白芥自交亲和性分析

对不同来源的8份白芥材料,采用人工自交法分析其自交亲和性。结果显示:白芥的自交亲和性存在较大幅度的变异,自交亲和指数在0.01~4.10之间,8份参试材料中,自交亲和指数小于1的材料有3个,自交亲和指数大于1的材料有5个。表明白芥中存在自交亲和材料,白芥自交亲和性变异不仅存在于材料间,而且也存在于同一材料内不同个体间。按自交亲和指数的高低,可将参试材料分为3种类型:高自交亲和类型(自交亲和指数大于3.00,如民乐洪水芥麻、04(X)等)、自交亲和类型(自交亲和指数为1.00~2.99)、自交不亲和类型(自交亲和指数0.00~1.00)。     

Leaf growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba) in different environments

Summary The numbers of cells and area of fully expanded leaves were determined on successive leaves of Sinapis alba grown either in 8 hr. photoperiod (vegetative plants) or 16 hr. photoperiod (flowering plants) at a constant temperature of 20°C. In the 8 hr. photoperiod leaf 9 had the greatest area but leaf 12 had most cells. In 16 hr. photperiod leaf 5 had the greatest area but leaf 9 had most cells. The relationship between area and cell number of successive leaves on the main stem fell into 3 distinct phases: in phase (1), cell number increased at a greater rate than leaf area; in phase (2), leaf area decreased while cell number increased; in phase (3), cell number and leaf area decreased proportionally. For an increase in unit area, cell number increased more in 8 hr. than in 16 hr. photoperiod.Using final area and final cell number of successive leaves, by extrapolation the cell number of unit area of primordium has been deduced. Cell number per unit area increased in successive primordia up to a certain node after which it remained constant at succeeding nodes. It was found that in plants grown under different conditions the cell number per unit area in successive primordia increased at a constant logarithmic rate. That is, cells became progressively smaller. It is concluded that changes in cell size of successive primordia are not influenced by the environment but are under internal control.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Intracellular pH and K+ or NO3- in Barley Root Cells Using Triple-Barreled,Ion-Selective Microelectrodes

The manufacture and use of triple-barreled microelectrodes, which are capable of simultaneous in vivo measurement of intracellular pH and the activities of K+ or NO3- and cell membrane potential (Em), are described. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the three tips were aligned and that the overall tip diameter was approximately 0.8 [mu]m. When filled with 100 mM KCl, all three barrels simultaneously reported identical transmembrane potentials, showing that all three tips were located in the same subcellular compartment. Intracellular estimates of Em in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Klaxon) root epidermal cells obtained with these triple-barreled microelectrodes were indistinguishable from those obtained using single- or double-barreled microelectrodes. Measurements made with triple-barreled K+ and pH-selective microelectrodes in root cells of 7-d-old barley plants grown in a nutrient solution containing 0.5 mM K+ yielded cytosolic and vacuolar populations having mean K+ activity values of 71.3 and 68.7 mM, respectively. The associated mean pH values ([plus or minus]SE) were 7.26 [plus or minus] 0.06 (cytosol) and 5.18 [plus or minus] 0.08 (vacuole). Analysis of whole-tissue digests confirmed the microelectrode measurements. Measurements made using triple-barreled pH- and nitrate-selective microelectrodes confirmed earlier double-barreled measurements of pH and nitrate in barley root epidermal cells growing in 10 mM nitrate.     

HPLC法测定白芥子药材中芥子碱硫氰酸盐的含量

本文采用RP-HPLC法测定了不同产地白芥子药材中芥子碱硫氰酸盐的含量,方法为色谱柱Alltima Phenyl,5μ,250×4.6mm;流动相乙腈-0.08mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(1585),检测波长326nm;流速1mL/min.柱温室温.实验表明,该法快速、简便,具有很好的重现性和稳定性.     

