正电子湮没技术在突触体蛋白质研究中应用初探

正电子湮没技术(positron annihilation technique,PAT)是研究物质微观结构的一项新型实验技术,其应用范围已从金属物理、固体物理、材料化学扩大到生物学领域。国外已将此项技术应用于细胞器、生物膜及生物大分子的研究。例如,在红细胞膜、血红蛋白、碳酸酐酶等方面已有应用。此项技术在国内应用于生物学领域尚属初始阶段,除清华大学生物科技系曾用于大豆磷脂脂质体结构相变的研究外,其它方面的应用未见正式报道。可以说,这     

大豆磷脂脂质体对再灌注心肌线粒体的影响

利用Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ离体心脏灌流装置,研究在缺血－再灌注时补充大豆磷脂脂质体对心肌线粒体膜脂质特性和超微结构的影响。结果：在缺血－再灌注时补充大豆磷脂脂质体可提高线粒体膜磷脂含量,抑制胆固醇－磷脂摩尔比和膜脂质微粘度的增加,改善线粒体的超微结构。结果表明,补充大豆磷脂脂质体对再灌注心肌线粒体的脂质特性和超微结构的损伤性变化具有保护作用。     

正电子发射断层扫描技术已应用于帕金森氏症研究

帕金森氏症(Parkinson's disease,PD)是以黑质纹状体通路受损、纹状体多巴胺(DA)含量减少为主要病理特征的一种神经系统疾病。以往对PD的病理过程研究主要是在患者死后进行的,因此患者生前的病理资料很难得到。最近,正电子发射断层扫描技术在PD病理研究中的应用,在很大程度上弥补了上述缺陷。正电子发射断层扫描(positron emission tomography,PET)是一种新的核医学影像技术,其原理是将标记正电子发射的同位素药物注入机体,通过断层扫描观察药物在生物体内某些部位的分布和代谢,以此定量测定脑的血流动力学.代谢、受体药理学和神经递质的代谢状况。它的优点是可以同时兼顾形态学与机能学的观察。     

电子自旋共振波谱技术研究不同pH值对二棕榈酰磷脂酸脂质体相变性质的影响

本文用电子自旋共振(ESR)波谱技术研究了不同pH值对酸性磷脂二棕榈酰磷脂酸(DPPA)脂质体相变性质的影响。结果表明:DPPA脂质体随pH值的增加其相变温度降低。通过对测试条件的选择和波谱参数的测量,TEMPO标记的DPPA脂质体在HEPES溶液中ESR谱不出现疏水峰的原因,是由于仪器分辨率不够以及自旋标记探针TEMPO在DPPA脂质体脂双层疏水相中的超精细偶合常数Ao和各向同性go因子与它们在HEPES溶液中的值相近。     

利用飞秒激光研究微液滴的冻结相变特性

对微液滴冻结行为的认识在低温生物学、分析化学等方面具有重要意义.引入飞秒激光实验手段研究液滴及微量生物材料(蛋白)的冻结相变特性.实验考察了样品在多次冻结过程中荧光光谱的变化规律,结果表明:生物材料与非生物材料在冻结及复温过程中的荧光光谱变化趋势存在差异,非生物试剂在冻结过程中光谱下降,经历复温后,其光谱可回复到初始状态;而蛋白在冻结过程中光谱上升,经历复温后,由于降温/升温过程对其造成的不可逆损伤,光谱无法回复到初始状态.基于此提出了用以评估生物样品活性的非接触式飞秒激光测量方法.     

羟自由基对人红细胞磷脂酰乙醇胺脂质体相变性质的影响

研究了过氧化氢与亚铁离子体系产生的羟自由基对人红细胞膜磷脂酸乙醇胺(PE)脂质体相变性质的影响.结果表明,羟自由基导致脂质体不饱和脂肪酸链的含量明显降低和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,同时其膜流动性随之下降.在室温下,羟自由基诱使PF脂质体冰冻断裂面出现脂质颗粒,说明羟自由基通过脂质过氧化作用可促进PE脂质体从脂双层转变为非双层结构.     

