新生儿国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果考核

为了考核新生儿接种国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后的免疫效果,并与血源乙肝疫苗效果比较。对1997年出生并接种重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗的新生儿隔年随访一次,采血检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),1998年以后对乙肝免疫人群开展急性乙肝发病监测。显示五年期间3次随访检测HBsAg阳性率平均为1.5%,较免前本底的HBsAg阳性率呈较大幅度下降,疫苗保护率为83%(95%可信区间为76.97%~89.02%),无论母亲HBsAg阳性或阴性,使用不同乙肝疫苗的儿童HBsAg阳性率没有统计学差异。接受重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫的对象中,无一例急性乙肝病例报告。重组(酵母)乙肝疫苗有较好的近期保护效果和免疫原性,与以前使用血源乙肝疫苗效果相当。     

重组(汉逊酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗副反应和抗体应答观察

观察重组(汉逊酵母)乙肝疫苗免疫儿童的副反应和抗体应答。按0、1、6月免疫程序,分别应用2批重组汉逊酵母疫苗和2批重组酿酒酵母疫苗,免疫221名6至12岁儿童,其中汉逊酵母疫苗1批(A)接种102人,另一批(B)接种26人,重组酿酒酵母疫苗1批(C)和另1批(D)分别接种74和19人。观察每次接种后的副反应和全程免疫一月后(T7)的抗体应答。儿童接种汉逊酵母疫苗后副反应发生率低,有个别出现发热反应,但均低于37.8℃,且为一过性。T7时4组儿童抗HBs血清阳转率均在96%以上,GMT范围在229.98～338.83IU/L之间。免疫A批疫苗儿童组抗体滴度(GMT)显著高于免疫C批疫苗组(270.33、229.98IU/L;P<0.05)。汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗具有较好的安全性,免疫儿童抗体应答水平较高。     

pH和溶解氧浓度对重组酵母表达乙型肝炎表面抗原的影响

观察酵母基因工程菌生产目的基因表达产物——乙型肝炎表面抗原的发酵,细胞生长和乙型肝炎表面抗原表达是两个相互影响的过程,因此,存在着pH的调节序列。溶解氧浓度的控制对重组质粒稳定性以及目的基因的高表达具有较大影响,实验获得控制溶解氧浓度为70％饱和度的条件,可使重担质粒保持73％以上的稳定性,并且．乙型肝炎表面抗原达到98．6的相对浓度。     

血源乙型肝炎疫苗的效力稳定性试验研究

对保存温度分别为３７℃、２－８℃、１８－２２℃,保存时间分别为１年、１．５年、２．５年的血源乙型肝炎疫苗进行了效力稳定性试验。结果表明,３７℃保存４周经效力测试已无活性存在,而２－８℃、１８－２２℃保存１年、１．５年、２．５年的疫苗经效力试验测定,２－８℃试ＥＤ５０／参ＥＤ５０比值可达１．０５－２．７４,２．５年后比值仍可达１．０５－１．６７,保持在合格限以上。但１８－２２℃试ＥＤ５０／参ＥＤ５０比值为０．７８－１．５２,其活性已下降。试验结果表明血源乙型肝炎疫苗在２－８℃保存的疫苗稳定性良好,其有效期至少在２．５年以上。     

肠道病毒EV71疫苗效力国家参考品的协作标定

目的建立肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)疫苗效力参考品,用于EV71疫苗效力的小鼠ED50检测质量控制。方法选取经Ⅲ期临床试验验证具有良好保护效果的一批EV71疫苗作为候选参考品,采用EV71小鼠ED50检测方法,对候选参考品进行效力的协作标定及适用性研究。结果候选参考品在各实验室的ED50均值分别为9.5~51.0 U,CV为3.8%~18.7%;5个实验室总均值为23.5 U,CV为60.9%。各实验室检测结果均符合正态分布;3个EV71灭活疫苗与参考品均表现出了良好的剂量效应关系,中和抗体阳转率均随疫苗稀释度的增加而降低,下降曲线形态相近。当以候选参考品为标准,3个灭活疫苗的体内效价比均值分别为2.7倍、0.8倍和0.9倍;CV分别为5.5%、27.5%和11.2%。结论建立的EV71疫苗效力国家参考品(320 U/0.5 m L),可用于EV71疫苗效力的小鼠ED_(50)检测质量控制。     

