雌激素膜性受体GPR30在生后雌性大鼠海马内的发育学表达与细胞内定位研究

研究表明雌激素通过其受体对海马神经元的发育和可塑性以及学习记忆、认知、情绪等高级脑功能发挥了重要调节作用。GPR30是近年才鉴定的一种雌激素受体,它在海马内的表达和功能研究尚属空白。本实验应用免疫组化及免疫电镜技术,对GPR30在生后不同发育阶段大鼠海马内的表达及其免疫阳性产物在神经元内的定位进行了初步研究,结果显示GPR30免疫阳性产物主要位于海马CA区的锥体层神经元与齿状回颗粒层的神经元内,其表达水平随发育呈增加趋势。     

雌激素受体α在小鼠海马中的表达研究

雌激素在生殖系统、认知记忆系统、骨骼和神经的发育及其功能维持等多种生理功能中扮演了重要的作用。雌激素可以通过结合到核雌激素受体Erα、Erβ来完成其生理功能。最近通过ER敲除鼠和选择性的抑制剂研究表明Erα在海马中具有重要作用。Erα在海马中的表达是否具有年龄和性别差异的研究较少,该文研究了Erα在不同年龄、不同性别的小鼠海马中的表达,并进一步比较了Erα在卵巢去除小鼠和对照小鼠中的表达差异。研究结果揭示了Erα在海马中的表达具有年龄和性别差异,暗示了Erα的表达受到外周雌激素水平的调控。这些结果为进一步研究雌激素和Erα在海马组织中基因表达的调控过程以及相关疾病的临床治疗提供参考。     

雌激素Beta受体在大鼠脑内表达的免疫组化定位研究

为了探讨雌激素作用于神经系统的机理,采用硫酸镍铵增强显色的免疫组化SP法研究了新的雌激素受体（ER－β）在成年雌雄大鼠脑内的分布。研究证实ER－β免疫阳性物质主要位于神经元的细胞核内,但在个别脑区也可在胞浆甚至突起内检测到。最强的ER－β免疫阳性信号见于前嗅核、大脑皮质、小脑浦肯野细胞、斜角带垂直部、蓝斑和三叉神经运动核等部位;中等强度的染色见于隔内侧核、杏仁外侧核、黑质、中央灰质等部位;较弱的阳性反应见于下丘脑与杏仁复合体的部分核团。在一些部位还存在表达水平甚至细胞内定位模式的性别差异,如前庭上核内的表达只见于雌性;雄性大鼠三叉神经运动核内ER－β蛋白主要表达于胞浆内,细胞核为阴性;而在雌性大鼠该部位ER－β蛋白主要位于细胞核等。以上结果表明ER－β蛋白在大鼠脑内分布广泛并具有一定的性别差异,在与学习记忆有关的脑区如大脑皮质和基底前脑内有很高的表达,提示在脑组织内雌激素可能通过ER－β这一新的信号途径发挥多种重要的调控作用,如学习记忆等。     

雌激素Beta受体在大鼠脑内表达的免疫组化定位研究

为了探讨雌激素作用于神经系统的机理,采用硫酸镍铵增强显色的免疫组化SP法研究了新的雌激素受体(ER-β)在成年雌雄大鼠脑内的分布。研究证实ER-β免疫阳性物质主要位于神经元的细胞核内,但在个别脑区也可在胞浆甚至突起内检测到。最强的ER-β免疫阳性信号见于前嗅核、大脑皮质、小脑浦肯野细胞、斜角带垂直部、蓝斑和三叉神经运动核等部位;中等强度的染色见于隔内侧核、杏仁外侧核、黑质、中央灰质等部位;较弱的阳性反应见于下丘脑与杏仁复合体的部分核团。在一些部位还存在表达水平甚至细胞内定位模式的性别差异,如前庭上核内的表达只见于雌性;雄性大鼠三叉神经运动核内ER-β蛋白主要表达于胞浆内,细胞核为阴性;而在雌性大鼠该部位ER-β蛋白主要位于细胞核等。以上结果表明ER-β蛋白在大鼠脑内分布广泛并具有一定的性别差异,在与学习记忆有关的脑区如大脑皮质和基底前脑内有很高的表达,提示在脑组织内雌激素可能通过ER-β这一新的信号途径发挥多种重要的调控作用,如学习记忆等。     

