Emissions of nitrous oxide from three tropical forests in Southern China in response to simulated nitrogen deposition

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from the soil following simulated nitrogen (N) deposition in a disturbed (pine), a rehabilitated (pine and broadleaf mixed) and a mature (monsoon evergreen broadleaf) tropical forest in southern China were studied. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) addition of N will increase soil N₂O emission in tropical forests; and (2) any observed increase will be more pronounced in the mature forest than in the disturbed or rehabilitated forest due to the relatively high initial soil N concentration in the mature forest. The experiment was designed with four N treatment levels (three replicates; 0, 50, 100, 150 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for C (Control), LN (Low-N), MN (Medium-N), and HN (High-N) treatment, respectively) in the mature forest, but only three levels in the disturbed and rehabilitated forests (C, LN and MN). Between October 2005 to September 2006, soil N₂O flux was measured using static chamber and gas chromatography methodology. Nitrogen had been applied previously to the plots since July 2003 and continued during soil N₂O flux measurement period. The annual mean rates of soil N₂O emission in the C plots were 24.1 ± 1.5, 26.2 ± 1.4, and 29.3 ± 1.6 μg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹ in the disturbed, rehabilitated and mature forest, respectively. There was a significant increase in soil N₂O emission following N additions in the mature forest (38%, 41%, and 58% when compared to the C plots for the LN, MN, and HN plots, respectively). In the disturbed forest a significant increase (35%) was observed in the MN plots, but not in the LN plots. The rehabilitated forest showed no significant response to N additions. Increases in soil N₂O emission occurred primarily in the cool-dry season (November, December and January). Our results suggest that the response of soil N₂O emission to N deposition in tropical forests in southern China may vary depending on the soil N status and land-use history of the forest.     

Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Nitrous and Nitric Oxide Emissions from Irrigated Corn Fields

A 2-year study was conducted to investigate the potential of no-till cropping systems to reduce N₂O and NO emissions under different N application rates in an irrigated corn field in northeastern Colorado. Flux measurements were begun in the spring of 2003, using vented (N₂O) and dynamic (NO) chambers, one to three times per week, year round, within plots that were cropped continuously to corn (Zea mays L.) under conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT). Plots were fertilized at planting in late April with rates of 0, 134 and 224 kg N ha⁻¹ and corn was harvested in late October or early November each year. N₂O and NO fluxes increased linearly with N application rate in both years. Compared with CT, NT did not significantly affect the emission of N₂O but resulted in much lower emission of NO. In 2003 and 2004 corn growing seasons, the increase in N₂O-N emitted per kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer N added was 14.5 and 4.1 g ha⁻¹ for CT, and 11.2 and 5.5 g ha⁻¹ for NT, respectively. However, the increase in NO-N emitted per kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer N added was only 3.6 and 7.4 g ha⁻¹ for CT and 1.6 and 2.0 g ha⁻¹ for NT in 2003 and 2004, respectively. In the fallow season (November 2003 to April 2004), much greater N₂O (2.0–3.1 times) and NO (13.1–16.8 times) were emitted from CT than from NT although previous N application did not show obvious carry-over effect on both gas emissions. Results from this study reveal that NT has potential to reduce NO emission without an obvious change in N₂O emission under continuous irrigated corn cropping compared to CT.     

Subsurface CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Dynamics in Temperate Beech and Spruce Forest Stands

Rates of soil respiration (CO₂ effluxes), subsurface pore gas CO₂/O₂ concentrations, soil temperature and soil water content were measured for 15 months in two temperate and contrasting Danish forest ecosystems: beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Soil CO₂ effluxes showed a distinct seasonal trend in the range of 0.48–3.3 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ for beech and 0.50–2.92 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ for spruce and were well-correlated with near-surface soil temperatures. The soil organic C-stock (upper 1 m including the O-horizon) was higher in the spruce stand (184±23 Mg C ha⁻¹) compared to the beech stand (93±19 Mg C ha⁻¹) and resulted in a faster turnover time as calculated by mass/flux in soil beneath the beech stand (28 years) compared to spruce stand (60 years). Observed soil CO₂ concentrations and effluxes were simulated using a Fickian diffusion-reaction model based on vertical CO₂ production rates and soil diffusivity. Temporal trends were simulated on the basis of observed trends in the distribution of soil water, temperature, and live roots as well as temperature and water content sensitivity functions. These functions were established based on controlled laboratory incubation experiments. The model was successfully validated against observed soil CO₂ effluxes and concentrations and revealed that temporal trends generally could be linked to variations in subsurface CO₂ production rates and diffusion over time and with depths. However, periods with exceptionally high CO₂ effluxes (> 20 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹) were noted in March 2000 in relation to drying after heavy rain and after the removal of snow from collars. Both cases were considered non-steady state and could not be simulated.     

