枝孢样枝孢霉的研究概况

引起暗色丝孢霉病的枝孢霉属,属半知菌亚门、丝孢菌纲、暗色孢科。该属50余种。枝孢样枝孢霉为腐生真菌,广泛存在于自然界的土壤、某些动物的粪便、蔬菜、腐木、鸟巢、腐烂水果中。人因皮肤外伤接触后有被感染的机会。它也是真菌过敏症的重要病原菌之一。目前对枝孢样枝孢霉的系统报道较少,现就其生理生化代谢、生态学、病理学及临床和抗真菌研究等方面进行综述。     

国内多中心甲真菌病病原菌流行病学调查

目的了解国内甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成情况,掌握流行病学资料。方法对真菌镜检阳性的1 428例甲真菌病患者进行真菌培养和临床分析。结果真菌培养阳性率为53.9%,分离出病原菌800株。其中皮肤癣菌占84.0%,以红色毛癣菌为主(80.9%),其次为指(趾)间毛癣菌和絮状表皮癣菌。酵母菌占11.4%,以念珠菌属为主(10.1%),尤以近平滑念珠菌为主,其次为白念珠菌和热带念珠菌。其他霉菌占4.6%,以枝顶孢霉为主(2.3%),其次曲霉属、青霉属、毛壳菌属、镰刀菌属和帚霉属等。结论本研究显示甲真菌病病原菌以皮肤癣菌为主,其次为酵母菌和霉菌。     

红色毛癣菌致脓癣1例

目的报告1例由红色毛癣菌引起的脓癣,通过病发分子鉴定明确病原菌,早期诊断并进行经验性治疗。方法提取病发及脓液中的真菌DNA,进行ITS区扩增、测序和比对;同时,对病发和脓液进行真菌镜检及培养,对培养阳性菌落进行形态学、分子生物学鉴定以及体外药敏检测。结果病发和脓液DNA提取及ITS区鉴定提示红色毛癣菌;真菌镜检阴性;真菌培养经形态学和分子生物学鉴定提示红色毛癣菌。体外药物敏感性检测显示其对特比萘芬高度敏感。诊断为红色毛癣菌所致头癣,予口服特比萘芬125 mg/d,治疗1个月后明显改善。结论直接提取病变组织DNA进行早期分子诊断能够能尽早明确致病菌种并指导用药。     

卡氏枝孢霉致着色芽生菌病2例

着色芽生菌病是一种慢性难治的皮肤及皮下组织真菌感染性疾病,其病原菌为暗色真菌属,最常见的是裴氏着色霉、卡氏枝孢霉及疣状瓶霉,常以孢子形态寄生于腐生植物或土壤中,人多通过外伤接触植入感染。其诊断依据病原学检查,治疗为以抗真菌为主的综合治疗方法。现报告2例我科诊断的由卡氏枝孢霉感染的着色芽生菌病。     

濮阳市部分浅部真菌病中癣菌和念珠菌混合感染的分析

目的了解濮阳地区部分浅部真菌病中两种及两种以上真菌混合感染的情况。方法对临床确诊为浅部真菌病的患者456例,取标本行10%KOH直接镜检、真菌培养及菌种鉴定。登记确诊患者相关临床资料,分析其中混合感染的发病特点。结果确诊皮肤癣菌和念珠菌混合感染病例36例,分离率为7.89%,多见于股部(58.33%)和足部(27.78%);分离菌株72株,皮肤癣菌中以红色毛癣菌为主(75.00%),念珠菌中以非白念珠菌为主(72.22%)。结论濮阳地区部分浅部真菌病中混合感染主要为皮肤癣菌和念珠菌的混合感染,多见于股部和足部;致病菌以红色毛癣菌和非白念珠菌为主。     

甲真菌病治疗失败的原因与对策

甲真菌病是真菌引起的指（趾）甲感染,病原菌包括皮肤癣菌、酵母菌（主要是念珠菌）和霉菌,在2002～2004年对中国部分地区甲真菌病的致病菌调查研究表明,皮肤癣菌感染占甲真菌病的66．4％-67．9％,多数为红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌 。甲真菌病约占浅部真菌病的30％,     