雌激素受体p在胃腺癌中表达的研究

目的：检测雌激素受体β（ERβ）在胃组织的存在状况并研究其在人胃腺癌中的作用。方法：使用免疫组化方法,在蛋白水平对配对的原发性胃腺癌患者的癌组织及其癌旁非癌组织的ERB亚型进行检测,采用20例正常胃粘膜作为对照。结果：ERβ蛋白在部分胃腺癌及其癌旁非癌组织表达,但ERβ阳性率及表达模式不同。与配对的非癌组织相比,部分癌组织发生了ERβ表达减少或丢失,而且ERβ表达减少与低分化程度相关（P=0．041）,丢失的ERβ仅见于低分化癌。结论：ERβ可作为识别某些进展期胃腺癌发生发展的标志物,ERβ表达改变在低分化癌中更常见,也提示ERβ阳性胃腺癌可能比ERp表达丢失者预后更好;另外,在非癌组织腺上皮存在E邢的表达提示在正常胃组织中ERB很可能具有一种保护性作用。     

雌激素对成年和老年雌性大鼠血管平滑肌细胞雌激素受体α表达的影响及其机制

目的探讨雌激素对成年和老年雌性大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)雌激素受体α(ERα)表达的影响及其机制。方法采用RT-qPCR、Western blot及重硫酸盐修饰后测序(BSP)的方法,检测体外培养的3-4代成年(2-3月龄)和老年(≥20月龄)雌性SD大鼠VSMC在无或有生理剂量(10-10 mol/L、10-8 mol/L)17β-雌二醇(E2)存在下,ERα的表达及其启动子区CpG岛甲基化水平的变化。结果成年雌性大鼠VSMC无论在有或无雌激素存在时均表达ERα,且表达水平随雌激素浓度增加而上升。而老年雌性大鼠VSMC无论是在mRNA水平还是蛋白质水平几乎检测不到ERα表达,即使补充雌激素达最高生理剂量也无法诱导ERα的重新表达,其ERα基因启动区CpG岛呈现高水平甲基化。结论成年大鼠VSMC表达ERα,且生理剂量雌激素对其表达具有诱导作用。而老年大鼠VSMC ERα基因由于CpG岛已发生高度甲基化而抑制,生理剂量雌激素对ERα表达的诱导作用丧失。     

雌激素受体在小鼠睾丸表达的免疫组织化学研究

观察雌激素受体在小鼠睾丸的定位与分布。取Ａ／Ｊ系小鼠睾丸, 制备石蜡切片。用间接酶标免疫组织化学和高温处理抗原暴露技术显示雌激素受体的所在部位。睾丸所有Ｌｅｙｄｉｇ 细胞和约２０％ 的肌样细胞的胞核呈雌激素受体阳性反应。睾丸支持细胞和生精细胞为阴性。本研究首次用免疫组织化学技术证明了睾丸中雌激素受体的存在,并定位于Ｌｅｙｄｉｇ 细胞和部分肌样细胞的胞核。为研究雌激素对雄性生殖功能的调节提供了形态学依据。     

大鼠下丘脑视前区神经元内雌激素受体α的表达--免疫组织化学研究

了解雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor alpha, ERα)在大鼠脑的分布及大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的生后发育规律.用免疫组织化学反应方法结合图像分析仪检测雌性大鼠下丘脑视前区雌激素受体样阳性神经元的数量和灰度值.ERα分布于Calleja岛、梨形核、外侧隔核、基底前脑胆碱能神经元各群、终纹床核、下丘脑内侧视前区、室周核、腹内侧核、弓状核和结节乳头核、再连合和前内侧丘脑核、杏仁核复合体、梨形皮质和穹窿下器官.相比之下,皮质和海马内仅见几个分散的 ERα样阳性神经元.而纹状体内未见ERα样阳性神经元.ERα免疫反应产物主要位于细胞核内,蓝黑色.在成年雌性大鼠下丘脑内侧视前区(medial preoptic area, MPA)神经元的胞浆和突起内可见较弱的ERα免疫反应产物.在MPA内,生后1天可见ERα表达,随着大鼠的生后发育,成年时达到高峰.与成年大鼠比较,老年雌性大鼠雌激素受体样阳性神经元数量减少10.05%,P＞0.05,差异无显著性;平均灰度减少41.57%,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.老年雌性大鼠下丘脑MPA内ERα表达下调,可能与卵巢功能减退而导致情感、记忆变化有关.     