羟自由基对人红细胞磷脂酰乙醇胺脂质体相变性质的影响

研究了过氧化氢与亚铁离子体系产生的羟自由基对人红细胞膜磷脂酸乙醇胺(PE)脂质体相变性质的影响.结果表明,羟自由基导致脂质体不饱和脂肪酸链的含量明显降低和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,同时其膜流动性随之下降.在室温下,羟自由基诱使PF脂质体冰冻断裂面出现脂质颗粒,说明羟自由基通过脂质过氧化作用可促进PE脂质体从脂双层转变为非双层结构.     

基因治疗研究中脂质体介导的基因转移技术

对于脂质体的深入研究特别是阳离子脂质体的研制使其逐步成为重要的基因转移载体之一,并且初步应用于基因治疗研究,同时多种靶向脂质体的研制也为体内靶向基因转移和表达奠定了基础。本文就脂质体的结构、功能、在基因治疗研究中的应用以及各种靶向脂质体的研制进行了介绍。     

抗肿瘤药物脂质体研究

正化学工业出版社出版本书在介绍脂质体及其在抗肿瘤治疗领域的概况及进展的基础上,重点论述了作者在脂质体技术应用在抗肿瘤药物领域的基础研究成果。主要内容包括:脂质体概述;脂质体在抗肿瘤药物领域的最新研究成果、应用特点和研究现状;抗肿瘤药物脂质体的制备方法、稳定性研究和质量控制     

抗肿瘤药物脂质体研究

正化学工业出版社出版本书在介绍脂质体及其在抗肿瘤治疗领域的概况及进展的基础上,重点论述了作者在脂质体技术应用在抗肿瘤药物领域的基础研究成果。主要内容包括:脂质体概述;脂质体在抗肿瘤药物领域的最新研究成果、应用特点和研究现状;抗肿瘤药物脂质体的制备方法、稳定性研究和质量控制     

山茛菪碱对磷脂糖服混合脂质体多形性的影响

本文采用冰冻断裂电子显微镜技术研究了山茛菪碱对单葡萄糖甘油二酯与心磷脂或磷脂酰甘油混合脂质体多形性影响。山茛菪碱可促进单葡萄糖甘油二酯与心磷脂或磷脂酰甘油混合脂质体在25℃时形成脂质颗粒,当温度为55℃时山茛菪碱对上述混合脂质体形成脂质颗粒更为明显。     

磷脂分子链构象及相变的拉曼光谱研究

本文报导了几种纯磷脂的固态、分散体或脂质体的激光拉曼光谱特性.在室温条件下固态DMPC、DPPC和DSPC的拉曼光谱表明,它们的分子链的有序性呈现差别.DMPC分子链的有序性远较其它二者为低.研究了DSPC的热致相变,分别观察固态DSPC的Ⅰ_(1100)/Ⅰ_(1064).～温度关系特性曲线和它的分散体的Ⅰ_(2882)/Ⅰ_(2847)～温度关系特性曲线,并发现上述两种关系特性曲线在相变温度之前均出现预相变峰,这可能反映在磷脂分子的相变过程中除trans(?)gauche构象转变外还存在其它构象的变化.DPPC分散体和脂质体的拉曼光谱特性进行比较的结果表明,曲率效应可能是脂质体分子链的有序性不同于分散体的原因.     

冬虫夏草及杜仲磷脂成分的研究

本文对不同产地的冬虫夏草及杜仲磷脂成分进行了分析研究。以钼蓝比色法测定了它们的总磷脂含量,采用薄层色谱扫描和吸光度比例系数校正法测定了其磷脂组成及相对百分含量。冬虫夏草约含8种磷脂组分,主要成分为磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰叽醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酸。杜仲约含6种磷脂组分,其中以溶血磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰胆碱为主。     

THE TURNOVER RATE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN THE PLASMA OF THE DOG AS MEASURED WITH RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS

1. A method for the determination of turnover time and turnover rate of plasma phospholipid is presented. 2. During the postabsorptive state 5.2 to 8.0 mg. of phospholipid phosphorus are turned over per hour in the plasma of dogs weighing 6–9 kilos. 3. The amount of phospholipid in an organ that is supplied by plasma phospholipid per hour is calculated.     

