8个引进苜蓿品种的生长特性比较研究

通过对国外引进的8个苜蓿品种在同一环境条件下的生育期、生物量及其相关性状的动态变化特征进行比较研究,结果表明,8个苜蓿品种的返青期、分枝期有较大差异,而现蕾期、开花期差异较小。8个苜蓿品种的生长性状动态变化为：株高和茎粗在品种间差异很小,株高呈直线增长趋势,而茎粗的增长非常缓慢;8个苜蓿品种的叶面积在不同生育期的动态变化为：返青期品种间无差异,从分枝期到开花期品种间差异很明显;分枝数在整个生育期品种间差异较大;生物量与其相关性状叶面积、茎粗和分枝数呈极显著正相关,而与株高呈不显著正相关。     

菹草无性系季节生长速度和生物量分配特征

研究了菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)无性系在典型发育阶段的生长特征, 结果表明: 随着无性系的生长, 叶生物量比例增高, 茎生物量比例降低, 根状茎和根生物量占总生物量的比例较稳定, 成熟无性系各组分所占比例依次为叶＞茎＞根状茎和根。各发育阶段无性系小株生物量增长特征不同, 越冬期和繁殖期小株叶、茎生物量均与小株株高呈幂函数异速生长, 而指数生长期叶生物量与小株株高呈指数生长, 各发育阶段小株总生物量向叶茎组分的分配比例不同。无性系小株上部、中部、下部叶面积与小株株高之间在幼苗生长期和越冬期呈幂函数异速生长, 而在指数生长期和繁殖期呈线性同速生长, 尤其上部叶面积与高度间极显著正相关的水平最高。     

放牧影响下克氏针茅草原不同物候期土壤酶活性与微生物生物量的变化

研究了内蒙古呼伦贝尔克氏针茅草原不同放牧强度下土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性及土壤微生物生物量在不同物候期的动态变化。结果表明,返青期、抽穗期、开花期及种子成熟期中度放牧区土壤脱氢酶活性显著高于轻度放牧区(P0.05);返青期、抽穗期、开花期以及种子成熟期,轻度、中度放牧土壤中过氧化氢酶活性显著高于重度放牧梯度(P0.05)。轻度放牧区土壤微生物生物量碳在种子成熟期显著高于抽穗期(P0.05),土壤微生物生物量氮在抽穗期及种子成熟期显著高于返青期、开花期(P0.05);中度放牧区土壤微生物生物量碳在返青期显著高于抽穗期、开花期及种子成熟期(P0.05),土壤微生物生物量氮在返青期显著高于抽穗期、开花期及种子成熟期(P0.05);重度放牧区种子成熟期土壤微生物生物量碳显著高于返青期、抽穗期及开花期(P0.05),种子成熟期土壤微生物生物量氮显著高于返青期、抽穗期及开花期(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与土壤微生物生物量氮呈显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量碳与微生物生物量氮呈极显著正相关。     

飞机草入侵种群与原产地种群生长性状的差异

飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)是我国热带地区危害严重的外来入侵植物,为揭示适应进化对其成功入侵的贡献,在同质种植园中,比较研究了飞机草10个入侵地种群与12个原产地种群生长性状的差异,为排除奠基者效应的可能影响,进一步比较了飞机草10个入侵地种群与其原产地可能的祖先种群间的差异。结果表明,飞机草10个入侵地种群的基茎、株高、分枝数、生物量和比叶面积均显著高于12个原产地种群;与可能的祖先种群相比,飞机草10个入侵种群的生物量、分枝数和比叶面积仍更高。这些结果表明,在长期的入侵过程中飞机草通过进化提高了资源向生长的分配,支持增强竞争能力的进化假说。     