Self-(in)compatibility inheritance and allele-specific marker development in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba)

Yellow mustard (Sinapis alba) has a sporophytic self-incompatibility reproduction system. Genetically stable self-incompatible (SI) and self-compatible (SC) inbred lines have recently been developed in this crop. Understanding the S haplotype of different inbred lines and the inheritance of the self-(in)compatibility (SI/SC) trait is very important for breeding purposes. In this study, we used the S-locus gene-specific primers in Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea to clone yellow mustard S-locus genes of SI lines Y514 and Y1130 and SC lines Y1499 and Y1501. The PCR amplification results and DNA sequences of the S-locus genes revealed that Y514 carried the class I S haplotype, while Y1130, Y1499, and Y1501 had the class II S haplotype. The results of our genetic studies indicated that self-incompatibility was dominant over self-compatibility and controlled by a one-gene locus in the two crosses of Y514 × Y1499 and Y1130 × Y1501. Of the five S-locus gene polymorphic primer pairs, Sal-SLGI and Sal-SRKI each generated one dominant marker for the SI phenotype of Y514; Sal-SLGII and Sal-SRKII produced dominant marker(s) for the SC phenotype of Y1501 and Y1499; Sal-SP11II generated one dominant marker for Y1130. These markers co-segregated with the SI/SC phenotype in the F₂ populations of the two crosses. In addition, co-dominant markers were developed by mixing the two polymorphic primer pairs specific for each parent in the multiplex PCR, which allowed zygosity to be determined in the F₂ populations. The SI/SC allele-specific markers have proven to be very useful for the selection of the desirable SC genotypes in our yellow mustard breeding program.     

The Effect of Photosynthetic Enhancement on Photorespiration in Sinapis alba

High external concentrations of potassium were found to promote light-induced growth of cucumber cotyledons similarly to the effects previously observed for the growth induced by cytokinins. At 40 mM KCl, the response to white light was 3.6 times greater than in the absence of KCl. The promotive effect of calcium on the growth induced by cytokinin was not observed for light. In 40 mM KCl and 10 mM CaCl₂, the responses to light and cytokinin were similar and additive. Both near-red and far-red light induced growth at low intensities. The response to white light at low intensities was sharply increased with higher intensity up to 24 μE m^-2 s^-1 and only slightly increased above that level. Abscisic acid was found to inhibit strongly the responses to light and cytokinin. The inhibition was greater in the presence of KCl than in its absence and thus abscisic acid appeared to inhibit primarily by its interference with potassium uptake. Kinetic analysis found the light response promoted by potassium to be inhibited competitively by abscisic acid, with the light response having a K_m of 34 mM KCl and a V_max of 115 mg/cotyledon × 4 days. The inhibition of the cytokinin response by abscisic acid was noncompetitive in relation to potassium, having a K_m of 1 mM KCl and a V_max of 50 mg/cotyledon × 4 days. It is suggested that cytokinin, light and abscisic acid have primary properties affecting membrane permeability and that their interaction with potassium is an explanation of many similarities between light and cytokinin responses and their inhibition by abscisic acid.     

An Electrophysiological Study of Photomixotrophically Cultured Tobacco Cells

Membrane potential properties of photomixotrophically culturedgreen tobacco cells with chloroplasts were studied in comparisonwith white tobacco cells without chloroplasts. In the dark therewas almost no difference in their membrane potential properties.In the light some of the green cells showed a light-inducedpotential change (LPC), but other green cells did not, nor didthe white cells. Our results indicate that the green cells arecomposed of two kinds of cells, one that shows the LPC and onethat does not. (Received October 5, 1983; Accepted May 10, 1984)     

Evidence for Cotransport of Nitrate and Protons in Maize Roots : II. Measurement of NO(3) and H Fluxes with Ion-Selective Microelectrodes