RELATIVE ELEMENTAL RATES OF ELONGATION AND THE PROTOXYLEM-METAXYLEM TRANSITION IN HYPOCOTYLS OF SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS

The transition from helical to reticulate wall patterns in the conducting elements of the xylem was located in etiolated soybean hypocotyls in conjunction with the distribution of elongation in the axis. The most acropetal reticulate elements are interpreted as the most acropetal metaxylem. Evidence is given that these elements experience strain as they mature. Predicted strain correlated significantly with maximum relative elemental rate of elongation (RELEL), which ranged from 0.08 to 0.12-hr^-1. RELEL varied from 0.03 to 0.06hr^-1 at the point of transition from helical to reticulate xylem element wall patterns. Estimates of strain to be experienced in the reticulate elements varied from 0.11 to 0.13 in untransplanted plants and from 0.04 to 0.11 in plants transplanted to the same, fully watered medium. Transplanting suppressed elongation in the region of maximum RELEL for ca. 12 hr and caused an upward migration of the region of depressed rates on the outside of the axis that accounts for hook-opening. Attention is called to the fact that this region of depressed growth corresponds with the onset of transverse enlargement of the hypocotyl axis.     

THE INTERACTION OF CATIONIC LIPOSOMES CONTAINING ENTRAPPED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE WITH CELLS IN CULTURE

Cationic liposomes composed of sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and stearylamine were prepared with horseradish peroxidase trapped inside. Stable particles were formed in which 10–12% of the enzymic activity appeared to be located at, or near, the outer surface of the liposome. Adsorption and uptake of liposomes by HeLa cells were followed cytochemically by electron microscopy and quantitated by enzyme assay and by the distribution and fate of particles labeled with [¹⁴C]cholesterol and [¹²⁵I]horseradish peroxidase. The particles were adsorbed by HeLa cells at least 300 times as efficiently as was free horseradish peroxidase. Many of the particles remained at the cell surface, but numerous membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions were observed to contain peroxidase-staining material. In addition, many areas of the cell membrane gave a positive staining reaction. It was concluded that many particles (presumably the larger ones) did not gain access to the interior of the cells, many were phagocytized, and some enzyme was transferred to the cell membrane, perhaps as a result of fusion of the liposomal membrane with the cell membrane.     

CYTOKINETIC STUDIES OF THE REGENERATIVE PHASE IN THE JB-1 ASCITES TUMOUR

The cell kinetics of recurrent growth of the murine JB-1 ascites tumour have been investigated 0 hr and 24 hr after aspiration of the main part of the tumour in the plateau phase of growth. The experimental data: growth curve, percentage of labelled mitoses curve and continuous labelling curves combined with cytophotometric determination of single-cell DNA content were analysed using two alternative mathematical models for the cell kinetics. Investigations 24 hr after aspiration showed that the doubling time had decreased to 70 hr as compared with 240 hr in the plateau tumour. This was due to a release of non-proliferating cells into the cell cycle, resulting in an increase in the growth fraction from 44% to 72%. The decrease in the doubling time was also due to a shortening of the mean cell cycle time from 41 to 20.5 hr. The analysis rendered it likely that the aspiration caused a shift in the mode of cell loss from an age-specific elimination of old non-cycling cells with post-mitotic DNA content in the plateau tumour to an elimination of younger cells immediately after mitosis. Investigations from 0 to 10 hr after aspiration verified the release of non-proliferating cells with both G₁ and G₂ DNA content into the cell cycle. The release was initiated from 3 to 6 hr after aspiration. 24 hr after aspiration the experimental data did not indicate any further transition.     

大豆叶片光合、蒸腾的日变化及其与生态因子的相关性研究

两年的试验结果表明：大豆叶片光合作用、蒸腾作用、叶水势及叶片对水分扩散的导性在大田自然条件中呈“单峰”或“双峰”型日变化。其变化的产生并非系生物内生物节奏引起,而实属同期生态条件影响的结果。在本研究中,光强、叶温及水蒸汽压亏缺是主要诱因。这些生态因子在量上的不同组合,导致所测生理特性的日变化呈不同趋势。