Mycobacterium marinum: the generalization and specialization of a pathogenic mycobacterium

Mycobacterium marinum is being used increasingly as a model for understanding pathogenic mycobacteria. However, recently discovered differences between M. marinum and M. tuberculosis suggest that adaptation to specialized niches is reflected in unique strategies of pathogenesis. This review emphasizes the areas in which studying M. marinum has made contributions to the understanding of tuberculosis, as well as the potential for using characteristics unique to M. marinum for understanding general issues of host-pathogen interactions.     

应用iTRAQ定量蛋白质组学研究海分枝杆菌mkl的基因功能

【目的】通过分离海分枝杆菌野生株和mkl突变株的全菌蛋白,并进行差异蛋白质组分析,以期为探索分枝杆菌重要毒力基因mkl的功能提供新思路。【方法】以海分枝杆菌野生株和mkl突变株为研究材料,提取全菌蛋白,i TRAQ试剂标记后进行质谱鉴定和定量分析,并利用Uni Prot数据库对差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析。【结果】共鉴定出在野生株和mkl突变株中差异表达蛋白566个,其中在突变株中上调表达蛋白232个(比值≥1.4),下调表达蛋白334个(比值≤0.7)。生物信息学预测这些蛋白主要参与细菌脂质代谢、细胞壁和细胞进程、中间代谢、呼吸作用等生物学功能。其中Des A3下调最显著,其功能为脂肪酸去饱和酶,与油酸合成相关,进一步验证发现mkl突变株在不含油酸的固体培养基中生长受限,提示mkl可能在油酸的生物合成通路中发挥功能。【结论】通过i TRAQ分析了海分枝杆菌mkl突变株和野生株的差异表达蛋白谱,发现可能影响分枝杆菌油酸、脂质等合成代谢通路,为进一步研究mkl基因在分枝杆菌致病中发挥作用的相关机制奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌H37Rv刺激巨噬细胞后差异表达lncRNA分析及鉴定

分析毒性结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,M.tb)H37Rv刺激RAW264.7巨噬细胞的表达谱芯片以及筛选和鉴定M.tb H37Rv感染巨噬细胞RAW264.7后差异表达的lncRNA。首先,分析热灭活的H37Rv刺激RAW264.7细胞24h后lncRNA表达谱芯片,并对差异表达的lncRNA和mRNA进行生物信息分析,然后采用实时定量聚合酶链反应对16条在芯片中差异表达的lncRNA进行细胞水平验证;进一步在H37Rv感染小鼠的脾脏和肺脏中检测差异表达的lncRNA。结果显示,表达谱芯片中4 730条lncRNA的表达水平上调,9 558条lncRNA的表达水平下调。生物信息分析筛选的16条lncRNA,其染色体定位于附近蛋白质编码基因的基因间区或者与外显子区域有重叠,mRNA功能注释显示差异表达的mRNA主要集中于转录调节、磷酸化、凋亡等生化过程以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)等抗结核的信号通路中。在H37Rv作用下的细胞水平和动物感染模型的组织中RT-q PCR验证出与芯片结果相同的4条lncRNA,其中上调的有3条,下调的有1条。研究中异常表达的lncRNA可为巨噬细胞在结核分枝杆菌感染中的功能紊乱提供线索,为后续的研究奠定基础,进一步的研究将集中于发掘lncRNA在宿主调控中发挥的功能。     

Temperature-sensitive mutants of the mycobacterium plasmid pAL5000

Two plasmids were isolated as thermosensitive replicons following in vitro mutagenesis of pB4, a pAL5000 derivative mycobacteria/Escherichia coli shuttle plasmid. Plasmids pCG59 and pCG63 replicate at 30 degrees C but not at 39 degrees C. This will allow their utilisation for transposon delivery, site-specific integration, or allele exchange.     

