and cuticle structure as well as karyotypic analysis in Pinus, the author considers that division of Pinus into two subgeuera is natural and that separation of Sect. Parrya Mayr from Subgen. Strobus (Sweet) Rehd. and thesubsequent establishment of the subgenus Parrya of its own are also reasonable.     

A review of recent taxonomic concepts and developments in the Gracilariaceae (Rhodophyta)

Despite much effort in the past decade to resolve the taxonomy of algae in the Gracilariaceae, the family remains problematic. Genetic concepts have become equivocal as their diagnostic reproductive features have been reported as mixed in single species. Species concepts are often also uncertain since the full phenotypic range of a species is seldom known or appreciated. This paper reviews some of the recent taxonomic controversy from the viewpoints of morphology and molecular biology. As more observations are made, features like spermatangial configuration and mode of gonimoblast nutrition, once considered characteristic of genera and subgenera, are emerging as a continuum of types that may vary within species. Culture studies to establish the reproductive anatomy of a life history and to test crossabilities are invaluable to species concepts but also may yield false results owing to clonal variability and intraspecific sterility. Characteristics of DNA have been effective in clarifying some aspects of gracilariacean taxonomy and phylogeny, and may be able to resolve the major inconsistencies if more widely applied. NRCC 38089     

Species of Turbellaria Acoela in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, with Remarks on Their Anatomy, Taxonomy and Distribution

The Turbellaria Acoela in the collection of slides in the Swedish Museum of Natural History have been subject to reexamination considering new taxonomic principles. In a list of 101 species contributions are given to the anatomy, taxonomy, distribution and habitats of the species. The list is at the same time a catalogue of the types in the collection. The main part of the species have been described in several papers by Einar Westblad and Ernst Marcus.     

On the first record of the genus Octopoteuthis (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) in the Sardinian Channel (central western Mediterranean Sea)

A specimen of the rare squid genus Octopoteuthis (Cephalopoda: Octopoteuthidae) from 1600 m in the Sardinian Channel (central western Mediterranean) is described. Meristic and morphological data are provided. The specimen was a spent female and details of the reproductive system and implanted spermatangia are reported. Genetic analysis of this specimen and comparison with those available for species in this genus were carried out. Due to issues associated with the taxonomy of the genus Octopoteuthis, it was not possible to identify the specimen to the species level. The taxonomy of the genus is discussed.     

Seed structure and the taxonomy of the Cruciferae

The external morphology and anatomy of the seeds of some 90 genera and some 200 species of the Cruciferae have been investigated. Emphasis has been laid on the relationships of seed structure to taxonomy. As regards seed anatomy, the testa is probably of greatest value in determining taxonomic relationships. Seed structure supports the Cruciferae as a natural taxon. In the present investigation, few genera and species show seed characters which are either exclusive or very distinct. Of the remainder, most genera are distinguishable from each other on a permutation of their macroscopic and microscopic seed characters. However it is difficult or impossible to distinguish between some genera on seed characters. The present investigation provides no support for tribal divisions within the Cruciferae.     

The anatomy of the cypselae of species of Cineraria L. (Asteraceae–Senecioneae) and its taxonomic significance

CRON, G. V., ROBBERTSE, P.J. & VINCENT, P. L. D., 1993. The anatomy of the cypselae of species of Cineraria L. (Asteraceae–Senecioneae) and its taxonomic significance. The anatomy of the cypselae of five species of Cineraria has been investigated to establish its potential usefulness for interspecific taxonomy. The usefulness is apparently limited. The most useful characters are the number of ribs, the extent of sclerenchymatization of the ribs and wings, and the surface sculpturing of the epicarp cells. The shape and symmetry of the cypselae are also useful to a limited degree. The presence of three resin canals in each cotyledon is constant. Their spatial differentiation is described.     

Humicolous buthoid scorpions: a new species from Brazilian Amazon

A new species of humicolous buthid scorpion is described on the basis of a single specimen collected in the Brazilian Amazonia. New considerations on the taxonomy and biogeography of some micro-scorpions of the subfamily Ananterinae Pocock, 1900 are proposed in relation to their possible evolution from endogeous to epygean environments.     