Role of Microorganisms in Emission of Nitrous Oxide and Methane in Pulse Cultivated Soil Under Laboratory Incubation Condition

Soil from a pulse cultivated farmers land of Odisha, India, have been subjected to incubation studies for 40 consecutive days, to establish the impact of various nitrogenous fertilizers and water filled pore space (WFPS) on green house gas emission (N₂O & CH₄). C₂H₂ inhibition technique was followed to have a comprehensive understanding about the individual contribution of nitrifiers and denitrifiers towards the emission of N₂O. Nevertheless, low concentration of C₂H₂ (5 ml: flow rate 0.1 kg/cm²) is hypothesized to partially impede the metabolic pathways of denitrifying bacterial population, thus reducing the overall N₂O emission rate. Different soil parameters of the experimental soil such as moisture, total organic carbon, ammonium content and nitrate–nitrogen contents were measured at regular intervals. Application of external N-sources under different WFPS conditions revealed the diverse role played by the indigenous soil microorganism towards green house gas emission. Isolation of heterotrophic microorganisms (Pseudomonas) from the soil samples, further supported the fact that denitrification might be prevailing during specific conditions thus contributing to N₂O emission. Statistical analysis showed that WFPS was the most influential parameter affecting N₂O formation in soil in absence of an inhibitor like C₂H₂.     

Nitrogen Behaviour and Nitrous Oxide Emission in the Tidal Seine River Estuary (France) as Influenced by Human Activities in the Upstream Watershed

The Seine River estuary (France) is the receptacle of a drainage basin characterised by high population density, heavy industrial activity and intensive agriculture. Whereas nitrate concentrations are high due to diffuse sources in the upstream drainage basin, ammonium mainly originates from the effluents of the Achères wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) downstream from Paris and its suburbs (6.5 million equivalent-inhabitants). Ammonium is mostly nitrified in the tidal freshwater estuary and nitrification causes a strong summer oxygen deficit. Average longitudinal summer profiles of oxygen and nitrogen concentrations for two periods, between 1993–1997 and 1998–2003 in dry hydrological conditions (excluding the wet years 2000 and 2001) clearly reflect the changes due to the improved treatment of wastewater from Paris and its suburbs. On the basis of daily water flux data and twice monthly nitrogen measurements at the boundaries of the upstream freshwater estuarine section (108 km), we calculated nitrification and denitrification fluxes, whose annual averages were 43 and 71 × 10³ kg N d⁻¹ respectively from 1993 to 2003, with summer values (July–September) representing 73 and 57% of the annual fluxes, respectively. The degree of denitrification in the upper estuary appears to be closely related to the nitrification, itself more loosely related to the amount of reduced nitrogen (Kjeldahl) brought by the treated effluents from the Achères WWTP. We estimated the total N₂O emissions to about 40 kg N d⁻¹ (25–60 kg N d⁻¹) in the same sector.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields: Assessment, measurement and mitigation