建立真菌透甲模型及红色毛癣菌和短帚霉透甲时间的比较

目的通过建立真菌透甲模型,观察真菌透甲时间,来探讨红色毛癣菌与短帚霉的相互作用。方法建立真菌透甲模型,分为红色毛癣菌组、短帚霉组、短帚霉-红色毛癣菌混合组,分析各组透甲时间。结果透甲模型中,红色毛癣菌的透甲时间为（9.46±1.89）d,短帚霉的透甲时间为（2.62±0.96）d,混合组中短帚霉的透甲时间为（2.54±0.78）d。结论体外透甲模型中,短帚霉比红色毛癣菌先穿透甲板。混合组中,红色毛癣菌对短帚霉的透甲时间无明显影响。     

枝状枝孢引起皮肤暗色丝孢霉病1例

目的报道1例枝状枝孢引起的皮肤暗色丝孢霉病。方法采用10％KOH镜检、真菌培养、小培养、温度试验、明胶液化试验、体外药敏试验、组织病理检查。结果皮损脓液10％KOH镜检见有棕黄色分隔菌丝;沙堡弱培养基（SDA）培养出局限性、绒状、橄榄绿色菌落;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（PDA）小培养,孢梗多侧生于菌丝上,不分枝,产孢后不延伸、不膨大,淡褐色,具孢痕,枝孢呈长三角形,分生孢子顶生或侧生于其上,形成分枝的孢子链;最适应生长温度为25—27℃;能液化明胶。因此,本菌株符合枝状枝孢特征。而皮损组织病理显示真皮内弥漫性炎性细胞浸润以及肉芽肿病理相,伴有真菌菌丝孢子侵犯,诊断为皮肤暗色丝孢霉病。体外药敏试验结果显示本菌株对伊曲康唑敏感,给予患者口服0．4g／d,8周后皮损基本消退,目前仍在服药及随访。结论本病例的致病菌为枝状枝孢,选用伊曲康唑治疗有效。     

浅部真菌病1948份临床标本的真菌学分析

目的 通过对浅部真菌病患者临床送检标本的病原真菌菌种进行系统分析,了解感染及病原真菌的分布情况。方法 采用直接镜检、培养及真菌鉴定等方法对临床送验标本进行检验和鉴定,大部分标本鉴定到种。结果 1948份临床送验标本中,直接涂片镜检阳性率53．41％,培养阳性率40．28％,而镜检＋培养的阳性率为66．98％。对上述3种方法的真菌检出率进行比较,均存在显著差异（χ^2检验P均〈0．005）。在培养的1944份标本中,共分离出18个属,36种真菌,其中,红色毛癣菌24．52％、须癣毛癣菌16．48％、白念珠菌12．64％。结论 ①镜检结合培养的阳性率显著高于单一的镜检或培养的阳性率。②在患者即时的真菌镜检阴性时,应选择培养方法进一步检测,不轻易排除浅部真菌病感染可能。③皮肤癣菌居患者浅部真菌病致病菌首位,而白念珠菌及酵母类菌也是重要病原菌。     

迁延性黑点癣1例

目的报道病程30余年、由紫色毛癣菌感染所致成人黑点癣1例。方法对头发及鳞屑标本进行多次真菌直接镜检和培养,对病原菌进行形态学鉴定和药物敏感性试验。结果鉴定为紫色毛癣菌。体外药敏试验该菌对特比萘芬、伊曲康唑敏感。结论本病例证实为紫色毛癣菌感染导致黑点癣,患者经口服伊曲康唑和局部治疗痊愈。     

Onychomycosis Incidence in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The onychomycosis incidence was determined in 250 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who were registered at the Internal Medicine Service from a Mexico city General Hospital throughout a year (January-December 2006). Out of the total of studied T2DM patients, 93 (37.2%) showed ungual dystrophy and from these, in 75.3% a fungal etiology was corroborated. Out of 70 patients, 34 were men and 36 women, with an average of 63.5 years. Correlation between T2DM evolution time and onychomycosis was significant (P < 0.01). Distal-lateral subungual and total dystrophic onychomycosis were the most frequent clinical types (55.1% and 33.7%, respectively). Fifty-eight fungal isolates were obtained; 48.6% corresponded to dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum being the first species (37.1%). All these strains corresponded to two morphological varieties: "yellow" and typical downy. From the yeast-like isolates, 12 corresponded to Candida spp., firstly C. albicans and C. parapsilosis; three to Cryptococcus spp. (C. albidus, C. uniguttulatus and C. laurentii); two Trichosporon asahii; and only one to Pichia ohmeri. Six non-dermatophytic molds were isolated: two Chrysosporium keratinophylus, two Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, one Aspergillus fumigatus, and one Acremonium sp. The fungal mixture corresponded to T. mentagrophytes with C. guilliermondii; T. mentagrophytes with C. glabrata; T. rubrum with C. glabrata; T. rubrum with P. ohmeri.     

Dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton rubrum. Ten-year period (1996-2006) data collection in a Dermatology Department in Mexico City

Dermatophytosis is the most common mycosis in the world up to 80% caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical characteristics of the dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum in a dermatological outpatient clinic during a ten years period, from 1996 to 2005. We collected the data from patients with a dermatophytosis from which we have isolated T. rubrum. A total of 776 patients with dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum were found. A slight predominance of female patients (56.2%) was observed. The most commonly affected age group was those in the third to the fifth decade of life, and house working women (33.5%) were predominant. Onychomycosis was found in 63% of the cases, tinea pedis in 22.7%, tinea corporis in 5.2% and tinea cruris in 2.8%. In onychomycosis, the first toe nail was the most commonly affected (58.9%) and the dystrophic type was seen in 50.7% of them.     

汕头地区甲真菌病病原菌流行病学研究

目的了解近年来汕头地区甲真菌病病原菌的种类和构成情况,掌握流行病学资料。方法对2005年12月～2008年12月间来我院皮肤科就诊的214例甲真菌病患者进行病甲标本真菌学检查和分析。结果214例患者分离出163株致病菌。酵母菌居首位,占53．99％,其中自念珠菌占22．09％,近平滑念珠菌占17．18％,热带念珠菌占6．75％,其他酵母菌占7．97％;皮肤癣菌居第2位,占37．42％,其中红色毛癣菌占23．93％,须癣毛癣菌占12．27％,断发毛癣菌占1．23％;霉菌居第3位,占8．59％,以曲霉和青霉为主,分别占3．07％和2．45％。结论汕头地区近年来甲真菌病病原菌为酵母菌、皮肤癣菌和霉菌,其中以红色毛癣菌、白念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌和须癣毛癣菌最常见。     

Onychomycosis in Ceará (Northeast Brazil): epidemiological and laboratory aspects

Knowledge of epidemiological and mycological characteristics of onychomycosis has been noted by many authors as being an important tool for control of these fungal infections. This study seeks to improve knowledge of onychomycosis epidemiology and mycological features. Samples were taken from infected fingernails and toenails of 976 patients undergoing treatment at a respected Dermatology Center in Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Specimens from 512 patients (52%) were positive for onychomycosis. From the culture-positive samples, yeasts of the genus Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis) were dominant. The dermatophytes isolated (Trichophyton rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes) were dominant in 46 patients (12.99%). The mould Fusarium spp. was isolated from 29 patients (8.19%). Yeast of the genus Candida is the main causal factor in onychomycosis in our region. Also, the study showed the importance of performing direct examination and culture in diagnosis of onychomycosis.     

Stimulation, inhibition and death of macrophages infected with Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophyton rubrum is the most common pathogen causing dermatophytosis, accounting for approximately 80% of the reported cases of onychomycosis. Since 90% of the chronic dermatophyte infections are caused by T. rubrum, it is likely that this pathogen must have evolved mechanisms that evade or suppress cell-mediated immunity. Several reports have highlighted the participation of phagocytes in the immune defense against fungi; however, few studies have addressed the role of these cells in dermatophytosis. In this study, we investigated the interactions of resident and peritoneal macrophages with T. rubrum. We show here that the interaction of T. rubrum conidia with resident macrophages results in the production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 but not IL-12 and nitric oxide. Infected macrophages down-regulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD54). We also show that phagocytosis of T. rubrum conidia is inhibited by the addition of fungal exoantigens or mannan. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that after 8 h of conidia ingestion macrophage viability decreased drastically. Electron microscopy revealed that the ingested conidia grow and differentiate into hyphae inside macrophages leading to rupture of the macrophage membrane.     