CpG对乙型肝炎基因重组(CHO细胞)疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了研究CpG-寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-OPN)作为佐剂对乙型肝炎基因重组(CHO细胞)疫苗(简称乙肝疫苗)免疫效果的影响,以乙肝疫苗加Al(OH)3、疫苗加CpG和疫苗加Al(OH)3与CpG3三种配伍方式,通过腹腔、皮下或肌内3种不同途径免疫Balb/c小鼠,观察不同免疫途径和不同配伍的免疫效果.同时又将疫苗与CpG混合后在4℃存放6个月再免疫小鼠,观察CpG的稳定性.结果表明:①3种免疫途径中以肌内注射效果最好,这在使用CpG的实验组尤为明显,在该组肌内免疫的ED50比腹腔的低了10倍,而诱发的抗体滴度提高了3倍;②疫苗与CpG、Al(OH)3联合使用的免疫效果最好,在肌内免疫时联合使用的免疫效果比疫苗+Al(OH)3提高4倍,比疫苗+CpG提高7倍;③疫苗+Al(OH)3免疫时,表现为IgG1抗体亚型占优势,而再加入CpG后则IgG1和IgG2a均升高,以IgG2a最显著;④疫苗与CpG混合后4℃保存半年,不影响其活性.     

HBsAg生化性状对乙型肝炎疫苗效力影响的研究

比较研究了重组酵母HBsAg P24亚基间二硫键结合及其还原条件下降解程度对乙型肝炎疫苗效力的影响。分别用HPLC及SDS－PAGE法检测重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗HBsAg的P24亚基在还原条件下降解和P24亚基间二硫键桥联程度,并检测乙型肝炎疫苗小鼠体内效力（ED50值）和体外相对效力（RP）,分析HBsAg的P24亚基间二硫键结合及其还原条件下降解程度对乙型肝炎疫苗效力的影响。结果表明HBsAgP24亚基还原条件下降解成分Sub-P24的相对含量在5．2％－31％间,P24亚基间二硫键桥联型HBsAg颗粒相对含量在41．9％－71．8％范围内与疫苗的实验室效力无关。所生产重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗HBsAg的P24亚基间二硫键结合及其还原条件下降解程度不影响乙型肝炎疫苗实验室效力。     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)鉴别试验的方法研究

目的：建立重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)鉴别试验的方法。方法：取重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)以1：10比例加入lmol/L盐酸调节pH值,采用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测,同时设以氢氧化铝、未处理的重组乙型肝炎疫苗、狂犬疫苗、出血热疫苗,以及试剂盒的阴、阳性作为对照。结果：狂犬疫苗、出血热疫苗及氢氧化铝对照为阴性,直接检测重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)呈弱阳性,加入盐酸调节pH值后原倍样品呈弱阳性,10倍稀释后呈强阳性。采用该方法检测5批疫苗均呈强阳性。组内平行试验,组间重复试验。结论：将重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)调节pH值后10倍稀释,用ELISA双抗体夹心法检测呈阳性,而且稳定可靠,该方法可用于该疫苗的鉴别试验。     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)生产工艺病毒灭活验证

目的:验证重组乙型肝炎疫苗(CHO细胞)生产工艺灭活病毒能力,评价疫苗安全性。方法:将乙型肝炎疫苗原液按1∶9比例加入指示病毒(麻疹病毒、VSV病毒),混匀后加入甲醛溶液,使甲醛终浓度达到1/2000和1/4000,放置于37℃,分别于0h、24h、48h、72h取样,用亚硫酸氢钠中和,贮存于-70℃待检或立即检测病毒滴度,对病毒检测阴性的样品盲传3代,进一步检测。结果:疫苗原液加入1/2000和1/4000的甲醛溶液,37℃作用24h、48h、72h,麻疹病毒滴度下降4.0个Log值,VSV病毒滴度下降5.0个Log值,且细胞盲传三代,均未出现细胞病变。结论:乙型肝炎疫苗原液在1/2000和1/4000甲醛浓度37℃72h作用下,均能有效灭活麻疹病毒和VSV病毒。     

保存温度和时间对狂犬病疫苗效力稳定性的影响

对人用精制狂犬病疫苗和浓缩狂犬疫苗分析在－33℃,2－8℃,25℃,37℃保存0－6个月进行效力的稳定性观察,结果表明随存放时间及温度增加,两者的生物活性均有不同程度的降低。在2－8℃条件下疫苗的效力明显比其它温度稳定（P＜0．02）;精制疫苗与浓缩疫苗比较,其效力有更稳定的趋势。     

