人神经干细胞移植改善衰老大脑的认知功能

神经干细胞移植治疗神经退行性疾病代表了一种新的研究方向。Ｑｕ等把神经球状态的未分化人神经干细胞 (ＨＮＳＣｓ)注射到大鼠侧室。 30天后 ,发现移植的ＨＮＳＣｓ分化成神经细胞和星形胶质细胞 ,这些细胞以非常有序的模式迁移到海马和皮层部位。形态学显示ＢｒｄＵ标记阳性的细胞沿侧脑室壁分布 ,有一些细胞则直接迁移到脑室内壁 ,而且与宿主脑建立了功能性联接。组织化学进一步证实 ,在大脑皮层ＨＮＳＣｓ来源的 βＩＩＩ ｔｕｂｕｌｉｎ阳性细胞长出朝向皮层边缘的树突 ,而在海马这些细胞表现出多重突起和分支 ,星形胶质细胞着色明显的…     

环孢素A对异种脱细胞神经移植的影响

目的研究脱细胞异种面神经移植中环孢素A（cyclosporin A,CSA）的作用效果。方法 48只Wistar大鼠随机选择一侧作为实验侧,解剖面神经后于颊支制造1cm的神经缺损。按神经移植的种类分为4组,A组：异种面神经移植组;B组：异种面神经移植应用CSA免疫抑制组;C组：异种脱细胞神经移植组;D组：异种脱细胞神经移植应用CSA免疫抑制组。各组实验动物分别于术后5周,12周进行电生理学测试（潜伏期、运动神经传导速度）,并进行光镜、电镜观察形态学变化。结果术后5周和12周时,C,D组动物在电生理指标及光镜、电镜指标上均优于A,B组,术后5周和12周,D组面神经颊支传导速度均高于其它各组。结论 1.0 cm缺损的异种脱细胞面神经移植动物实验中,应用CSA5mg/（kg.d）5周可以降低排斥反应,提高神经再生能力。     

神经干细胞移植对AD模型大鼠SNAP-25表达的影响

目的：观察神经干细胞对AD大鼠海马周围微环境中SNAP-25 表达及其认知功能的影响。方法：取成年雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为对照组、AD模型组、细胞移植组,每组10 只。采用凝聚态Abeta1-42 注射到大鼠海马组织内建立阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠动物模型,通过Y 迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆能力和Western blot技术检测大鼠海马组织内SNAP-25 的表达。结果：Y 迷宫测试结果显示术后4 周时AD模型组和细胞移植组大鼠学习记忆均低于对照组,与AD模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠学习记忆能力明显高于AD模型组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;Western blot 检测结果显示术后4 周时AD模型组和细胞移植组大鼠海马组织内SNAP-25 蛋白表达量均低于对照组,与AD 模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠海马组织SNAP-25 蛋白表达量高于AD 模型组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：移植的NSCs 可改善AD 大鼠的学习和记忆能力,其机制可能是通过改变海马区周围的微环境并上调了海马组织内SNAP-25 表达。     

当归对宫内低氧新生大鼠海马神经元与神经胶质细胞的影响及其机制

目的:探讨宫内低氧对新生大鼠海马CA3区神经元与神经胶质细胞的影响及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在低氧后的表达与当归的干预作用。方法:将大鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组和当归组分别受孕,取新生鼠脑组织制片后做神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)mRNA、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)mRNA、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA原位杂交。结果:当归能显著增大低氧新生鼠海马CA3区NSE mRNA和VEGF mRNA原位杂交阳性细胞IOD值,减小GFAP mRNA原位杂交阳性细胞IOD值。结论:当归注射液可增加低氧所致的新生大鼠海马CA3区神经元的数量,减弱该区神经胶质细胞的增生,其机制可能是进一步上调低氧后VEGFmRNA的表达。     