We report here on an investigation of net nitrate and proton fluxes in root cells of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown without (noninduced) and with (induced) 0.1 millimolar nitrate. A microelectrode system described previously (IA Newman, LV Kochian, MA Grusak, WJ Lucas [1987] Plant Physiol 84: 1177-1184) was utilized to quantify net ionic fluxes from the measurement of electrochemical potential gradients for NO₃⁻ and H⁺ within the unstirred layer at the root surface. The nitrate-inducibility, pH dependence, and concentration dependence of net NO₃⁻ uptake correlated quite closely with the electrical response of maize roots to nitrate under the same experimental conditions (as described in PR McClure, LV Kochian, RM Spanswick, JE Shaff [1990] Plant Physiol 93: 281-289). Additionally, it was found that potential inhibitors of the plasmalemma H⁺-ATPase (vandate, diethylstilbestrol), which were shown to abolish the electrical response to NO₃⁻ (in PR McClure, LV Kochian, RM Spanswick, JE Shaff [1990] Plant Physiol 93: 281-289), dramatically inhibited NO₃⁻ absorption. These results strongly indicate that the NO₃⁻ electrical response is due to the operation of a NO₃⁻ transport system in the plasmalemma of maize root cells. Furthermore, the results from the H⁺-ATPase inhibitor studies indicate that the NO₃⁻ transport system is linked to the H⁺-ATPase, presumably as a NO₃⁻/H⁺ symport. This is further supported by the pH response of the NO₃⁻ transport system (inhibition at alkaline pH values) and the change in net H⁺ flux from a moderate efflux in the absence of NO₃⁻, to zero net H⁺ flux after exposing the maize root to exogenous nitrate. Although these results can be explained by other interpretations, the simplest model that fits both the electrical responses and the NO₃⁻/H⁺ flux data is a NO₃⁻/H⁺ symport with a NO₃⁻:H⁺ flux stoichiometry >1, whose operation results in the stimulation of the H⁺-ATPase due to the influx of protons through the cotransport system.     

Phytochrome control of plastid mRNA in mustard (Sinapis alba L.)

The steady-state levels of plastid RNA sequences in dark-grown and light-grown mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings have been compared. Total cellular RNAs were labeled in vitro with ³²P and hybridized to separated restriction fragments of plastid DNA. Cloned DNA fragments which encode the large subunit (LS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] and a 35,000 plastid polypeptide were used as probes to assess the levels of these two plastid mRNAs. The 1.22-kilobase-pair mRNA for the 35,000 polypeptide is almost undetectable in dark-grown seedlings, but is a major plastid mRNA in light-grown seedlings. The hybridization analysis of RNA from seedlings which were irradiated with red and far-red light indicates that the level of this mRNA, but not of LS mRNA, is controlled by phytochrome.Abbreviations LS large subunit - RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate - ptDNA plastid DNA     

Pollen—embryogenesis and chromosomal variability in anther culture of Brassica hirta Moench （Sinapis alba L）

The anther cultures of Brassica hirta underwent pollenembryogenesis and callusing,which showed a wide range of chromosome numbers varying from 9 (n=12) to a highly polyploid.For embryogenesis,pretreatment of floral buds in 0.4 M sucrose solution for 72 hrs at 4℃ was superior to freshly cultured anthers.Culture temperature of 30℃ for 14 days before maintenance of cultures at 25℃ was significantly beneficial for embryo yield in comparison to cultures continuously incubated at 25℃.Dark treatment during culture was more effective for pollen-embryo yield.     

Floral nectaries and nectar production in brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba) (Brassicaceae)

 The dynamics and abundance of nectar secretion as well as sugar productivity were studied in flowers of brown mustard (Brassica juncea) cv. Małopolska and white mustard (Sinapis alba) cv. Borowska. Moreover, floral nectaries were examined under LM and SEM. In both cultivars lateral and median pairs of nectaries secreted nectar. However, differences were found in morphology and activity of these pairs. The lateral nectaries produced more nectar than the median ones. Nectar secretion started at loose bud and peaked during anther dehiscence. Average amount of nectarsecreted by 100 flowers of cv. Małopolska and cv. Borowska were 119.9 mg and 134 mg. Mean concentration of nectar was 26.7% and 23.4%, respectively. One hundred flowers of cv. Małopolska and cv. Borowska secreted 28.4 mg and 24.9 mg of sugars in nectar. Estimated sugar productivity per 1 ha of crop was 65.5 kg and 71.2 kg, respectively. Received August 28, 2002; accepted November 2, 2002 Published online: June 2, 2003     

