泉州灌丛,灌草丛和山地草丛草甸的特征与分布

泉州的灌丛大多为南亚热带雨林或南亚热带山地照叶林遭受破坏后的次生植被类型,灌草丛多是森林或灌丛反复破坏后形成,它们的分布都极为方法。在一些较高海拔山地至近山顶,草本植物生长茂密,灌木种类稀少。多为山地草从。     

云南热带、亚热带山地灌草丛植被特点及利用途径

灌草丛植被在云南的热带、亚热带山地广泛分布。这一植被类型主要由热带(或起源于热带)的禾草所组成,形成一个很明显的禾草草层,其上散生少数乔、灌木。现已分出5个植被亚型,12个群系和17个群丛。5个植被亚型是：热性灌草丛、干热性灌草丛、暖热性灌草丛、暖温性灌草丛和温凉性灌草丛。其中干热性灌草丛可认为是“半热带草原”或“次生热带草原”。在长期演替中,5个灌草丛可分别向5个最后的气候顶极演替。在开发利用上,山地坡度大于20˚者可发展林业,小于20˚者可发展畜牧业及其他种植业。在已划定的自然保护区(或点)内,必须严格保护,并可开展一些重要科研工作。     

江西荒山灌木草丛的群落学特征及开发利用

在以往中亚热带植被研究中所提到的有关概念,如草坡、荒坡、山地草原、荒山草甸、荒山草丛、灌丛高草群落、草山草坡、灌丛与荒山草地、次生灌草丛、亚热带次生稀树草丛、草灌丛、亚热带草丛、丘陵荒山荒地、丘陵荒坡和亚热带稀树灌木草原等等,均可认为是亚热带荒山灌木草丛的同义语。但,为与Steppe、Meadow(Prata)、Savannah及撩荒地等加以区别,我们采用了“荒山灌木草丛”的术语,而冠以“荒山”二字是为体现其动态特点和人为利用特点。 亚热带荒山灌木草丛在植被类型学上属于“灌丛和灌草丛”植被型组,但却分属于不同的植被型和植被亚型。可见“荒山灌木草丛,并非植被类型学的概念,而是亚热带地区地     

安徽黟县次生灌丛和灌草丛生产力的研究

本文对地处中亚热带安徽黟县的次生灌丛和灌草丛以及常绿阔叶幼林的地上部分生产力进行了测定。结果表明：黟县常绿阔叶幼林、次生灌丛和灌草丛的地上部分净生产力分别为11.94,6.84和3.80(t/ha·a),次生灌丛和灌草丛的生产力较低,对亚热带优越的水热资源利用不充分。所调查的九个样地的地上部分生物量和净生产力可回归成线性方程ŷ＝4.27+0.15x,净生产力随着生物量的增加而增加,即群落所处的演替阶段越高,净生产力越大,所以利用处于较高演替阶段的植被,会得到更多的收获。     

皖南黟县次生灌草丛生物量的研究

本文对地处中亚热带的安徽黟县次生灌丛和灌草丛以及常绿阔叶幼林共9个样地的生物量进行了研究。结果表明:黟县常绿阔叶幼林、次生灌丛和灌草丛的地上部分为81.74、16.83和5.28t/ha。所调查的5个群落类型的地上部分生物量和生产力可回归成线性方程Y=3.88+0.14X,净生产力随生物量的增加而提高。     

内伶仃岛主要植被及群落类型的特征和分布

广东省内伶仃岛位于珠江口伶仃洋的东部,属南亚热带季风气候区,其自然植被的主要类型有：南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带针阔叶混交林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带红树林、南亚热带竹林、南亚热带常绿灌丛、南亚热带灌草丛、滨海砂生灌草丛等,包括８个植被亚型、１８个群系。人工植被主要有台湾相思林等４个群系,以及果园林４类、作物园４类。地带性植被为南亚热带常绿阔叶林;优势植被类型为台湾相思林、马尾松林,两者的建群种均为衰退种群,已形成多个发育阶段。论文对各主要植被类型及群落结构特征进行分析。     

中国灌丛生态系统碳储量的研究

正灌丛的生态适应范围极为广泛,是中国山地和干旱地区极为常见的植被类型。近年来,由于退化植被的恢复及重建,中国灌丛植被的分布面积增长迅速,成为独具特色的植被类型。虽然灌丛植被分布广泛并且类型复杂多样,但它在中国植被水平分布带中不占有显著地位;在青藏高原和云贵高原的山地垂直带上常有原生灌丛分布,在全国各地有许多次生性灌丛类型,并有明显的地区性和生物生态学差异。依据其群落特征和生态地理特点,中国灌丛可分为常绿针叶灌丛、常绿革叶灌丛、落叶阔叶灌丛、常绿阔叶灌丛和灌草丛5类(中国植被编辑委     