不同支持物对攀援植物--葎草雌雄株光合特性及生物量结构的影响

葎草[Humulus scandens(Lour.)Merr.]为草本雌雄异株攀援植物,采用野生种群人为控制的方法,设置分枝找到乔木支持物(高度(3±0.5)m)、灌木支持物(高度(1±0.5)m)和无支持物3种生长方式,测定雌(♀)、雄(♂)株分枝的叶面积参数、光合参数、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量及茎、叶、花在分枝、构件、单株水平下生物量分配比等指标,分析支持物对分枝光合特性和生物量结构的影响,探讨雌、雄分枝利用支持物的性别差异及响应支持物的生态适应差异。结果表明:(1)分枝的单叶面积、总叶面积、叶面积比率、比叶面积对支持物响应存在性别差异,♀株叶面积参数均大于♂株;支持物差异主要影响叶绿素a含量,对叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b影响不显著。(2)支持物差异对分枝叶片的光合参数均有显著的影响(P0.05),支持物对光合参数影响顺序为GsPnTrCi,性别差异影响顺序为GsTrPnCi;可溶性糖含量在性别间、支持物间均表现出极显著的差异(P0.01),♂株糖含量显著高于♀株。(3)在分枝水平下,♀株叶、茎及花生物量分配比都未受到支持物不同的影响(P≥0.05),而♂株在叶、茎的生物量分配比方面受影响显著(P0.05);在构件水平下,支持物差异显著影响了♂株分枝间的营养生长构件分配比,显著影响了♀株分枝间的生殖生长构件分配比;在单株水平下,叶分配比仅在支持物间差异显著(P0.05),而茎、花分配比在性别间、支持物间均有显著差异。(4)雌雄分枝的光合特性和生物量结构对不同支持物的响应差异明显,使葎草单株的生理整合性和适应性大幅度提高。研究以雌雄异株攀援植物为材料,从分枝水平分析支持物对雌雄株光合特性及生物量结构的影响,研究结果对探讨雌雄异株攀援植物的生态适应性具一定的价值。     

青藏高原东南缘陇蜀杜鹃当年生小枝茎叶性状对海拔变化的响应

通过在青藏高原东南缘的岷江源区三处高山林草交错带采集陇蜀杜鹃当年生小枝,测量小枝的茎长、茎粗与茎生物量,沿海拔梯度自然分布的空间变化对比其当年生小枝的茎结构与生物量及其相互关系,接着比较了总叶质量和比叶面积的变化,最后通过典范对应分析(CCA)探究小枝茎叶性状与土壤因子的相关关系,有助于理解陇蜀杜鹃适应异质环境的生态适应对策。结果表明:(1)除弓杠岭外,斗鸡台与卡卡山土壤因子在海拔间差异显著,相似海拔不同山地间土壤因子也存在显著差异。(2)除卡卡山高海拔比叶面积显著小于低海拔外,其他样地的小枝茎性状(茎长、茎粗、比茎长和茎生物量)和叶性状(总叶质量和比叶面积)在海拔间并无显著差异,相似海拔不同坡体间茎粗、茎生物量以及比茎长差异也未达到显著水平(P>0.05),但弓杠岭(3963 m)的茎长显著大于卡卡山(3921 m)(P<0.05)。(3)小枝茎长、茎粗与茎生物量之间均为异速生长关系,且茎生物量累积速率大于茎长和茎粗增加的速率,且茎长的增加速率约为茎粗的2.8倍。(4)CCA排序结果表明,11个土壤环境因子中,碳含量、碳氮比、有机碳含量、总磷和容重对植物性状有显著的影响,但在海拔及不同山体间影响小枝茎叶性状的土壤因子不同。由此可知,较小的海拔梯度变化对小枝茎叶性状影响较小,土壤因子是导致小枝茎叶性状差异的重要原因之一。     

玉米5个农艺性状的QTL定位

利用“豫玉22”构建的266个玉米F2：3家系为材料,通过一年两点的随机区组田间试验和分子标记分析,研究了玉米穗位高、雄穗分支数、茎粗、抽雄期、吐丝期5个重要农艺性状。相关分析表明,穗位高、雄穗分支数、茎粗与单株产量显著正相关,抽雄期与吐丝期高度正相关,雄穗分支数与茎粗显著正相关。采用复合区间作图法,通过500次排列测验分别确定各性状的LOD阈值,在武汉和襄樊两地共定位了7个穗位高QTL、9个雄穗分支数QTL、8个茎粗QTL、9个抽雄期QTL和7个吐丝期QTL;这些QTL在染色体上分布不均匀,具有集中分布的特点。研究表明,数量性状间的表型相关可能源于控制数量性状的QTL位点间的相关。     