In this paper we discuss three topics concerning N₂O emissions from agricultural systems. First, we present an appraisal of N₂O emissions from agricultural soils (Assessment). Secondly, we discuss some recent efforts to improve N₂O flux estimates in agricultural fields (Measurement), and finally, we relate recent studies which use nitrification inhibitors to decrease N₂O emissions from N-fertilized fields (Mitigation).To assess the global emission of N₂O from agricultural soils, the total flux should represent N₂O from all possible sources; native soil N, N from recent atmospheric deposition, past years fertilization, N from crop residues, N₂O from subsurface aquifers below the study area, and current N fertilization. Of these N sources only synthetic fertilizer and animal manures and the area of fields cropped with legumes have sufficient global data to estimate their input for N₂O production. The assessment of direct and indirect N₂O emissions we present was made by multiplying the amount of fertilizer N applied to agricultural lands by 2% and the area of land cropped to legumes by 4 kg N₂O-N ha^-1. No regard to method of N application, type of N, crop, climate or soil was given in these calculations, because the data are not available to include these variables in large scale assessments. Improved assessments should include these variables and should be used to drive process models for field, area, region and global scales.Several N₂O flux measurement techniques have been used in recent field studies which utilize small and ultralarge chambers and micrometeorological along with new analytical techniques to measure N₂O fluxes. These studies reveal that it is not the measurement technique that is providing much of the uncertainty in N₂O flux values found in the literature but rather the diverse combinations of physical and biological factors which control gas fluxes. A careful comparison of published literature narrows the range of observed fluxes as noted in the section on assessment. An array of careful field studies which compare a series of crops, fertilizer sources, and management techniques in controlled parallel experiments throughout the calendar year are needed to improve flux estimates and decrease uncertainty in prediction capability.There are a variety of management techniques which should conserve N and decrease the amount of N application needed to grow crops and to limit N₂O emissions. Using nitrification inhibitors is an option for decreasing fertilizer N use and additionally directly mitigating N₂O emissions. Case studies are presented which demonstrate the potential for using nitrification inhibitors to limit N₂O emissions from agricultural soils. Inhibitors may be selected for climatic conditions and type of cropping system as well as the type of nitrogen (solid mineral N, mineral N in solution, or organic waste materials) and applied with the fertilizers.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetland microcosms: Effect of feeding strategies

The effects of continuous and intermittent feeding strategies on nitrogen removal and N₂O emission from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands were evaluated in this study. Microcosm wetlands planted with Phragmites australis were constructed and operated with different feeding strategies for the 4-month experiment. Results showed the intermittent feeding strategy could enhance the removal of ammonium effectively in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands, although it had no significant effect for the surface flow wetlands. And the intermittent feeding mode could promote the emission of N₂O. The amount of N₂O-N emission from the subsurface flow constructed wetlands with intermittent feeding mode was about 5 times higher than that with continuous feeding strategy and the emission rate ranged from 0.09 ± 0.03 to 7.33 ± 1.49 mg/m²/h. Compared with the surface flow constructed wetlands, the N₂O emission in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands was affected significantly by the intermittent feeding mode.     

Geochemical and Microbiological Studies of Nitrous Oxide Variations within the New NEEM Greenland Ice Core during the Last Glacial Period

Deep polar ice cores provide atmospheric records of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and other trace gases reflecting climate history along with a parallel archive of microbial cells transported with mineral dust, marine and volcanic aerosols from around the globe. Our interdisciplinary study of 32 samples from different depths of the recently drilled NEEM Greenland ice core addressed the question whether the identified microorganisms were capable of post-depositional biological production of N₂O in situ. We used high-resolution geochemical and microbiological approaches to examine the N₂O concentrations, the quantitative distributions of dust, Ca⁺², NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? ions related to N cycle pathways, the microbial abundance and diversity at specific NEEM core depths from 1758 m to 1867.8 m. Results showed varying concentrations of N₂O (220–271.5 ppb). Microbial abundance fluctuated between 3.3 × 10⁴ and 3.3 × 10⁶ cells mL^?1 in direct correlation with dust and Ca²⁺ concentrations with higher cell numbers deposited during colder periods. The average values of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? indicated that substrates were available for the microorganisms capable of utilizing them. PCR amplification of selected functional genes involved in bacterial and archaeal nitrification and denitrification was not successful. Sanger and Illumina MiSeq sequence analyses of SSU rRNA genes showed variable representation of Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, chloroplasts and fungi. The metabolic potential of the dominant genera of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes as possible N₂O producers suggested that denitrification activity may have led to in-situ production and accumulation of N₂O.     