九龙大雾山北坡的植物群落

九龙大雾山北坡的植物群落可划分为南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林、南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带灌丛,以及南亚热带山坡草地等几个群落类型,它们均属于次生性植被,是华南南亚热带植被的主要代表类群。     

元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛植被碳储量及净初级生产力

稀树灌草丛作为干热河谷区特殊的植被类型,其碳储量等一直缺乏必要的研究。以元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛植被为对象,利用典型样地法研究该区稀树灌草丛植被的碳储量与净初级生产力。结果表明:元江稀树灌草丛植被的碳储量为32.13 t C/hm~2,其中乔木、灌木和草本各层次的碳储量为26.70、4.04、1.40 t C/hm~2,分别占到总碳储量的83.02%、12.57%、4.4%。乔木层中地上部分碳储量占到66.70%。另外,元江稀树灌草丛的净初级生产力为3.88 t C hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中林分的净初级生产力为1.90 t C hm~(-2)a~(-1),凋落物量为1.98 t C hm~(-2)a~(-1);林下植被层对林分净初级生产力的贡献达到了46.92%。说明元江稀树灌草丛具有较高的碳储量和碳汇能力。结果为稀树灌草丛碳循环及碳汇功能研究提供了基础,同时也为干热河谷区植被的保育与可持续经营提供了科学依据。     

内伶仃岛主要植被及姥落类型的特征和分布

广东省伶仃岛位于不拘珠江口伶仃洋的东部,属南亚热带季风气候区,其自然植被的主要类型有：南亚热带常绿针叶林、南亚热带针阔叶混交林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、南亚热带红树林、南亚热带竹林、南亚热带常绿灌丛、南亚热带灌草丛、滨海砂生灌草丛等,包括８个植业型、１８个群系。人工植被主要有台湾相思林等４个群系,以及果园林４类、作物园４类。地带性植被为南亚热带党绿阔叶林;优势植被类型为台湾相思林、马尾松林,两者的建群     

河南省伏牛山南侧西峡县的森林植被及其合理利用问题

本文是在野外调查的基础上,参考有关资料和科研成果写成的,对于河南伏牛山南侧西峡县森林植被的生态环境、主要类型及其分布、与生态环境的关系、动态变化以及合理利用问题作初步论述。     

Vegetation changes and human action from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (7000–4000 B.P.) in Alicante,Spain, based on charcoal analysis

Charcoal analysis reveals various palaeo-ecological phases from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Agriculture starts about 7000 B.P. in favourable ecological conditions. Most of the charcoal spectra from sites on the coast represent thermomediterranean holm-oak forest; those from the inland mountains represent mesome-diterranean holm-oak forest. The Neolithic I Impressed Ware people were the first to clear the forest to plant their crops. This clearance of primary woodland resulted in the development of secondary vegetation of pine woods or scrub. The scrub reached its maximum during the Bell Beaker phase and Bronze Age in the Cova de les Cendres. In the Neolithic II open air sites, the percentages of Quercus ilex/coccifera remain high. This may be the result of a different exploitation of the land, or suitable conditions for the growth and survival of the vegetation.     

Sandstone vegetation pattern in the Jim Jim Falls region,Northern Territory,Australia

Analysis of 58 floristic quadrats from two areas near Jim Jim Falls on the Arnhem Land Plateau revealed seven plant communities: wetland; monsoon forest; Allosyncarpia forest; broadleaf woodland; shrubby Eucalyptus woodland; Eucalyptus arnhemensis woodland; and sandstone scrub. The communities inter-grade with each other and form a complex mosaic. The patterning of vegetation is related to topography, rockiness, degree of fire protection and moisture supply. Surface soil nutrient concentrations were similar in all the communities with the exception of the monsoon forest which was substantially more fertile. We suggest that moisture supply is the primary determinant of vegetation and soil fertility patterns. Fire in the preceding dry season stimulated some herbaceous species, while a long unburnt shrubby Eucalyptus woodland was invaded by some monsoon forest seedlings. Conservation of the present mosaic of vegetation presents a major challenge to land managers because of this variable impact of fire.     