南荻野生居群的表型多样性及土壤养分对其表型的影响

为明确中国南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)野生居群的分布及其表型多样性,该研究对54个南荻野生居群的8种表型性状的多样性进行分析,并测定其土壤pH和肥力指标,分析土壤对南荻部分重要表型的影响及其相互关系。结果表明:(1)8种表型性状在居群间和居群内都存在极显著差异(P0.01),且差异主要来自于居群内。(2)8种表型性状相互间具有明显的相关性,节数和茎粗与株高均呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),分枝数和株高与干物质产量均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),茎密度与大部分性状呈负相关关系,而最大节长与除株高外的其他表型性状都无显著相关性。(3)8种表型性状可降维成4个主成分因子(产量因子、株型因子、茎密度因子和最大节长因子),其累计贡献率为84.436%。(4)54个南荻野生居群可聚为两类,第Ⅰ类材料包含23个居群,材料来自长江下游及长江东北部,其株高较矮、产量较低,但茎密度、最大节长较大;第Ⅱ类材料包含31个居群,材料来自洞庭湖及长江中下游和长江西北部,其植株高大、产量高,而茎密度和最大节长较小。(5)大多数南荻生长的土壤pH接近中性且肥力较差,土壤有机质含量、速效钾含量对南荻株高和产量的影响最大,其直接通径系数分别为0.443、0.318及0.429、0.259。     

江淮下游地区大豆地方品种的初步研究——Ⅱ.数量性状的遗传变异

本文研究了江淮下游大豆地方品种生育期、产量、机械化栽培方面共17种数量性状的遗传变异。试验材料为本地区有代表性的78个地方品种,四次重复,随机区组设计。 性状的遗传型变异系数(GCV)、遗传力(h~2)以及预期遗传进度(GS)表明本区大豆地方品种自然群体生育前期、后期、全生育期,产量、分枝数、主茎节数、每节荚数、百粒重、瘪粒率、一株荚数、一株粒数、一株粒重、株高、结荚高度、倒伏性等15种数量性状具有丰富的遗传变异、选择潜力和良好的预期选择效果。证明除每荚粒数、茎粗两性状外,本区大豆地方品种主要数量性状的多基因资源十分丰富,是大豆育种宝贵的基本材料。     

甘蓝型油菜数量性状遗传变异的研究

本试验采用单因素遗传设计,连续两年分别研究了42个和50个稳定遗传的甘蓝型油菜品种22个数量性状的平均表现和遗传变异,结果表明,开花期、株高、分枝高度、着粒密度、每果粒数、千粒重、一次分枝数、总角果数、单株产量和含油量的表现受大环境的影响较大。开花期、果长、千粒重、主花序长度的遗传力高,总角果数、单株产量、着果密度、分枝高度、每果粒数的遗传力较低。随着芥酸含量的降低,开花期延迟,主花序变短,主花序角果数减少。无芥酸品种的总角果数和单株产量显著低于有芥酸品种。中国的高芥酸品种具芥酸含量显著高于国外的高芥酸品种。     

Contrasting Strategies of Alfalfa Stem Elongation in Response to Fall Dormancy in Early Growth Stage: The Tradeoff between Internode Length and Internode Number