胚胎神经干细胞移植及胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对大鼠脊髓损伤的修复作用

将胚胎神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)移植至成年大鼠损伤的脊髓,观察移植后NSCs的存活、迁移以及损伤后的功能恢复。实验结果显示：动物NSCs移植4周后,斜板实验平均角度和运动评分结果比对照组均有明显增高(P＜0．05),而脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)处的空洞面积显著减小(P＜0．05);在NSCs中加入胶质细胞源性的神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)后,上述改变更加显著。移植后的NSCs不仅能存活,而且向损伤的头端和尾端迁移达3mm之远。这些结果表明,移植的NSCs不仅可以存活、迁移,还可减小SCI空洞面积,促进动物神经功能的恢复;此外,我们的结果还表明GDNF对SCI功能恢复有促进作用。     

小鼠脊髓损伤模型的建立及神经干细胞移植后运动功能恢复情况的研究

目的制作小鼠脊髓损伤打击模型,观察神经干细胞(NSCs)移植对脊髓损伤小鼠运动功能恢复及Nestin表达的影响。方法将50只小鼠随机分为空白组(5只)、模型组(15只)、对照组(15只)、治疗组(15只),运用改良Allen's法制备小鼠T10脊髓损伤模型并立即在损伤节段进行NSCs移植,于损伤后1、3、7、14、21d进行BBB评分,并通过免疫荧光法及荧光定量PCR检测Nestin的表达情况。结果所有脊髓打击后小鼠均出现双后肢瘫痪,但随时间延长运动功能可有不同程度恢复,NSCs移植14d后治疗组较模型组及对照组BBB评分显著增高(P0.05),且治疗组Nestin表达量也高于模型组及对照组。结论成功建立了小鼠脊髓损伤打击模型;移植的外源性神经干细胞在脊髓损伤处存活并促进损伤后小鼠运动功能的恢复。     

在大鼠创伤性脑损伤模型中神经干细胞移植对突触素表达的影响

目的探讨神经干细胞（NSCs）移植对创伤性脑损伤（TBI）模型大鼠感觉运动功能的恢复作用及其对损伤脑组织中突触素（SYP）表达的影响。方法体外培养大鼠胚胎皮质NSCs;采用Feeney法制备TBI模型,于造模后72h,移植组采用PKH26荧光示踪剂标记的NSCs直接移植于脑损伤区,对照组以等量生理盐水代替NSCs;分别于移植后不同时间点,采用Gridwalk和Latency试验检测TBI大鼠的感觉运动功能;荧光显微镜下计数移植细胞的存活数量;采用免疫印迹和RT-PCR技术检测脑损伤区及周围组织中SYP的表达。结果 NSCs移植大鼠前、后肢功能分别在移植后第2w和4w恢复至手术前水平,而直到第8w,对照组大鼠后肢功能和通过平板移动时间与NSCs移植组和基线比较仍有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。移植的NSCs随移植时间延长存活数量减少,移植后第4w和8w的存活数分别为6.3%±1.0%和4.1%±0.9%。在移植后的8w期间,移植组脑损伤区及周围组织中SYP的表达均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论移植的NSCs在TBI脑内能够存活,并明显改善了TBI大鼠对侧肢体的感觉运动功能;NSCs移植促进了脑损伤区及周围组织中SYP的表达,这可能是NSCs移植促进功能恢复的机理之一。     