生后雌性小鼠下丘脑室旁核内ER-β表达的免疫组化研究

研究发现小鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)内雌激素β受体(ER-β)的表达与在大鼠等一些实验动物脑PVN的表达有差异,提示其在小鼠PVN内的表达可能有特定的生理意义。为了深入探讨ER-β在小鼠PVN内的功能,本文采用硫酸镍铵增强显色的免疫组化SP法研究了ER-β在生后雌性小鼠PVN内的表达。结果发现ER-β免疫阳性物质主要见于PVN的大细胞部,在小细胞部和背侧帽部免疫阳性细胞数目较少。免疫阳性物质主要位于细胞核内,未发现明显的胞浆或突起阳性,但在发育的某些时期可见免疫阳性细胞核局部呈现阴性反应。最高表达见于生后早期(第1-9天),随后表达降低,生后一个月即达到成年水平。PVN内ER-β的表达模式表现为生后早期表达高、随后降低,提示在该部位ER-β可能主要参与了对生后早期PVN的神经内分泌活动以及神经结构的发育与完善的调控,并可能与生后早期动物的应激、体重增加和脂肪代谢等有关。     

雌激素和孕激素受体在粉刺性乳痈的表达及意义

目的:探讨粉刺性乳痈患者雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)的表达及临床意义。方法:选择我院2017年1月～2018年12月收治的80例粉刺性乳痈患者,采用免疫组化法检测其乳腺病变组织ER、PR的表达,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清白介素-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)水平,分析乳腺病变组织ER、PR的表达与血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平的相关性。结果:与普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组比较,肉芽肿组、脓肿组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显升高,与肉芽肿组比较,脓肿组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平亦明显升高(P0.05)。普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组、肉芽肿组、脓肿组ER、PR的表达水平依次降低(P0.05)。普通乳腺炎组、乳腺导管扩张组ER、PR的表达与血清IL-1β、IL-6水平均呈显著负相关,而与血清TNF-α水平无显著相关性(P0.05);肉芽肿组、脓肿组ER、PR表达与血清IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:粉刺性乳痈患者ER、PR呈低表达或失表达,且与炎症因子及病情严重程度具有良好相关性。     

Deciphering the GPER/GPR30-agonist and antagonists interactions using molecular modeling studies,molecular dynamics,and docking simulations

The G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 GPER/GPR30 is a transmembrane seven-helix (7TM) receptor involved in the growth and proliferation of breast cancer. Due to the absence of a crystal structure of GPER/GPR30, in this work, molecular modeling studies have been carried out to build a three-dimensional structure, which was subsequently refined by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (up to 120 ns). Furthermore, we explored GPER/GPR30’s molecular recognition properties by using reported agonist ligands (G1, estradiol (E2), tamoxifen, and fulvestrant) and the antagonist ligands (G15 and G36) in subsequent docking studies. Our results identified the E2 binding site on GPER/GPR30, as well as other receptor cavities for accepting large volume ligands, through GPER/GPR30 π–π, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond interactions. Snapshots of the MD trajectory at 14 and 70 ns showed almost identical binding motifs for G1 and G15. It was also observed that C107 interacts with the acetyl oxygen of G1 (at 14 ns) and that at 70 ns the residue E275 interacts with the acetyl group and with the oxygen from the other agonist whereas the isopropyl group of G36 is oriented toward Met141, suggesting that both C107 and E275 could be involved in the protein activation. This contribution suggest that GPER1 has great structural changes which explain its great capacity to accept diverse ligands, and also, the same ligand could be recognized in different binding pose according to GPER structural conformations.     