Fall dormancy (FD) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) can be described using 11 FD ratings, is widely used as an important indicator of stress resistance, productive performance and spring growth. However, the contrasting growth strategies in internode length and internode number in alfalfa cultivars with different FD rating are poorly understood. Here, a growth chamber study was conducted to investigate the effect of FD on plant height, aboveground biomass, internode length, and internode number in alfalfa individuals in the early growth stages. In order to simulate the alfalfa growth environment in the early stage, 11 alfalfa cultivars with FD ratings from one to 11 were chosen and seeded at the greenhouse, and then were transplanted into an artificial growth chamber. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Plant height, above-ground biomass, internode length, and internode number were measured in early growth stage in all individuals. Our findings showed that plant height and the aboveground biomass of alfalfa did not significantly differ among 11 different FD rated cultivars. Also, internode length and internode number positively affected plant height and the aboveground biomass of alfalfa individuals and the average internode length significantly increased with increasing FD rating. However, internode number tended to sharply decline when the FD rating increased. Moreover, there were no correlations, slightly negative correlations, and strongly negative correlations between internode length and internode number in alfalfa individuals among the three scales, including within-FD ratings, within-FD categories and inter-FD ratings, respectively. Therefore, our results highlighted that contrasting growth strategies in stem elongation were adopted by alfalfa with different FD ratings in the early growth stage. Alfalfa cultivars with a high FD rating have longer internodes, whereas more dormant alfalfa cultivars have a larger number of internodes. There were tradeoffs between internode length and internode number in response to FD in alfalfa, which reflected certain scale-dependence.     

污泥蚯蚓粪对万寿菊生长发育的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）处理混合比例为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1、5∶1和1∶0的污泥和牛粪得到污泥蚯蚓粪,并以10%、20%和30%（干物质量）与黑土混合,研究其对万寿菊株高、茎粗、叶片数、分枝数、地上部生物量、地下部生物量、根冠比、花蕾数、产花量、花直径和花生物量等生长发育指标的影响.结果表明：蚯蚓粪明显促进了万寿菊的生长发育;污泥和牛粪比值越小,对植物生长发育越有利;蚯蚓粪含量超过一定量,万寿菊生长发育状况有所下降,20%配比处理对万寿菊生长发育最为有利.     

广东亚热带森林木本植物幼苗生长特性研究

研究了广东亚热带42种木本植物幼苗的生长及其与物种的生态特性、生活型、种子大小的相互关系.较强光下(H,66.8 μmol m-2s-1)乔木幼苗的茎高和茎生物量显著高于灌木幼苗的相应值,但在较低光下(L,33.7 μmol m-2s-1)两者无显著差异.而阳性植物、耐阴植物和中间型植物之间,茎高和茎生物量无显著差别.乔木幼苗的叶面积和叶生物量比灌木幼苗大,但灌木幼苗的叶片数较乔木幼苗多.大种子种和小种子种幼苗之间,阳性植物、耐阴植物和中间型植物幼苗之间的叶片数和叶面积一般无显著差异.阳性植物幼苗比耐阴植物幼苗侧根数多.乔木幼苗的根生物量和根/茎比显著高于灌木幼苗在较高光下,阳性植物幼苗的根/茎比较耐阴植物幼苗高,但在较低光下无明显差异.45 d幼苗的根生物量与种子重量呈显著的正相关,而90 d幼苗无明显的相关.乔木幼苗个体生物量显著高于灌木幼苗.幼苗相对生长率和叶面积比的大小呈现如下顺序阳性植物＞中间型植物＞耐阴植物,但只有阳性植物和耐阴植物之间有显著差异.阳性植物、中间型植物和耐阴植物幼苗之间的单位叶率无显著差异.     

Growth allocation between height and stem diameter in nonsuppressed reproducing Abies mariesii trees