川续断皂苷Ⅵ对睡眠剥夺小鼠神经发生及认知功能的改善作用研究CSCD

本文旨在探讨川续断皂苷Ⅵ(asperosaponin Ⅵ,ASA Ⅵ)对睡眠剥夺小鼠认知功能的改善作用及相关机制。采用多平台水环境法对C57BL/6J小鼠进行睡眠剥夺,期间腹腔注射ASA Ⅵ进行干预,采用新物体识别实验及Morris水迷宫实验评估小鼠的认知功能,运用q-PCR、免疫组化、Western blotting分别检测小鼠海马区的炎症水平、神经发生及信号通路变化。结果显示:与对照组相比,模型组小鼠海马中的小胶质细胞呈激活状态,炎症因子的表达水平显著提高(P<0.05),新生神经元数量显著减少(P<0.05),并导致认知功能下降。ASA Ⅵ干预显著改善了睡眠剥夺小鼠的认知功能,抑制海马中促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6的表达(P<0.05),同时显著提高抗炎性细胞因子IL-4、IL-10和神经营养因子BDNF的表达水平(P<0.05)。ASA Ⅵ干预还显著提高了睡眠剥夺小鼠海马中的p-PI3K、PI3K、Akt蛋白表达水平及新生神经元数量(P<0.05)。PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002处理显著降低ASA Ⅵ的干预效果。结果表明,ASA Ⅵ可改善睡眠剥夺小鼠学习记忆能力,其机制与PI3K/Akt信号通路激活相关。因此,作为抗炎、神经保护药物,ASA Ⅵ具有潜在的开发前景。     

曲可芦丁联合胞磷胆碱对脑梗死患者认知功能的改善作用及机制

为了探讨曲克芦丁联合胞磷胆碱对脑梗死的治疗效果及机制,本研究将100例急性脑梗死患者分为对照组和观察组(n=50),对照组患者采用常规治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用曲克芦丁和胞磷胆碱.采用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)对脑梗死患者的认知功能进行评价.将60只SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=20):假手术组、模型组和曲克芦...     

十八碳二烯酸对神经胶质瘤细胞增殖与凋亡的影响及其机制

目的:探索十八碳二烯酸(ODA)抑制神经胶质瘤细胞增殖与促凋亡作用及其机制。方法:取培养的人神经胶质瘤细胞(细胞密度2×10⁶ cells/L)分为溶剂对照组(给予DMSO,含量为30μl/L)、5-FU组(含量10 mg/L)和十八碳二烯酸组(设0.3、0.6、1.2 mg/L三个剂量组)。用台盼蓝、噻唑蓝(MTT)检测ODA对神经胶质瘤细胞的毒性作用,用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测神经胶质瘤细胞P53、PI3K、P21、PKB/Akt、caspase-9蛋白表达水平。结果:(1)光学显微镜细胞计数显示：ODA低、中、高剂量组和5-FU组细胞增殖抑制率比溶剂对照组显著升高(P<0.01),与5-FU组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)MTT检测结果显示：与溶剂对照组相比,ODA低、中、高剂量组和5-FU组细胞增殖抑制率显著升高(P<0.01);与5-FU组相比,仅ODA高剂量组细胞增殖抑制率显著增加(P<0.01)。(3)流式细胞仪检测结果显示：与溶剂对照组相比,ODA低、中、高剂量组和5-FU组G₀/...     

间充质干细胞外泌体在阿尔兹海默症治疗中的研究进展

阿尔兹海默症（AD）是一种病理机制复杂,以进行性认知功能障碍为主的中枢神经系统疾病,目前仍缺乏有效的治疗方法。多项研究结果显示,间充质干细胞（MSCs）外泌体能够促进抗炎、调节免疫功能、加强Aβ降解、促进神经细胞轴突生长等,能很好地针对AD的核心病理机制发挥效果从而达到治疗效果。本文主要介绍MSCs外泌体在各项AD病理机制治疗中的研究进展。     

Reformation of the severed septohippocampal cholinergic pathway in the adult rat by transplanted septal neurons