雌激素通过GPR30-AMPK-mTOR通路诱导Ishikawa细胞自噬增强细胞活力

雌激素是子宫内膜癌发生发展的重要诱导因子,但关于其在子宫内膜癌中的作用机制目前仍不明确。自噬对细胞的存活具有重要的调节作用,研究发现其在子宫内膜癌发生发展的过程中起重要的调节作用。本文通过探讨雌激素对子宫内膜癌细胞自噬的影响,深入地了解雌激素促进子宫内膜发展的机制,并明确GPR30-MPK-mTOR 通路在其中的作用。MTT及透视电镜的结果显示,雌激素可以诱导细胞的自噬及增强细胞的活力,而这种作用具有一定的时间及浓度依赖性。同时,蛋白质印迹及实时定量PCR结果显示雌激素可以促进LC3、p-AMPK的表达,并且抑制P62、p-mTOR的表达,表明雌激素可以激活AMPK/mTOR通路。沉默G蛋白偶联受体30（GPR30）后,结果显示雌激素诱导细胞的自噬及细胞活力的作用被逆转,并且可以抑制AMPK/mTOR通路的激活,而G-1结果与之相反,表明雌激素通过GPR30激活AMPK/mTOR通路,诱导自噬及细胞活力。此外,加入AMPK抑制剂compound C,可以抑制雌激素诱导细胞的自噬及细胞活力的能力,并且促进P62、p-mTOR表达,降低LC3及p-AMPK表达,表明雌激素通过激活AMPK/mTOR激活细胞自噬及增强细胞活力。同时细胞预先加入自噬抑制剂3-MA或转染ATG5siRNA,可以降低雌激素增强细胞的活力,表明雌激素通过诱导自噬增强细胞活力。综合以上结果,雌激素通过GPR30-AMPK-mTOR通路诱导细胞的自噬增强细胞的活力。     

Estradiol rescues neurons from global ischemia-induced cell death: Multiple cellular pathways of neuroprotection

The potential neuroprotective role of sex hormones in chronic neurodegenerative disorders and acute brain ischemia following cardiac arrest and stroke is of a great therapeutic interest. Long-term pretreatment with estradiol and other estrogens affords robust neuroprotection in male and female rodents subjected to focal and global ischemia. However, the receptors (e.g., cell surface or nuclear), intracellular signaling pathways and networks of estrogen-regulated genes that intervene in neuronal apoptosis are as yet unclear. We have shown that estradiol administered at physiological levels for two weeks before ischemia rescues neurons destined to die in the hippocampal CA1 and ameliorates ischemia-induced cognitive deficits in ovariectomized female rats. This regimen of estradiol treatment involves classical intracellular estrogen receptors, transactivation of IGF-1 receptors and stimulation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, which in turn maintains CREB activity in the ischemic CA1. We also find that a single, acute injection of estradiol administrated into the brain ventricle immediately after an ischemic event reduces both neuronal death and cognitive deficits. Because these findings suggest that hormones could be used to treat patients when given after brain ischemia, it is critical to determine whether the same or different pathways mediate this form of neuroprotection. We find that an agonist of the membrane estrogen receptor GPR30 mimics short latency estradiol facilitation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Therefore, we are testing the hypothesis that GPR30 may act together with intracellular estrogen receptors to activate cell signaling pathways to promote neuron survival after global ischemia.     

A relation between osteoclastogenesis inhibition and membrane-type estrogen receptor GPR30

Disruption of the cooperative balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts causes various bone disorders, some of which are because of abnormal osteoclast recruitment. Osteoporosis, one of the bone disorders, is not effectively treated by currently available medicines. In addition to the development of novel drugs for palliative treatment, the exploitation of novel compounds for preventive treatment is important in an aging society. Quercetin, a major flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables, has been expected to inhibit cancer and prevent several diseases because of its anti-inflammatory and estrogenic functions. It has been reported that quercetin has the potential to reduce bone resorption, but the mechanism by which this compound affects the differentiation of osteoclasts remains unknown. Here, using a bone marrow cell-based in vitro osteoclast differentiation system from bone marrow cells, we found that the ability of quercetin to inhibit osteoclastogenesis was related to its estrogenic activity. The inhibition was partially blocked by a specific antagonist for the nuclear receptor estrogen receptor α, but a specific antagonist of the membrane-type receptor GPR30 completely ablated this inhibition. Furthermore, quercetin suppressed the transient increase of Akt phosphorylation induced by the stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand with no effect on MAPK phosphorylation, suggesting exquisite crosstalk between cytokine receptor and G-protein coupled receptor signaling. These results indicate the important role of GPR30 in osteoclast differentiation and provide new insights to the development of new treatments for osteoporosis.     