Anthropogenic change in subtropical dry forest during a century of settlement in Jaiquí Picado, Santiago Province, Dominican Republic

Aim The dry forests of the tropics have received little scholarly attention relative to their significance and their rate of disappearance. This study aimed to characterize the structure and composition of two intermingled Antillean subtropical dry forest types and shed light upon their origins, development, and possible future conditions. Location Jaiquí Picado, Santiago Province, Dominican Republic (19° 26′ N, 70° 54′ W). Methods Biophysical data from quadrat sampling of vegetation, soils, and site characteristics were subjected to cluster analysis, means comparisons, discriminant analysis, and linear regression. Extensive interviews with local land users provided information on early forests as well as present and historical land use practices. Results Spatial patterning of the area's two main forest types relates closely to past land use but not to any observed differences in the physical characteristics of their sites. ‘Old-growth’ stands found on land never placed in cultivation resemble the forests encountered by late-nineteenth-century settlers of the area in their wealth of woody plant taxa and relative abundance of endemic and other native species. In the ‘scrub’ stands growing on land abandoned from grazing, fully 70% of stems belong to one native (Acacia macracantha Willd.) and two exotic (Haematoxylon campechianum L. and Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) woody legumes that contribute to the markedly greater representation of deciduous and thorn-bearing individuals in this type. The two forest types do not differ significantly in average bole dimensions, but the canopies of scrub stands are concentrated in a narrower layer, their understories are more open, and they contain more multiple stems of apparent sprout origin. A chronosequence of scrub stands covering a range in age of three decades indicates a moderate increment in species diversity over time and gradual disappearance of some of the more abundant invasive shrubs; but such stands continue to be dominated throughout this period by the same three scrub trees, while most species characteristic of old-growth forests, including many of the least abundant, fail to appear among the regeneration in their understories. Main conclusions Antillean forests classified as thorn scrub may include a form of ‘disclimax’ created through past land use activities in areas once bearing more diverse tropical dry forest. Whether they will ever develop into stands similar to the previous forests is uncertain, given the present state of fragmentation and other processes taking place within these ecosystems.     

广东郁南同乐大山自然保护区植被类型调查

通过野外调查和统计分析,同乐大山自然保护区植被可划分为5个类型,8个亚型,15个群系,21个群丛,其中以南亚热带常绿阔叶林为主,并有暖性针叶林、暖性竹林、南亚热带常绿阔叶灌丛、草丛等类型。此外,文中还较详细地分析和阐述了各个植被类型的代表群丛。     

南亚热带不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种叶性状的比较分析

南亚热带地带性植被是季风常绿阔叶林(海拔300～600 m;简称季风林),在中山地带则分布为山地常绿阔叶林(海拔1 000～1 500 m;简称山地林)。山地林的生态价值日益受到重视,但是对其树种的环境适应性仍缺乏足够了解。该研究基于南亚热带典型山地林(广西大明山)和季风林(广东鼎湖山)的固定样地,共测定57种代表性树种的叶形态解剖特征、机械强度和水力学性状,比较不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种叶性状以及多类性状关联性的差异。结果表明,与季风林树种相比,山地林树种叶较厚、比叶面积较小、机械强度较高,有利于提高对较高海拔山区冬季冰冻的适应能力。在2022年夏季持续高温干旱时期,季风林树种的叶水势和水力安全边界均低于山地林。但是大部分树种水力安全边界为正值且种间变异较大,表明不同海拔常绿阔叶林的水力风险较低。不同海拔常绿阔叶林的叶性状网络不同,山地林树种叶水力安全性和效率性无权衡关系,而季风林树种叶经济学性状(如比叶面积)与其他指标的关联性较弱。基于叶性状的研究揭示了南亚热带不同海拔常绿阔叶林树种适应策略的差异性和多样性。     

Rosette scrub occurrence and fog availability in arid mountains of Mexico

Abstract. Large succulent leaf rosettes are a characteristic life form in many deserts. In certain areas they become the dominant life form, creating a vegetation type indicated as rosette scrub. The large number of rosette species suggests a close relationship between form and environment. Rosettes are excellent harvesters of low‐intensity rains and fogs. We propose that some rosette‐dominated formations of the Mexican mountains, namely the montane rosette scrub, occur in altitudinal belts around mountains where fog is abundant. We sampled four altitudinal gradients in mountains with different flora recording the abundance and richness of plants. At one site, the Tehuacán Valley, we also measured the quantity of fog along the gradient, below, above and in the rosette scrub for one year. We found that the abundance and richness of succulent rosette species are strongly associated with altitude, showing maximum values in the well‐defined elevational belts where the montane rosette scrub occurs. Other life forms, such as stem succulent cacti or woody shrubs, do not show this mid‐elevation pattern. The altitudinal ranges where the montane rosette scrub occurs usually coincide with areas where clouds and fog form. Our micrometeorological measurements indicate that rosette plants growing within a cloud belt can increase their water supply by 10–100% by harvesting fog. Outside these belts fog harvest is negligible. Desert rosettes constitute one of the most common fog‐harvesting growth forms.     