The significance of the leaf epidermis in the taxonomy of the Combretaceae. V: The genus Cimbretum subgenus Cacoucia in Africa

The anatomy of the leaf epidermis of 49 of the approximately 65 African species of Combretum subgenus Cacoucia is described. This is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the subgenus, particularly its sectional classification. Of the 17 sections which have been describrd, Campylogyne is now referred to the genus Quisqualis, Argyrotricha is referred to Combretum subgenus Combretum , and Angolensia, Grandiflora, Mweroensia, Parvula and Trichopetala are included with other sections. Combretum grandidieri is referred to the genus Calopyxis . In general the leaf epidermis of speries of subgenus Cacoucia is of far lower taxonomic value than in subgenus Combretum .     

菌物DNA条形码技术原理与操作

DNA条形码技术是通过对1个较短目的基因的DNA序列进行分析从而进行物种鉴定的方法,它通过对1个或多个相关基因进行大范围的扫描,进而鉴定未知物种或者发现新种。当传统的分类学受到阻碍时,这种技术可以发挥其优势。相对于其他生物,菌物的生活史独特而复杂,这就使得对其进行的形态学鉴定要受到菌物自身生长发育时期的限制。国内外科学家对寻找适合于大多数菌物的标准DNA条码进行过探索,但还没有找到满足全部特征的基因片段。文中对DNA条形码技术的概念、原理依据、操作步骤和优缺点方面进行了介绍,并对DNA条形码技术在我国菌物研究方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

ANATOMICALLY PRESERVED SEED CONES OF THE PINACEAE FROM THE EARLY CRETACEOUS OF VIRGINIA

A collection of anatomically preserved conifer cones from the Early Cretaceous of Virginia contains two new species of the extinct pinaceous genus Pityostrobus. Superficially, the fossil cones resemble those of modern species of Picea. However, the fossils reveal such a peculiar mixture of anatomical features that they cannot be assigned to any extant genus of the Pinaceae. One of the new species, Pityostrobus hueberi, is most comparable with Pityostrobus corneti Alvin from the Early Cretaceous of Belgium. Pityostrobus virginiana, the other new species, differs from all other members of the genus in only slight—but nonetheless significant—attributes. Pityostrobus hueberi and P. virginiana are the first species of this genus to be reported from Early Cretaceous sediments of the North American Atlantic Coastal Plain. As such, they increase our knowledge of the structural variation exhibited by ancient members of the Pinaceae.     

基于雌蚊尾器形态的中国阿蚊属分类研究

【目的】明确阿蚊Armigeres雌蚊尾器在分类鉴定中的价值。【方法】依据在云南长期采集的标本, 观察了我国阿蚊属Armigeres正式记录的16种雌蚊尾器构造, 对雌蚊尾器的形态进行了系统描述和分类研究。【结果】编制两个亚属和16种阿蚊的雌蚊尾器分类检索表。【结论】每一种雌蚊尾器与雄蚊尾器一样, 都具有种的固定的特征, 是种的重要分类依据。     

Unexpectedly High Levels of Cryptic Diversity Uncovered by a Complete DNA Barcoding of Reptiles of the Socotra Archipelago

Few DNA barcoding studies of squamate reptiles have been conducted. Due to the significance of the Socotra Archipelago (a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site and a biodiversity hotspot) and the conservation interest of its reptile fauna (94% endemics), we performed the most comprehensive DNA barcoding study on an island group to date to test its applicability to specimen identification and species discovery. Reptiles constitute Socotra’s most important vertebrate fauna, yet their taxonomy remains under-studied. We successfully DNA-barcoded 380 individuals of all 31 presently recognized species. The specimen identification success rate is moderate to high, and almost all species presented local barcoding gaps. The unexpected high levels of intra-specific variability found within some species suggest cryptic diversity. Species richness may be under-estimated by 13.8–54.4%. This has implications in the species’ ranges and conservation status that should be considered for conservation planning. Other phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear markers are congruent with our results. We conclude that, despite its reduced length (663 base pairs), cytochrome c oxidase 1, COI, is very useful for specimen identification and for detecting intra-specific diversity, and has a good phylogenetic signal. We recommend DNA barcoding to be applied to other biodiversity hotspots for quickly and cost-efficiently flagging species discovery, preferentially incorporated into an integrative taxonomic framework.