G15, a GPR30 antagonist,induces apoptosis and autophagy in human oral squamous carcinoma cells

As GPR30 has been implicated in mediating cancer cell proliferation, this study aimed to examine the antitumor effect of the GPR30 antagonist G15 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). G15 induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in a panel of OSCC cells. The results showed that G15 could inhibit the growth of the oral cancer cells with IC₅₀ value 11.2 μM for SCC4, 15.6 μM for SCC9, and 7.8 μM for HSC-3, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis and Comet assay indicated that G15 suppressed the viability of SCC4 and HSC-3 cells by inducing apoptosis and G2/M arrest. In addition, G15 down regulated the expression of Akt, cell cycle-related proteins, and mitogen-activated protein kinases, but increased the levels of LC3B-II and the accumulation of autophagosomes. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine does not affect the G15-induced apoptosis in SCC4 cells. Mechanistic evidence indicated that the antiproliferative effect was mediated through the downregulation of cdc2, cdc25c and NF-κB expression. Taken together, our findings suggest the potential of G15 in treating OSCC.     

Tectoridin,a poor ligand of estrogen receptor α, exerts its estrogenic effects via an ERK-dependent pathway

Phytoestrogens are the natural compounds isolated from plants, which are structurally similar to animal estrogen, 17β-estradiol. Tectoridin, a major isoflavone isolated from the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis. Tectoridin is known as a phytoestrogen, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its estrogenic effect are remained unclear. In this study we investigated the estrogenic signaling triggered by tectoridin as compared to a famous phytoestrogen, genistein in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Tectoridin scarcely binds to ER α as compared to 17β-estradiol and genistein. Despite poor binding to ER α, tectoridin induced potent estrogenic effects, namely recovery of the population of cells in the S-phase after serum starvation, transactivation of the estrogen response element, and induction of MCF-7 cell proliferation. The tectoridin-induced estrogenic effect was severely abrogated by treatment with U0126, a specific MEK1/2 inhibitor. Tectoridin promoted phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but did not affect phosphorylation of ER α at Ser¹¹⁸. It also increased cellular accumulation of cAMP, a hallmark of GPR30-mediated estrogen signaling. These data imply that tectoridin exerts its estrogenic effect mainly via the GPR30 and ERK-mediated rapid nongenomic estrogen signaling pathway. This property of tectoridin sets it aside from genistein where it exerts the estrogenic effects via both an ER-dependent genomic pathway and a GPR30-dependent nongenomic pathway.     

The cardiac electrogenic sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1) is activated by aldosterone through the G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR 30)

The sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) transports extracellular Na⁺ and HCO₃^? into the cytoplasm upon intracellular acidosis, restoring the acidic pH_i to near neutral values. Two different NBC isoforms have been described in the heart, the electroneutral NBCn1 (1Na⁺:1HCO₃^?) and the electrogenic NBCe1 (1Na⁺:2HCO₃^?). Certain non-genomic effects of aldosterone (Ald) were due to an orphan G protein-couple receptor 30 (GPR30). We have recently demonstrated that Ald activates GPR30 in adult rat ventricular myocytes, which transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and in turn triggers a reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and PI3K/AKT-dependent pathway, leading to the stimulation of NBC. The aim of this study was to investigate the NBC isoform involved in the Ald/GPR30-induced NBC activation. Using specific NBCe1 inhibitory antibodies (a-L3) we demonstrated that Ald does not affect NBCn1 activity. Ald was able to increase NBCe1 activity recorded in isolation. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis we showed in this work that both NBCe1 and GPR30 are localized in t-tubules. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that NBCe1 is the NBC isoform activated by Ald in the heart.