Fermentation of recombinant yeast producing hepatitis B surface antigen

Summary Fermentations were performed to determine parameters affecting the expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae containing the HBsAg gene. These studies emphasized inereasing both the relative abundance (HBsAg: cell mass) and total production of HBsAg. Specific activity was increased 70-fold when cells were grown in shake flasks containing nonselective rather than selective medium. The addition of adenine, ammonium sulfate or glucose to the complex medium reduced the production of antigen. Results similar to those achieved in shake flasks were obtained when the growth was performed in fermenters. A nutrient addition system was employed to increase the production of cells and HBsAg. The addition of glucose to the culture medium increased cell mass 6-fold but decreased the production of antigen. This imbalance was corrected by supplementing the glucose with complex nutrients.     

重组乙型肝炎疫苗免疫小鼠后早期免疫相关因子的反应

目的分析乙肝疫苗免疫后早期小鼠体内细胞因子、趋化因子、转录调节因子等多种免疫相关因子在mRNA及蛋白水平的反应,寻求早期评价乙肝疫苗免疫效果的指标。方法采用皮下免疫方式,每只BALB/c小鼠注射含2μg HBs Ag的汉逊酵母重组乙肝疫苗,免疫后3 h、24 h、48 h、96 h、168 h收集处理小鼠脾细胞和血清,使用Luminex方法测定多种免疫相关因子的mRNA表达和血清中蛋白类因子的分泌水平。结果脾细胞中IFN-α1、IFN-β1、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-5、IL-6、IL-12p40、CCR1、CCR5、CCL3、CCL4 mRNA在免疫后3 h检测无表达,之后逐渐升高,在24 h达到表达高峰。CXCL10、IRF7 mRNA在免疫后3 h即出现表达,至24 h时达到表达高峰,分别为对照组的6.09倍和9.01倍。血清中CXCL10免疫后3 h即可检测,在24 h达到表达高峰。IFN-γ在96 h开始分泌,168 h时分泌水平最高。IL-12p70的分泌趋势与IFN-γ近似,在96 h之前的3个时间点分泌水平较低,168 h时达到分泌高峰。结论汉逊酵母重组乙肝疫苗免疫后3 h到168 h可检测到多种免疫相关因子表达,为早期评价乙肝疫苗免疫效果提供了指标。     

Impaired humoral immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients on maintenance hemodialysis

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem. We aimed in this study to investigate the humoral immune response derived to HBV vaccine following completing the vaccine series in Madinah. Two hundred and two Saudi hemodialysis (HD) patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Mean concentration of Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) was significantly higher among patients who received the vaccination twice compared to patients who received the vaccination only after starting hemodialysis (252 ± 489 mIU/mL vs. 144 ± 327 mIU/mL, respectively, p = 0.008). Almost half of the study sample were non-protected and showed anti-HBs concentration < 10 mlU/mL. In contrast, 20.3% (n = 41) were identified as poor responders (10–100 mlU/mL) and only 28.2% (n = 57) were identified as good responders (10–100 mlU/mL). However, the latter two groups were accounted as protected (48.5%, n = 98). Patients sex was associated with anti-HBs concentration (non-responders; poor responders; good responders), where significantly higher proportion of good responders were females compared to males (p = 0.007). In conclusion, HBV vaccine is efficient to elicit humoral immune response in hemodialysis patients.     

Size-exclusion chromatographic study of the reduction of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen

The reduction of the P. pastoris-derived hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been investigated by size exclusion chromatography performed in a detergent solution containing 0.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0.1 M Tris–HCl, pH 7.0. The HBsAg, reduced under different conditions and passed through the TSK G4000 SW column (600×7.5 mm I.D.) at 0.9 ml min⁻¹, was resolved into two peaks corresponding to the reduced, monomeric, and non-reduced forms, respectively. Under these conditions, the antigen fraction corresponding to the HBsAg dimer can be separated and completely reduced to monomers by repeated reductive treatment with simultaneous lipid removal. The efficiency of reduction was maximal after sample treatment with an equal volume of a solution containing 417 mM dithiothreitol, 4.2% (w/v) SDS and 16% (v/v) 2-mercaptoethanol. In conclusion, complete reduction of recombinant HBsAg to monomer subunits is possible and depends on the efficiency of lipid removal during the reductive treatment.     