Trichoderma spp. Antagonism to the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum: Implications in Treatment of Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis--the dermatophytic invasion of the nail--is difficult to eradicate with drug treatment. The hyphae of the main invading pathogen, Trichophyton rubrum, are often interwoven with the nail plate, preventing effective anti-mycotic agents from reaching its growing tips. An alternative approach to treat onychomycosis may possibly be the application of a biological control agent against the pathogen. In analogy with the success of biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, we screened a series of commercially available Trichoderma strains for potential antagonism between Trichoderma and Trichophyton spp. A wide spectrum of antagonism capacity, ranging from effective overgrowth to no interaction was found, with Trichoderma virens NRRL 26672 being the most effective against the Trichophyton strains tested e.g. T. rubrum NCPF118. Furthermore, T. virens NRRL 26672 grown with T. rubrum NCPF118 hyphae as a carbon source, exhibited enhanced induced secretion of active extracellular chitinases and beta-glucosidases, affecting lysis and sporulation on T. rubrum NCPF118 hyphae. Growth of Trichod. virens NRRL 26672 in poor medium also resulted in secretion of antibiotics active in arresting the growth of T. rubrum NCPF118 inoculum. Our findings may open new directions for the treatment of onychomycosis, either in combination with known medications or as a new "natural" route.     

1株致体股癣的颗粒型红色毛癣菌变种的形态学观察与基因鉴定

目的：探讨1株致体股癣的颗粒型红色毛癣菌变种的形态学特点及核糖体基因序列变化。方法1例体股癣患者皮损中分离出1株红色毛癣菌,观察形态学特点,并用PCR测定核糖体转录间区（ITS）、D1/D2区、非转录区基因序列（NTS区）内串联重复亚单位（TRS）。结果该菌株可产生鹿角形菌丝,大分生孢子有中空现象及单侧出芽产孢特征,可在42℃生长;ITS和D1/D2区基因测序鉴定为红色毛癣菌,但TRS-1和TRS-2基因序列分别有2个、1个碱基差异。结论该菌株可能是颗粒型红色毛癣菌的1个变种。     

1064nm Nd：YAG激光对5种甲真菌病重要致病菌的作用

目的观察1064nmNd：YAG激光对5种甲真菌病重要致病菌（红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、白念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、烟曲霉）生长的影响。方法将各菌的菌悬液均匀点种于培养基上,生长至形成一定大小的菌落,给予不同能量1064nmNd：YAG激光照射,皮肤癣菌类观察激光照射后第1、3、6天菌落生长受抑制的直径变化情况;念珠菌类观察其次代培养存活率的差异;烟曲霉菌悬液铺满整个平皿,观察经不同能量激光照射受抑制的菌落空白处直径大小差异。结果在体外,当激光能量累计达到3200J／cm^2时,可对培养基上生长的以上各菌产生生长抑制作用,且随着能量增大,抑制作用增强,甚至可发生杀灭作用。结论1064nmNd：YAG激光当能量累计达到一定量时可对甲真菌病致病菌产生明显的生长抑制或杀灭作用。     

First Case of Tritirachium oryzae as Agent of Onychomycosis and Its Susceptibility to Antifungal Drugs

The first case of Tritirachium oryzae isolated from an Iranian patient is reported. A 44-year-old woman with a lesion in her fingernail was examined for onychomycosis. Direct microscopic examination of the nail clippings revealed fungal filaments and inoculation of portions of the nail clippings on cultures media yielded T. oryzae after 8 days. The isolate was identified as Tritirachium spp. on the basis of gross morphological characteristics of the fungal colony and microscopic characterization of slide cultures. The diagnosis of T. oryzae was confirmed by PCR sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer domain of the rDNA gene. In vitro antifungal susceptibility test demonstrated that the fungus was susceptible to itraconazole and posaconazole. The patient was treated with oral itraconazole.     

广州地区甲真菌病致病真菌的变迁趋势研究

目的为了解广州地区甲真菌病的致病菌种分布情况.方法笔者采用真菌培养法对临床症状典型或镜检阳性的甲真菌病病甲进行培养.结果分离出致病真菌618株,其中皮肤癣菌417株,占67.5%,酵母菌149株,占23.8%,霉菌54株,占8.7%.结论广州地区的甲真菌病的致病菌除皮肤癣菌外,酵母菌,霉菌也占一定的比例,近几年酵母菌感染有上升趋势.