氮素类型和剂量对寒温带针叶林土壤N2O排放的影响

大气氮沉降输入会增加森林生态系统氮素有效性,进而改变土壤N_2O产生与排放,然而有关不同氮素离子(氧化态NO_3~--N与还原态NH_4~+-N)沉降对土壤N_2O排放的影响知之甚少。以大兴安岭寒温带针叶林为研究对象,构建了3种类型(NH_4Cl、KNO_3、NH_4NO_3)和4个施氮水平(0、10、20、40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))的增氮控制试验,利用流动化学分析仪和静态箱-气相色谱法4次/月测定凋落物层和矿质层土壤无机氮含量、土壤-大气界面N_2O净交换通量以及相关环境因子,分析施氮类型和剂量对土壤氮素有效性、土壤N_2O通量的影响探讨氮素富集条件下土壤N_2O通量的环境驱动机制。结果表明:施氮类型和剂量均显著影响土壤无机氮含量,土壤NH_4~+-N的积累效应显著高于NO_3~--N。施氮一致增加寒温带针叶林土壤N_2O排放,NH_4NO_3促进效应最为明显,增幅为442%-677%,高于全球平均水平(134%)。土壤N_2O通量与土壤温度、凋落物层NH_4~+-N含量正相关,且随着施氮水平增加而增加。结果表明大气氮沉降短期内不会导致寒温带针叶林土壤NO_3~--N大量流失,但会显著促进土壤N_2O的排放。此外,外源性NH_4~+和NO_3~-输入对土壤N_2O排放的促进作用具有协同效应,在未来森林生态系统氮循环和氮平衡研究中应该区分对待。     

Nitrogen deposition and carbon sequestration in alpine meadows

Nitrogen deposition experiments were carried out in alpine meadow ecosystems in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in China, in order to explore the contribution of nitrogen deposition to carbon sequestration in alpine meadows. Two methods were used in this respect. First, we used the allocation of ¹⁵N tracer to soil and plant pools. Second, we used increased root biomass observed in the nitrogen-amended plots. Calculating enhanced carbon storage, we considered the net soil CO₂ emissions exposed to nitrogen deposition in alpine meadows. Our results show that nitrogen deposition can enhance the net soil CO₂ emissions, and thus offset part of carbon uptake by vegetation and soils. It means that we have to be cautious to draw a conclusion when we estimate the contribution of nitrogen deposition to carbon sequestration based on the partitioning of ¹⁵N tracer in terrestrial ecosystems, in particular in N-limited ecosystems. Even if we assess the contribution of nitrogen deposition to carbon sequestration based on increased biomass exposed to nitrogen deposition in terrestrial ecosystems, likewise, we have to consider the effects of nitrogen deposition on the soil CO₂ emissions.     

Impacts of grazing intensity on denitrification and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O production in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem

N₂O production from denitrification in soils contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect and the destruction of the stratospheric ozone. Ungulate grazing affects denitrification and the production of N₂O. The short-term effect of grazing on denitrification and N₂O production has been examined in several grassland ecosystems. However, the effects of long-term grazing have rarely been studied. We measured denitrification and N₂O production during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons in a long-term (17 years) experiment that had five grazing intensities (GI; 0.00, 1.33, 2.67, 4.00 and 5.33 sheep ha⁻¹). We found that denitrification and N₂O production rates were seasonally variable during the measurement period, with higher values observed in summer and lower values found in spring and autumn. The grazed treatments resulted in decreased denitrification and N₂O production, primarily due to the reduced soil nitrate concentration and organic N content under the long-term grazing. This supported our hypothesis that long-term over-grazing suppresses denitrification and N₂O production. Although significant differences in denitrification and N₂O production were not found between the four GI, there was a general trend that cumulative denitrification and N₂O production decreased as grazing intensity increased, especially in 2006. Lower N losses via denitrification and N₂O production in the grazed plots, to some extent, may contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and help to preserve soil N and ameliorate the negative impacts of grazing on plant growth, productivity, and ecological restoration processes in the temperate steppe in northern China.     

Nitrous oxide emission from paddy fields in China

The main research results of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from paddy fields in China were summarized. Paddy fields are an important source of N₂O emission. Denitrification process exists not only in the upper flooded cultivated layer in paddy fields but also in the underground saturated soil layer. The cropping system with rice–wheat rotation and the water regime with mid-season aeration (MSA) in paddy fields of China are not only the controlling factors of N₂O emission but also the main factors influencing methane (CH₄) emission. There is a trade-off relationship between N₂O and CH₄ emissions from paddy fields. Straw amendment reduced N₂O emission but promoted CH₄ emission. Therefore, effects of both CH₄ and N₂O emissions from rice fields on the global warming potential (GWP) should be taken into consideration when any mitigation options are to be established.     

稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响

2008—2011年,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放进行了为期3a的田间原位观测,研究不同耕作措施(免耕、旋耕和翻耕)对冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施下冬小麦农田N2O排放高峰出现在施用基肥后的1个月内以及施用孕穗肥后的4月中旬至小麦成熟期,其余时间N2O排放通量均较小。年度和耕作措施对冬小麦农田N2O季节排放总量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),不同处理N2O季节排放总量表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕,2008—2011年3年平均分别为2.50 kg/hm2、2.05 kg/hm2和1.66 kg/hm2,免耕比翻耕增加N2O排放22.0%(P<0.05),旋耕比翻耕减排19.0%(P<0.05)。冬小麦生长期内施用孕穗肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与农田土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)及10 cm地温呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,2009—2010年施用基肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与WFPS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果说明旋耕是减少长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放的最佳耕作措施。     

Long-Term Effects of Elevated CO2 on Woody Tissues Respiration of Norway Spruce Studied in Open-Top Chambers

In an open-top chamber experiment located in a mountain stand of 14-years-old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), trees were continuously exposed to either ambient CO₂ concentration (A), or ambient + 350 µmol mol^–1 (E) over four growing seasons. Respiration rates of different woody parts (stem, branches, coarse roots) were measured during the last growing season. The calculated increase in the respiration rate related to a 10 °C temperature change (Q₁₀) was different in stem compared to branches and roots. Differences between the E and A variants were statistically significant only for roots in the autumn. Stem maintenance respiration (R_Ms) measured in April and November (periods of no growth activity) were not different. The stem respiration values (R_s) were recalculated to a standard temperature of 15 °C to estimate the seasonal course. The obtained R_s differed significantly between used variants during July and August. At the end of the season, R_s in E decreased slower than in A, indicating some prolongation of the physiological activity under the elevated CO₂ concentration. The total stem respiration carbon losses for the investigated growing season (May – September) were higher for A (2.32 kg(C) m^–2 season^–1) compared to E (2.12 kg(C) m^–2 season^–1). The respiration rates of the whorl branches (R_b) were lower compared with the stem respiration but not significantly different between the used variants. The root respiration rate was increased in E variant.     

Rates and pathways of nitrous oxide production in a shortgrass steppe

Most of the small external inputs of N to the Shortgrass steppe appear to be conserved. One pathway of loss is the emission of nitrous oxide, which we estimate to account for 2.5–9.0% of annual wet deposition inputs of N. These estimates were determined from an N₂O emission model based on field data which describe the temporal variability of N₂O produced from nitrification and denitrification from two slope positions. Soil water and temperature models were used to translate records of air temperature and precipitation between 1950 and 1984 into variables appropriate to drive the gas flux model, and annual N₂O fluxes were estimated for that period. The mean annual fluxes were 80 g N ha^–1 for a midslope location and 160 g N ha^–1 for a swale. Fluxes were higher in wet years than in dry, ranging from 73 to 100 g N ha^–1y^–1at the midslope, but the variability was not high. N₂O fluxes were also estimated from cattle urine patches and these fluxes while high within a urine patch, did not contribute significantly to a regional budget. Laboratory experiments using C₂H₂ to inhibit nitrifiers suggested that 60–80% of N₂O was produced as a result of nitrification, with denitrification being less important, in contrast to our earlier findings to the contrary. Intrasite and intraseasonal variations in N₂O flux were coupled to variations in mineral N dynamics, with high rates of N₂O flux occurring with high rates of inorganic N turnover. We computed a mean flux of 104 g N ha^–1 y^–1 from the shortgrass landscape, and a flux of 2.6 × 109 g N y^– from all shortgrass steppe (25 × 106 ha).     

水肥一体化条件下设施菜地的N2O排放

在保证作物产量的前提下,研究减少农田土壤N_2O排放的水肥统筹管理措施对全球温室气体减排具有重要意义。以京郊典型设施菜地为例,设置了农民习惯(FP)、水肥一体化(FPD)、优化水肥一体化(OPTD)和对照(CK)4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对果菜-叶菜(黄瓜-芹菜)轮作周期内土壤N_2O排放进行了观测,并分析了氮肥施用量、灌溉方式、土壤温度和湿度等因素对土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:在黄瓜-芹菜种植模式中,各施氮处理除基肥施用后N_2O排放峰持续10—15d外,一般施肥、施肥+灌溉事件后土壤N_2O排放峰均呈现3—5d短而急促的情形。黄瓜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤湿度(WFPS)之间呈现显著相关的关系;芹菜生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤温度之间呈现显著相关的关系。观测期内FP处理N_2O排放量为(31.00±2.15)kg N/hm~2,FPD处理与之相比N_2O排放量减少了4.2%,而OPTD处理在减少40%化肥氮量的情况下,N_2O累积排放量比FP处理减少了42.7%,且达到显著水平。说明在水肥一体化条件下,合理改变施肥体系是减少N_2O排放的前提,在此基础上进行水肥优化是设施菜地保持产量、减少N_2O排放的重要技术措施。     

