人类免疫缺陷病毒1型逃避RNA干扰的研究

用RNA干扰(RNAi)技术来阻断特定基因的表达,为治疗诸如人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV—1)等慢性病毒感染提供了一种新的手段。虽然,通过小干扰RNA(siRNA)以降解序列特异性的mRNA可选择性地抑制一些在HIV—1复制过程中起关键作用的病毒蛋白,但RNAi技术仍然存在着许多问题亟待解决。本文就HIV—1特异性的RNAi技术作用的潜力和持久性作一研究。     

病毒逃避RNAi的策略

将病毒逃避RNAi策略的最新进展做一综述.RNA干扰(RNAi)是一个有效的抗病毒系统,并且病毒特异性小干扰RNA(siRNA)是非常有希望的抗病毒抑制剂.然而,许多病毒已经进化出了高超的策略来干扰siRNA和微RNA(miRNA)介导的沉默通路.深入理解病毒利用的逃避策略将为开发避免病毒逃逸的有效RNAi疗法奠定基础.     

病原菌逃避宿主细胞防御的策略

病原菌对宿主致病是病原菌与宿主复杂相互作用的结果。病原菌与宿主相互作用可造成宿主在细胞、组织及器官不同水平的损伤。病原菌对宿主的致病性及毒力,一方面在于病原菌,另一方面在于宿主因素以及宿主与病原菌的相互作用。病原菌-宿主在细胞水平的相互作用是病原菌感染致病的重要环节。结合本课题组对猪链球菌的研究,从黏附与定殖、侵袭、逃避与扩散等方面概述病原菌逃避宿主细胞防御的机制。     

抗原呈递过程中病毒免疫逃避的研究进展

抗原由抗原呈递细胞（ＡＰＣ）摄取并加工成肽分子,以ＭＨＣ－肽分子复合体的形式表达于细胞表面,由Ｔ细胞上的ＴＣＲ识别,激活特异的ＣＴＬ。病毒基因可编码某些蛋艇于该过程,进而逃避免疫体系的识别和清除。本文综述了这一过程中抗原呈递、病毒免疫逃避方面的一些新进展。     

病毒逃避宿主抗病毒反应的新策略

病毒与它们的宿主已经共进化了上百万年,在共进化的过程中,病毒发展了许多不同的策略对抗和逃避宿主的抗病毒反应.最新证据表明,病毒可以通过参与RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）途径来介导潜伏感染、调节凋亡、逃避细胞毒T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL）反应和逃避RNAi的抗病毒效应,从而逃避宿主的抗病毒反应.深入理解病毒逃避抗病毒反应的策略,不仅有助于理解病毒的致病机制及针对新的靶标设计抗病毒药物,而且有助于针对病毒的逃避机制制定相应的对策.     

RNA病毒RNA聚合酶的研究进展

自然界仅有ＲＮＡ病毒以ＲＮＡ作为基因载体。依赖于ＲＮＡ的ＲＮＡ聚合酶在这种病毒的增殖复制期起到了非常重要的作用。它一方面以病毒ＲＮＡ为模板复制子代病毒的基因,另一方面也将病毒增殖期间需要的蛋白质和酶类的基因转录成为ｍＲＮＡ,也就是说它担负了复制酶和转...     

RNA病毒感染性克隆技术及其应用

为实现对RNA病毒基因分子水平上的操作与研究,可将病毒基因组RNA体外转换成cDNA,构建出cDNA克隆,通过cDNA克隆与重组技术实现对RNA病毒基因分子水平的修饰,从而为病毒基因组的结构和功能研究提供有效的方法。这种方法是现代实验病毒学非常有用的工具,称为RNA病毒感染性克隆技术或反向遗传学技术。我们对该技术及其应用进行简要综述。     

RNA病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶的结构与功能

RNA病毒一般传播迅速,给人类和自然造成巨大危害和威胁.许多RNA病毒的结构蛋白在基础研究和应用方面已日趋完善.相比之下,就非结构蛋白(NS)所做的研究较少,存在许多未知问题.在这些非结构蛋白中,病毒自身编码的RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRP)对病毒的复制起关键作用.对RdRP的研究不仅使对病毒RNA复制的机制更精细明了,且有可能提供新的抗病毒靶标和诊断试剂.本文对RdRP特别是动物RNA病毒RdRP的结果与功能作一综述.     

植物病毒的卫星病毒和卫星RNA

植物病毒的卫星病毒和卫星ＲＮＡ陈金标（南京农业大学微生物系２１００９５）病毒是一种无细胞结构的生物体,个体极小,约为２０—４００ｕｒｎ。Ｍａｔｔｈｅｗｓ将它定义为：病毒是丁组或多组核酸分子、它通常祛外完蛋白包裹,且只在适合的寄主细胞里复制。在这种细胞...     

病毒利用UPP逃避抗病毒反应的研究进展

泛素-蛋白酶体途径是溶酶体外蛋白降解的主要系统,在许多细胞功能中发挥重要作用。越来越多的证据表明病毒参与泛素-蛋白酶体途径,干扰IFN信号通路和免疫受体表达、凋亡抑制及介导病毒潜伏。深入理解病毒利用泛素-蛋白酶体途径逃避宿主抗病毒反应的策略,有助于揭示病毒的致病机理和鉴定抗病毒药物新靶标。     

Viral Host Jumps: Moving toward a Predictive Framework

In order to predict pathogen emergence, we must distinguish between emergence phenomena that occur via different processes. Focusing on the appearance of viral pathogens in new host species, I outline a framework that uses specific molecular characteristics to rank virus families by their expected a priori ability to complete each of three steps in the emergence process (encounter, infection, and propagation). I then discuss the degree to which the patterns expected, based solely on molecular-level structural characteristics, agree with observations regarding the ability of animal viruses to infect humans. This approach yields predictions consistent with empirical observations regarding the ability of specific viral families to infect novel host species but highlights the need for consideration of other factors, such as the ecology of host interactions and the determinants of cellular susceptibility and permissivity to specific virus groups, when trying to predict the frequency with which a virus will encounter a novel host species or the probability of propagation within a novel host species once infection has occurred.     