Summary Transplants containing developing cholinergic neurons were obtained from the septum-diagonal band area of rat fetuses and were implanted into a lesion of the septohippocampal cholinergic pathway or into a cavity of the occipital cortex in adult recipient rats. The growth of new cholinergic fibres from the implant into the hippocampal formation was followed with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) determinations and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) histochemistry. A fimbrial lesion alone, transecting the septohippocampal pathway, caused an almost complete cholinergic denervation of the hippocampal formation that persisted throughout the five month experimental period. A septal transplant implanted into the cavity of the fimbrial lesion restored a new AChE-positive innervation pattern in the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus that closely mimicked the original innervation removed by the lesion. In parallel, there was a progressive recovery in the ChAT levels, starting in the septal end, and progressing in a temporal direction. A new cholinergic fibre supply could be established in the hippocampal formation also along an abnormal route, i.e. from the transplants implanted into a cavity in the occipital cortex (involving also the dorsal part of the entorhinal cortex). Provided the hippocampus previously had been denervated of its normal cholinergic innervation, a partly normal AChE-positive terminal pattern was thus re-established also from this abnormal position. If, on the other hand, the cholinergic afferents were left intact, the ingrowing fibres were restricted mainly to the outer portion of the dentate molecular layer, i.e. the terminal zone of the lesioned entorhinal perforant path fibres. This suggests that the growth of the sprouting AChE-positive fibres into the normal cholinergic terminal fields was blocked by the presence of an intact cholinergic innervation. It is concluded that regrowing cholinergic axons can be guided over large distances within the hippocampal formation, and that their patterning within the terminal fields is very precisely regulated by mechanisms released by deafferentation.     

Antibodies to Cholinergic Neurons in Alzheimer''s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with degenerative changes in nuclei of the basal forebrain which provide most of the cholinergic input to the cortex and hippocampus and with a reduction in presynaptic cholinergic parameters in these areas. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of AD are not known, several reports indicate the involvement of immunological mechanisms. In the present work we examined the existence of antibodies in sera of AD patients that bind specifically to cholinergic neurons. As antigens we employed the purely cholinergic electromotor neurons of the electric fish Torpedo which are chemically homogeneous and cross-react antigenically with human and other mammalian cholinergic neurons. Our findings show that immunoglobulins from sera of AD patients bind to a specific antigen (molecular mass 200 kilodaltons) in the cell bodies and axons of Torpedo electromotor neurons and that the levels of such antibodies are significantly higher in AD patients than in controls. The possible role of these antibodies in the cholinergic dysfunction in AD and their diagnostic potential are discussed.     

The Endocannabinoid System and Alzheimer’s Disease

The importance of the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in neurodegenerative diseases has grown during the past few years. Mostly because of the high density and wide distribution of cannabinoid receptors of the CB₁ type in the central nervous system (CNS), much research focused on the function(s) that these receptors might play in pathophysiological conditions. Our current understanding, however, points to much diverse roles for this system. In particular, other elements of the ECS, such as the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or the CB₂ cannabinoid receptor are now considered as promising pharmacological targets for some diseases and new cannabinoids have been incorporated as therapeutic tools. Although still preliminary, recent reports suggest that the modulation of the ECS may constitute a novel approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Data obtained in vitro, as well as in animal models for this disease and in human samples seem to corroborate the notion that the activation of the ECS, through the use of agonists or by enhancing the endogenous cannabinoid tone, may induce beneficial effects on the evolution of this disease.     

Parkinson’s disease and enhanced inflammatory response

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the first and second most prevalent motor and neurodegenerative disease, respectively. The clinical symptoms of PD result from a loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. However, the molecular cause of DA neuron loss remains elusive. Mounting evidence implicates enhanced inflammatory response in the development and progression of PD pathology. This review examines current research connecting PD and inflammatory response.     

Ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion lesions of the rat cortex result in retrograde degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: Implications for animal models of neurodegenerative disease

Multiple injections of 2 nmols of cyclised ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (ECMA), a putative cholinergic neurotoxin, were made (unilaterally) into the cortical terminal field of cholinergic neurons projecting from the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in the rat basal forebrain. After 30 days, choline acetyltransferase enzymatic activity, a marker for cholinergic function, was significantly lowered in both ipsilateral cortex and NBM, and cholinergic cell bodies in the latter reduced in cross-sectional area, a spectrum of effects characteristic of retrograde degeneration of this pathway. These results are discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases affecting cholinergic function.