Variation in fine root biomass of three European tree species: Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Abstract

Fine roots (<2 mm) are very dynamic and play a key role in forest ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling and accumulation. We reviewed root biomass data of three main European tree species European beech, (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), in order to identify the differences between species, and within and between vegetation zones, and to show the relationships between root biomass and the climatic, site and stand factors. The collected literature consisted of data from 36 beech, 71 spruce and 43 pine stands. The mean fine root biomass of beech was 389 g m^?2, and that of spruce and pine 297 g m^?2 and 277 g m^?2, respectively. Data from pine stands supported the hypothesis that root biomass is higher in the temperate than in the boreal zone. The results indicated that the root biomass of deciduous trees is higher than that of conifers. The correlations between root biomass and site fertility characteristics seemed to be species specific. There was no correlation between soil acidity and root biomass. Beech fine root biomass decreased with stand age whereas pine root biomass increased with stand age. Fine root biomass at tree level correlated better than stand level root biomass with stand characteristics. The results showed that there exists a strong relationship between the fine root biomass and the above-ground biomass.     

城市化地区典型水体的N2O排放通量特征——以南京市为例

内陆淡水水体是大气中N₂O的重要排放源,然而目前对于内陆典型城市水体N₂O排放通量的监测数据依然匮乏,典型城市水体的N₂O排放特征及驱动因素尚不清楚。本研究选取了南京市江北新区的典型水体,包括湖库、河流、养殖池塘和景观池塘,在2020年5月-2021年4月利用漂浮箱法连续监测了不同水体类型的水-气界面N₂O排放特征,并通过测定水环境特征,探究驱动水体N₂O排放通量的关键因素。研究结果表明,典型城市水体整体均表现为N₂O排放源,河流和养殖池塘的日平均排放通量最大,分别为（503±1236）μg m^-2 d^-1和（508±797）μg m^-2 d^-1,其次为景观池塘（（179±989）μg m^-2 d^-1）,而湖库的N₂O排放通量最小,仅表现为微弱的N₂O排放源（（54±212）μg m^-2 d^-1）。水体的N₂O排放呈现季节性差异,河流和养殖池塘夏季的N₂O排放通量显著高于其他季节（P<0.01）。水体全年N₂O排放数据与水体温度和溶解氧含量（DO）呈显著相关。而在温度较高的5月份-9月份（>20℃）,氮输入成为影响N₂O排放通量的关键因素（P<0.01）,因此控制城市水体的氮输入尤其是在水温较高的夏季是减少N₂O排放的有利措施。此外,由于水文化学条件差异等因素,小型封闭水体包括养殖池塘和景观池塘的N₂O排放通量差异较大,未来应加强监测不同水体的水文化学特征和N₂O的时空排放特征,探讨影响小型封闭水体水-气界面N₂O排放通量的具体驱动因素。此研究为城市区域N₂O排放的精准核算提供了数据支撑,为N₂O排放模型的修正提供了科学依据。     