To understand the growth patterns with respect to competition and leaf‐mass increase in reproducing trees, growth allocation between height and stem diameter was examined for nonsuppressed reproducing Abies mariesii trees in a subalpine forest in northern Honshu, Japan. The growth allocation was analyzed by dividing the relative growth rate of the stem volume into the relative contributions of height and stem‐diameter growth. During a 9‐yr period, height growth and seed‐cone production showed obvious annual variation, while stem‐diameter growth recorded moderate variation. For two of three years of seed‐cone production during the 9‐yr period, trees with larger seed‐cone production were associated with less height growth in the following year of seed‐cone production; however, there was no trend of height growth in the year of seed‐cone production. In the following year of mast seeding, trees with larger stem‐volume growth were associated with less height growth. This trend was also shown for the relationship between the cumulative stem‐volume growth during the 9‐yr period and growth allocation to height, suggesting that trees with a larger biomass increase depress the allocation of photosynthate to competition with a large expenditure for reproduction. In contrast to this, trees with a smaller biomass increase might allocate photosynthate to competition with surrounding trees. The results of this study suggest that an increase in reproductive organs during life history and annual variation in reproduction are closely associated with the growth patterns of the stem in A. mariesii trees.     

Brushing effects on the growth and mechanical properties of Corispermum mongolicum vary with water regime

High water availability and mechanical stress can induce opposite responses in plants. In arid areas of Northern China the occurrence of high wind and high water availability tend to be negatively correlated. Since turgor pressure is a determinant of the mechanical stability of annuals, it is hypothesised that the effects of mechanical perturbation (MP) on annuals may depend on soil water availability. To test this proposal, we conducted an experiment in which a pioneering annual Corispermum mongolicum was subjected to two levels of MP and water supply, and then determined its growth and mechanical traits. Brushing had no effect on plant height and total biomass, but stimulated leaf and branch production. Water supply affected plant height, basal diameter, total biomass and stem rigidity, but not leaf and branch number, root/shoot ratio or flexibility. With high water availability, brushing stimulated the production of stiffer stems (thicker and with a higher Young's modulus) and more roots relative to shoot mass, but with low water availability MP induced the opposite response. This shows that both the degree and direction of plant responses to MP depend on the presence of other factors. We discuss how the interactive effects of MP and water availability on growth and mechanical properties may help C. mongolicum to establish in windy and arid environments.     

马尾松三代选择群体生长性状变异及选择研究

以浙江省淳安县姥山林场的6×6半双列遗传交配设计的三代测定幼林为对象,分析幼林期（2、3和5 a）的生长性状的遗传参数和育种值,及2 a生时生物量的累积与分配。结果表明,马尾松幼林期不同杂交组合间的树高、地径、冠幅和活枝数均存在显著的遗传差异,且生物量在2 a生亦存在显著的遗传差异。杂交组合2 a生的地上生物量占植株总生物量的87.17%。幼林期生长性状以树高的增长量最大,5 a生较2 a生增长了4.23倍。采用综合育种值法,依据预测的树高（H）育种值为主,结合地径（D₀）和2 a生茎干生物量（B_s）指标的配合选择方式,以入选率20%优选出杂交组合分别为22×44、33×22、40×44。以5 a生时树高、地径的单株育种值为依据,2%的入选率优选出16个单株,其树高、地径、冠幅及活枝数平均增益分别为1.07 m、1.58 cm、0.32 m和4.67个。     

Association of a CONSTANS-LIKE gene to flowering and height in autotetraploid alfalfa

In alfalfa (Medicago sativa), an autotetraploid forage legume, stem length is a major component of forage yield, quality and competing ability. In this species, flowering date is not a breeding criterion. Association mapping based on a candidate gene approach has given good results in plants, including autotetraploid species for which genetic analyses are complex. The role of a CONSTANS-LIKE gene, identified as a candidate for stem elongation and flowering date in the model legume M. truncatula, was tested for association with the same traits in alfalfa. Four hundred genotypes from ten cultivars were evaluated for stem height and flowering date in two locations during 4 years. They were genotyped with simple sequence repeat markers and a low structuration was noticed. Primers were designed to amplify and sequence two regions of the alfalfa gene homologous to CONSTANS-LIKE. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected and their allelic dose in each genotype was scored. Linkage disequilibrium within CONSTANS-LIKE rapidly decreased as expected. Eight SNPs with a frequency above 10% were detected over 1,010 bp (one SNP every 126 bp on average) in the 400 genotypes. This number was lower than observed in a neutral gene (a SNP every 31 bp on average). Highly significant associations of three SNPs to flowering date and stem height were identified. Each SNP explained up to 4.2% of the genetic variance. Thus, as in the model species, the CONSTANS-LIKE gene was shown to be involved in flowering date and stem height in alfalfa.     