A Polymerase Mechanism-based Strategy for Viral Attenuation and Vaccine Development

Live, attenuated vaccines have prevented morbidity and mortality associated with myriad viral pathogens. Development of live, attenuated vaccines has traditionally relied on empirical methods, such as growth in nonhuman cells. These approaches require substantial time and expense to identify vaccine candidates and to determine their mechanisms of attenuation. With these constraints, at least a decade is required for approval of a live, attenuated vaccine for use in humans. We recently reported the discovery of an active site lysine residue that contributes to the catalytic efficiency of all nucleic acid polymerases (Castro, C., Smidansky, E. D., Arnold, J. J., Maksimchuk, K. R., Moustafa, I., Uchida, A., Götte, M., Konigsberg, W., and Cameron, C. E. (2009) Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 16, 212–218). Here we use a model RNA virus and its polymerase to show that mutation of this residue from lysine to arginine produces an attenuated virus that is genetically stable and elicits a protective immune response. Given the conservation of this residue in all viral polymerases, this study suggests that a universal, mechanism-based strategy may exist for viral attenuation and vaccine development.     

Viral RNAs Associated with Ribosomes in Sindbis Virus-Infected HeLa Cells

Virus specific RNA ribosome complexes were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of cytoplasmic extracts from HeLa cells infected at 42 C with an RNA(+) mutant (ts2) of Sindbis virus. Viral RNA-ribosome complexes were accumulated by infected cells treated with sodium fluoride and cycloheximide. The RNA-ribosome complexes were characterized by (i) their sensitivity to the action of ribonuclease or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, (ii) their density in cesium chloride gradients, and (iii) presence of host ribosomes and viral RNAs. The viral RNAs were isolated and characterized. The results showed that two species of single-stranded RNAs (a 28s and 18 to 15s species) were associated with the complexes. Base composition analysis of the viral RNAs indicated that both species had a higher adenine content than the 42s or 26s forms of viral RNAs. The RNAs associated with the ribosome complexes were virus specific since they annealed with denatured double-stranded RNAs from the infected cells. Little or no 42S RNA was associated with the RNA-ribosome complexes. The results suggest that the 28s and 18 to 15s forms of RNAs may represent viral messenger RNAs.     

Genetic analysis of helper virus-specific selective amplification of cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNAs

Satellite RNAs (sat-RNAs) are small molecular parasites associated with a number of plant RNA viruses. The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) sat-RNAs are ca. 335 nucleotides and have evolved to produce a large number of closely related sat-RNAs. Different cucumoviruses can act as helper viruses in the amplification of CMV sat-RNAs. We have found that different helper viruses show a preference for a particular sat-RNA in a mixed infection. In this study the specificity of WL47 sat-RNA amplification by LS-CMV and of D4 sat-RNA amplification by tomato aspermy virus in mixed infections was examined. Recombinant cDNA clones of D4 sat-RNA and WL47 sat-RNA were used to map the sat-RNA sequences responsible for the helper virus selection of a specific sat-RNA for amplification.Correspondence to: M.J. Roossinck     

An Insect Viral Protein Disrupts Stress Granule Formation in Mammalian Cells

Stress granules (SGs) are cytosolic RNA-protein aggregates assembled during stress-induced translation arrest. Virus infection, in general, modulates and blocks SG formation. We previously showed that the model dicistrovirus Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) 1A protein blocks stress granule formation in insect cells, which is dependent on a specific arginine 146 residue. CrPV-1A also inhibits SG formation in mammalian cells suggesting that this insect viral protein may be acting on a fundamental process that regulates SG formation. The mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. Here, we show that overexpression of wild-type CrPV-1A, but not the CrPV-1A(R146A) mutant protein, inhibits distinct SG assembly pathways in HeLa cells. CrPV-1A mediated SG inhibition is independent of the Argonaute-2 (Ago-2) binding domain and the E3 ubiquitin ligase recruitment domain. CrPV-1A expression leads to nuclear poly(A)+ RNA accumulation and is correlated with the localization of CrPV-1A to the nuclear periphery. Finally, we show that the overexpression of CrPV-1A blocks FUS and TDP-43 granules, which are pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. We propose a model whereby CrPV-1A expression in mammalian cells blocks SG formation by depleting cytoplasmic mRNA scaffolds via mRNA export inhibition. CrPV-1A provides a new molecular tool to study RNA-protein aggregates and potentially uncouple SG functions.     

非编码RNA在肿瘤细胞糖代谢中的调控作用

非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是一类不具有蛋白质编码潜能的RNA,可分为管家ncRNA和调控性ncRNA。微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是研究得比较清楚的一类调控性ncRNA,不仅可调控细胞分化、增殖和凋亡,还可通过调节糖酵解途径中的限速酶［如己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase, PFK)和丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase, PK)］来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)是另一类近年来引起重视的调控性ncRNA,它们可通过调节癌基因c Myc、葡糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter, GLUT)、HK和缺氧诱导因子等来调控肿瘤细胞的糖代谢。深入了解miRNA和lncRNA等调控性ncRNA调控肿瘤细胞糖代谢的机制不仅可以使我们更加深入地了解肿瘤的发生机制,而且可能为肿瘤的预防、诊断和治疗提供新方向。