控释肥施用对土壤N2O排放的影响——以华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作系统为例

控释肥作为一种能够提高肥料利用率、保障作物产量和节约劳动力的新型肥料已经在作物生产中得到广泛应用,而控释肥对土壤N_2O排放影响结果的差异使其成为当前科学评估控释肥施用环境效应的焦点问题之一。因此,旨在探讨不同种类控释肥及氮素水平施用对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作系统土壤N_2O排放的影响,为科学评价控释肥施用的环境效应及其推广应用提供科学依据。本研究监测采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法对不同控释肥施用下土壤N_2O排放、环境因素以及产量进行了周年监测,探讨了不同处理(对照处理(CK)、控释肥处理1(CRF1)、优化控释肥处理1(80%CRF1)、优化控释肥处理2(80%CRF2)和控释肥处理3(CRF3+尿素))下土壤N_2O排放特征及土壤温湿度对其的影响。结果表明:控释肥施用下冬小麦/夏玉米轮作系统中土壤N_2O排放峰高值主要出现在基肥施用并伴随灌溉(或降雨)后,一般持续时间约为7—10 d,小麦返青期灌溉以及玉米后期降雨会引起微弱的N_2O排放峰。不同处理土壤N_2O排放通量变化范围为~(-2)35.61—2625.01μg N_2O m~(-2)h~(-1),平均排放通量为23.88—51.39μg N_2O m~(-2)h~(-1),与CRFI相比,80%CRF1和80%CRF2处理能够减小施肥期的N_2O排放峰值,但不改变轮作周期土壤N_2O排放季节变化规律。CK处理和CRF3+尿素处理土壤N_2O排放通量与5 cm深度土壤温度之间表现出显著的正相关性(r~2=0.38,P0.01;r~2=0.30,P0.05);CRF1处理和80%CRF1处理在冬小麦生长季及整个轮作周期内与土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS)表现为显著的正相关关系(冬小麦生长季分别为r~2=0.50,P0.01;r~2=0.39,P0.05;整个轮作周期分别为r~2=0.39,P0.05;r~2=0.43,P0.05)。80%CRF2处理N_2O年排放总量最高,为(2.89±0.24)kg N/hm~2。相同控释肥种类条件下,80%CRF1处理比CRF1处理减少了14.23%,但并未达到显著水平;相同施氮量水平下,CRF1处理与(CRF3+尿素)处理之间N_2O年排放总量差异不显著,而80%CRF1处理比80%CRF2处理N_2O年排放总量减少16.16%,并达到显著水平(P0.05)。本研究不同处理之间N_2O直接排放系数在0.29%—0.42%之间,均明显低于IPCC 1.0%的默认值。各控释肥处理产量与当地农民常规施肥量条件下产量没有显著性差异。因此在华北地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作系统中应用控释肥技术可以在保证产量的前提下有效减少土壤N_2O排放,并且仍存在一定的减排空间。     

Soil N and C trace gas fluxes and microbial soil N turnover in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Hungary

During two intensive field campaigns in summer and autumn 2004 nitrogen (N₂O, NO/NO₂) and carbon (CO₂, CH₄) trace gas exchange between soil and the atmosphere was measured in a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) forest in Hungary. The climate can be described as continental temperate. Fluxes were measured with a fully automatic measuring system allowing for high temporal resolution. Mean N₂O emission rates were 1.5 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in summer and 3.4 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in autumn, respectively. Also mean NO emission rates were higher in autumn (8.4 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹) as compared to summer (6.0 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹). However, as NO₂ deposition rates continuously exceeded NO emission rates (−9.7 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in summer and −18.3 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ in autumn), the forest soil always acted as a net NO _x sink. The mean value of CO₂ fluxes showed only little seasonal differences between summer (81.1 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and autumn (74.2 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) measurements, likewise CH₄uptake (summer: −52.6 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹; autumn: −56.5 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹). In addition, the microbial soil processes net/gross N mineralization, net/gross nitrification and heterotrophic soil respiration as well as inorganic soil nitrogen concentrations and N₂O/CH₄ soil air concentrations in different soil depths were determined. The respiratory quotient (ΔCO_{2 resp} ΔO_{2 resp}⁻¹) for the uppermost mineral soil, which is needed for the calculation of gross nitrification via the Barometric Process Separation (BaPS) technique, was 0.8978 ± 0.008. The mean value of gross nitrification rates showed only little seasonal differences between summer (0.99 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹) and autumn measurements (0.89 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹). Gross rates of N mineralization were highest in the organic layer (20.1–137.9 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹) and significantly lower in the uppermost mineral layer (1.3–2.9 μg N kg⁻¹ SDW d⁻¹). Only for the organic layer seasonality in gross N mineralization rates could be demonstrated, with highest mean values in autumn, most likely caused by fresh litter decomposition. Gross mineralization rates of the organic layer were positively correlated with N₂O emissions and negatively correlated with CH₄ uptake, whereas soil CO₂ emissions were positively correlated with heterotrophic respiration in the uppermost mineral soil layer. The most important abiotic factor influencing C and N trace gas fluxes was soil moisture, while the influence of soil temperature on trace gas exchange rates was high only in autumn.