施氮对三个南方珍稀树种幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

为了探讨珍稀树种对短期氮素添加的响应,该文研究了氮素添加(0、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.6g·kg~(-1)土)对观光木、棱角山矾和半枫荷幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明:3个树种幼苗对外源氮素添加的反应不同,施氮显著促进观光木幼苗株高、基径、冠幅以及全株生物量和各部分生物量的增加,中低氮促进半枫荷幼苗的生长,但高氮抑制其生长;少量施氮对棱角山矾幼苗的形态和生物量参数没有产生显著影响,中量施氮抑制其生长。氮素营养的改变显著影响3种植物幼苗的生物量分配,观光木幼苗的根生物量比和根冠比均随施氮量的增加而显著降低;除高氮处理外,半枫荷幼苗的根生物量比和根冠比均随供氮量的增加而显著升高;棱角山矾的根生物量比和根冠比均随供氮量的增加而显著升高,可能与施氮抑制其茎叶的生长有关。总的来看,观光木幼苗更能耐受高氮条件,半枫荷幼苗次之,而棱角山矾幼苗不耐高氮;但到当年生长季末,各氮处理半枫荷幼苗的株高、基径和总相对生长速率均显著大于其它两种植物。     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长发育及其产量形成的影响

在盆载条件下,研究UV-B辐射（280-320nm）增强对3个不同类型水稻品种（组合）的生长发育及其产量构成的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制水稻生长,使株高变矮、分蘖数减少、叶面积和干物质量下降,但其抑制程度依品种、水稻所处的生长阶段的不同而不同;株高在苗期下降幅度最大,为9.4%-12.2%,干物质量在分蘖期下降幅度最大,地下部和地上部干物质量分别下降45.3%-59.8%、54.9%-59.0%,增强的UV-B辐射使水稻主茎不同叶位的出叶时间延迟,生育期延长,汕优63、南川、IR65600-85的抽穗时间分别比对照延迟2d、3d和7d,成熟期分别推迟3d、4d和9d,UV-B辐射增强明显降低水稻叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,叶片叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降,与对照相比,汕优6.3、南川、IR65600-85叶片的净光合速率分别下降了11.9%、12.8%、29.7%,UV-B辐射增强使水稻每株有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重下降,最终导致水稻籽粒产量下降25.2%-31.1%。     

The influence of below ground herbivory and plant competition on growth and biomass allocation of purple loosestrife

Experiments investigating plant-herbivore interactions have primarily focused on above-ground herbivory, with occasional studies evaluating the effect of below-ground herbivores on plant performance. This study investigated the growth of the wetland perennial Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) under three levels of root herbivory by the weevil Hylobiustransversovittatus and three levels of plant competition by the grass Phleumpratense in a common garden. Plant growth, flowering phenology, and biomass allocation patterns of purple loosestrife were recorded for two growing seasons. During the first year, root herbivory reduced plant height; plant competition delayed flowering; and the interaction of root herbivory and plant competition resulted in reductions in plant height, shoot weight and total dry biomass. Plant competition or larval feeding did not affect the biomass allocation pattern in the first year. These results indicate the importance of interactions of plant competition and herbivory in reducing plant performance – at least during the establishment period of purple loosestrife. In the second growing season, root herbivory reduced plant height, biomass of all plant parts, delayed and shortened the flowering period, and changed the biomass allocation patterns. Plant competition delayed flowering and reduced the dry weight of fine roots. The interaction of root herbivory and plant competition delayed flowering. Root herbivory was more important than plant competition in reducing the performance of established purple loosestrife plants. This was due, in part, to intense intraspecific competition among the grass individuals effectively preventing shoot elongation of P. pratense and resulting in a carpet like growth. Received: 3 April 1997 / Accepted: 27 July 1997