Quantifying nationwide land cover and historical changes in forests of Nepal (1930–2014): implications on forest fragmentation

This study quantifies the nationwide land cover and long-term changes in forests and its implications on forest fragmentation in Nepal. The multi-source datasets were used to generate the forest cover information for 1930, 1975, 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2014. This study analyzes distribution of land cover, rate of deforestation, changes across forest types, forest canopy density and pattern of fragmentation. The land cover legend for 2014 is consisting of 21 classes: tropical dry deciduous sal forest, tropical moist deciduous sal forest, subtropical broad-leaved forest, subtropical pine forest, lower temperate broad leaved forest, upper temperate broad leaved forest, lower temperate mixed broad leaved forest, upper temperate mixed broad leaved forest, temperate needle leaved forest, subalpine forest, plantations, tropical scrub, subtropical scrub, temperate scrub, alpine scrub, grassland, agriculture, water bodies, barren land and settlements. The forest cover statistics for Nepal obtained in this study shows an area of 76,710 km² in 1930 which has decreased to 39,392 km² in 2014. A net loss of 37,318 km² (48.6%) was observed in last eight decades. Analysis of annual rate of net deforestation for the recent period indicates 0.01% during 2005–2014. An increase in the number of forest patches from 6925 (in 1930) to 42,961 (in 2014) was noticed. The significant observation is 75.5% of reduction in core 3 forest, whereas, patch, perforated and edge classes show the increase in percentage of fragmentation classes from 1930 to 2014. The results of this work will support the understanding of deforestation and its consequences on fragmentation for maintaining and improving the forest resources of Nepal.     

祁连山南坡植被景观格局及其破碎化

以扎麻什营林区的林相图和调查资料为基础,运用GIS手段,选取合适的景观格局指数,分析了祁连山南坡植被景观格局基本特征,并进行了破碎化评价.结果表明:研究区植被以草地和灌丛为主,景观基质已退化为裸地,各植被类型斑块密度远大于裸地,平均分维数较低,景观整体破碎化水平较高;草地和灌丛边界密度和破碎化指数均高于其他植被类型,反映出该区自然植被景观主要受放牧活动的影响;森林多以小面积零散分布,其中青海云杉林景观结构破坏较为严重,异质性较低,斑块形状趋于单一,显示出较高水平的破碎化,其他林种多以小面积集中分布于某些小的生境,受人类活动干扰较少,破碎化程度较低.

Abstract：

Based on the forest form map and investigation data of Zhamashi forest area, and by using GIS, appropriate landscape pattern indices were chosen to study the basic characteristics of vegetation landscape pattern on the southern slope of Qilian Mountain, with the landscape frag-mentation evaluated. In the study area, grass and shrub were the main vegetation types, and the landscape matrix had degraded to bare land. The patch densities of all vegetation types were far larger than that of bare land, and their mean fractal dimension was lower than that of bear land. All of these characters emphasized the highly fragmented condition of the vegetation landscape in this area. The total edge densities and fragment indices of grassland and shrub land were higher than those of other vegetation types, reflecting that the natural vegetation was mainly affected by grazing. The forests were more dispersed in small areas, and the landscape structure of Picea crassifollia forest was heavily destroyed, being induced that the heterogeneity became lower and the patch shape tended to single, suggesting a high fragmentation degree. Other forest types were centralized in a certain habitat and less disturbed by human activities, suggesting a lower frag-mentation degree.     

从生态学论“三北”防护林在宁夏的规划原则

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is situated in 30;14′–30;14′ and 30;33′–30;39′.Though its area. Is only 67000km2, it has many various ecosystem categories. The vegetation is the core of the ecosystem, so it is very important to research. The vegetation in Ningxia is the combination of many various vegetation types which have certain egularity of ecogeographical distribution. The zonal vegetation types in Ningxia arc the semi-desert, the steppe and the meadow-steppe from north to south. And there are the spectrums of the vertical belts of the vegetation in Helan mountain and Lupan mountain. There are also many intrazonal vegetation types—the saline-meadow, the grass-swamp, the salt vegetation, etc. Every vegetation type exists many various plant communities. And each vegetation type or plant community can reflect the comprehensive ecological factors. According to the regularity, we may put forward a principle of plan of the "Sanbei’(northeast, north and northwest China)shelter-forest in Ningxia:l. It is suitable to establish the scrub belts in Ningxia. In the semi-desert, the steppe, the meadow-steppe and the grass-tuft, the soil erosion on the slopes may be controled by the scrub belts following contour-line and the wind-sand-harm on the plateau plain may be prevented by the scrub networks; 2. To plant the shrubs, the semi-shrubs and the therophytes is suitable for fixing the sanddrift; 3. It isn’t difficult to plant the shelter-forest in the irrigation farmland. But it is very important to choose the tree species adapting various soil; 4. All of the forest and the scrub in the mountains must be closed and tended. The mixed-forest may be expanded on the meadow slope.