两种配方的氢氧化铝吸附基因工程乙肝疫苗的效果比较

氢氧化铝［Ａｌ（ＯＨ）３］作为ＷＨＯ 推荐的一种佐剂,已广泛应用于生物制品的各种菌疫苗制剂中。本文对两种不同配方的氢氧化铝吸附基因工程乙肝表面抗原后疫苗的效果进行比较,结果显示：三氯化铝加氢氧化钠配方制备的Ａｌ（ＯＨ）３ 配制工艺简捷,易控制工艺参数及佐剂质量,对疫苗效力的增强作用优于三氯化铝加氨水的配方。     

抗原抗体复合物型治疗性疫苗(乙克)临床研究中患者血清乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原下降的分析与启示

近年来全球慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)防治指南提出了“功能性治愈”(functional cure)的概念,即患者经过治疗达到血清乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(hepatitis B virus surface antigen,HBsAg)消失,但现有抗病毒治疗很难实现这一目标。本研究对既往临床试验中经抗原抗体复合物型治疗性疫苗(乙克)治疗后的CHB患者HBsAg下降情况进行了归纳分析,结果显示,经乙克治疗随访后达到乙型肝炎e抗原(hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)血清学转换者的HBsAg下降高达0.95log₁₀IU/mL,显著高于未达到HBeAg血清学转换者的0.32log₁₀IU/mL(P<0.01),而经氢氧化铝佐剂治疗随访后发生HBeAg血清学转换(0.49log₁₀IU/mL)者与未发生HBeAg血清学转换者(0.36log₁₀IU/mL)之间HBsAg下降无统计学差异。乙克组治疗过程中,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)骤升(ALT flare)在HBsAg下降>1.0log₁₀IU/mL者中较多见,氢氧化铝组未观察到此现象。回归分析显示,乙克治疗后HBsAg下降的影响因素有患者出现HBeAg血清学转换、感染的HBV为B基因型、治疗过程中ALT出现10倍增高,以及基线血清HBsAg为高水平。结果提示,乙克诱导的特异性免疫对降低CHB患者血清HBsAg水平有一定效果,采用“抗病毒药物治疗＋针对HBsAg的中和性抗体被动免疫＋乙克主动免疫”的“三明治”治疗策略可能会提高“功能性治愈”率。     

重组乙肝疫苗纯度高效液相层析(HPLC)测定方法的改进

为建立重组汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗HPLC检定方法,应用TSK－G5000PW检测系统测定汉逊酵母重组乙肝疫苗表面抗原的纯度,对不同样品处理液的配比浓度和处理时间分别进行了探讨,作者选用DTT／Tween-80作为样品处理效果优于DTT＋Tween-20,1:50Tween-80与0.1mol/L等量混合为样品处理液的适宜浓度。样品处理液与等量样品混匀时间介于35s-2min时,HPLC分离效果好,结果稳定。该处理液及处理时间对CHO细胞及Merck酿酒酵母重组乙肝疫苗表面抗原的HPLC纯度测定无影响。结果表明：现有的HPLC检测系统用0.1mol/L DTT与1：50 Tween-80等量混合处理后能有效地检测不同类型重组乙肝疫苗表面抗原的纯度。     

Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen particles

To investigate the factors leading to broadening of the recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) peak in size-exclusion chromatography, the HBsAg particles eluting in different regions of the peak were subjected here to electrophoretic analysis. In nonreduced samples, the 24-kD band corresponding to the S monomer was detected when excessively large amounts of HBsAg were loaded onto the gel. Hence, some monomers are not disulfide-crosslinked in assembled particles. On the other hand, the results of alkylation experiments indicated the presence of free sulfhydryl group(s) in a little portion of freshly-purified HBsAg which was retarded on the size-exclusion chromatographic column and had significant antigenicity. This fraction of HBsAg was shown to be oligomeric and capable of spontaneous assembly into higher-order structures during aging.     

Evidence for the denaturation of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen on aluminium hydroxide gel

Despite the complexity of the subject of protein–alum interactions, a valuable information can be obtained by analyzing the adsorbed and desorbed protein by common physico–chemical methods. In the present work, to approach the adsorption of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) on alum, the experimental data were supported by complementary analyses of the adsorbed protein by immunoelectron microscopy and the desorbed protein by denaturing size-exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. First, the depletion of HBsAg was investigated. The aspects assessed were the conditions, recovery and chromatographic performance of the desorbed protein. The results obtained strongly suggested the loss of particulate structure of HBsAg after adsorption on alum. This conclusion was further reinforced by direct immunoelectron microscopic visualization of HBsAg in the adsorbed state.