Cytological study of interspecific hybrid between Brassica campestris x B. hirta (Sinapis alba)

Interspecific hybrids from the crossing Brassica campestris x B. hirta are reported in our study for the first time. F₁ plants were obtained by using ovary culture. The phenotype of hybrids was similar to B. napus; the plants were self-fertile. Investigation of meiotic division and nuclear DNA content measurements showed the amphidiploid origin of these hybrids. The relationship between genome A and D, as well as the spontaneous amphidiploidization of the hybrids, are discussed.     

The mosaic of ancestral karyotype blocks in the Sinapis alba L. genome

The organisation of the Sinapis alba genome, comprising 12 linkage groups (n = 12), was compared with the Brassicaceae ancestral karyotype (AK) genomic blocks previously described in other crucifer species. Most of the S. alba genome falls into conserved triplicated genomic blocks that closely match the AK-defined genomic blocks found in other crucifer species including the A, B, and C genomes of closely related Brassica species. In one instance, an S. alba linkage group (S05) was completely collinear with one AK chromosome (AK1), the first time this has been observed in a member of the Brassiceae tribe. However, as observed for other members of the Brassiceae tribe, ancestral genomic blocks were fragmented in the S. alba genome, supporting previously reported comparative chromosome painting describing rearrangements of the AK karyotype prior to the divergence of the Brassiceae from other crucifers. The presented data also refute previous phylogenetic reports that suggest S. alba was more closely related to Brassica nigra (B genome) than to B. rapa (A genome) and B. oleracea (C genome). A comparison of the S. alba and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes revealed many regions of conserved gene order, which will facilitate access to the rich genomic resources available in the model species A. thaliana for genetic research in the less well-resourced crop species S. alba.     

The role of pigments in germination and dark-growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seeds

Pigments leached from Sinapis alba L. seeds and extracted from dark-grown seedlings are described and investigated by spectrophotometry and chromatography and their functions examined. Evidence is given that they are quinonoid, and it is suggested that they form part of a complex which absorbs ultraviolet light and utilizes it to produce growth energy at stages before visible light becomes available to the plant, and that this process may be the means by which mutations are introduced into species.     

The Flowering Process: On the Track of Controlling Factors in Sinapis alba

The major physiological theories of the control of the flowering process are first presented and their inferences tested in the long-day plant Sinapis alba. Then, the genetic analyses of the control of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana are also summarized with a brief overview of the several pathways, each including several genes, identified. Clearly, both the experimental data of physiological experiments and the multiplicity of interacting genetic pathways best support the theory of the multifactorial control of flowering. This is further shown by the fact that a critical gene expressed in the shoot meristem at floral transition in S. alba, MADS A (orthologous to A. thaliana SOC1), can be upregulated by a single dose of a cytokinin or a gibberellin, without leading to flowering. This indicates that the floral shift requires upregulation of other genes by other factors.     

Analysis of light-controlled accumulation of carotenoids in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings

Carotenoid accumulation in the cotyledons of the mustard seedling (Sinapis alba L.) is controlled by light. Besides the stimulatory function of phytochrome in carotenogenesis the experiments reveal the significance of chlorophyll accumulation for the accumulation of larger amounts of acrotenoids. A specific blue light effect was not found. The data suggest that light exerts its control over carotenoid biogenesis through two separate mechanisms: A phytochrome regulation of enzyme levels before a postulated pool of free carotenoids, and a regulation by chlorophyll draining the pool by complex-formation.Abbreviations Chl chlorophyll(s) - PChl protochlorophyll(ide) - HIR high irradiance reaction (of phytochrome) - P_fr far-red absorbing, physiologically active form of phytochrome - P_r red absorbing, physiologically inactive form of phytochrome - P_fof total phytochrome, i.e. [P_r]+[P_fr] - [P_fr]/[P_fof], wavelength dependent photoequilibrium of the phytochrome system - red red light - fr far-red light