结核分枝杆菌抗原蛋白的研究及其应用新进展

结核病(tuberculosis, TB)是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTB)感染引起的慢性传染病,是仅次于正在暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的第二大单一感染致死病因。COVID-19的大流行对TB的诊断及治疗造成了破坏性的影响,全球实现终结TB目标的进展偏离了轨道。因此,早诊断、早治疗依然是防控TB蔓延的关键。TB精准诊断一直受MTB抗原特异性、检测技术特异性和灵敏度的影响,因此亟需挖掘高特异性新抗原、开发新检测技术。随着蛋白质基因组学(proteogenomics)和质谱技术的快速发展,从临床体液、组织样本中高效、精准靶向检测MTB特异性已知、甚至新抗原的表达,以及监测治疗过程中的抗原表达量的动态变化,是TB诊断及治疗的发展趋势。在MTB标准菌株H37Rv的4 008个注释基因中(NC＿000 962.3, NCBI),国内外报道的已注释抗原虽有140多个,但仅有极少的抗原应用于TB的筛查及辅助诊断,离世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)的诊断标准尚远。本文通过对MTB已报道抗原以及基...     

Use of visual loop-mediated isotheral amplification of rimM sequence for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agents of most cases of tuberculosis (TB). Detection of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis using conventional culture- and biochemical-based assays is time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, a simple and sensitive method for rapid detection has been anxiously awaited. In the present study, a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was designed from the rimM (encoding 16S rRNA-processing protein) gene sequence and used to rapidly detect M. tuberculosis and M. bovis from clinical samples in South China. The visual LAMP reaction was performed by adding calcein and manganous ion, allowing the results to be read by simple visual observation of color change in a closed-tube system, and which takes less than 1 h at 65 °C. The assay correctly identified 84 M. tuberculosis isolates, 3 M. bovis strains and 1 M. bovis BCG samples, but did not detect 51 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolates and 8 other bacterial species. Sensitivity of this assay for detection of genomic DNA was 1 pg. Specific amplification was confirmed by the ladder-like pattern of gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme HhaI digestion. The assay successfully detected M. tuberculosis and M. bovis not only in pure bacterial culture but also in clinical samples of sputum, pleural fluid and blood. The speed, specificity, sensitivity of the rimM LAMP, the lack of a need for expensive equipment, and the visual readout show great potential for clinical detection of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis.     

PCR 扩增人型结核杆菌 DNA 及结核杆菌属 DNA 探针的制备

用多聚酶链反应(PCR)方法扩增人型、牛型结核杆菌基因组 DNA,获得特异的158 bpDNA 片段,而从另外十三种分枝杆菌未见到特异的扩增产物.回收158 bpDNA 片段作探针,它除与人型、牛型结核杆菌有特异的杂交信号外,与金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌及一些分枝杆菌皆没有杂交反应.结果表明,PCR 可用于检测结核杆菌基因组 DNA,扩增产物158 bp DNA 片段可作为探针用于检测人型、牛型结核杆菌并鉴别结核杆菌与其它分枝杆菌.     

Role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in the differential response of bovine monocytes to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium

We compared the kinetics of activation and antimicrobial activities of MAPK-p38 and MAPK-ERK in bovine monocytes infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa). Monocytes were incubated with MAP or Maa organisms with or without a specific inhibitor of the MAPK-p38 pathway (SB203580), and MAPK phosphorylation and antimicrobial functions of monocytes were evaluated. At early time points MAPK-p38 phosphorylation was greater in MAP-infected bovine monocytes than in Maa-infected monocytes. At later time points MAPK-p38 phosphorylation by both organisms was similar. MAPKp38 phosphorylation in MAP-infected monocytes was similar to negative control cells, whereas in Maa-infected this activation remained greater than negative control cells. Increase phosphorylation MAPK-ERK was similar at all time points for both organisms. Bovine monocytes had minimal capacity to kill MAP organisms, to acidify MAP-containing phagosomes, or to form phagolysosome. Alternatively, bovine monocytes were able to kill Maa organisms. Addition of SB203580 to monocyte cultures increased phagosome acidification, phagolysosome formation, and killing of MAP and Maa organisms. Taken together these data indicate that early transient activation of MAPK-p38 in bovine mononuclear phagocytes by MAP organisms may be a key mechanism involved in the capacity of MAP to survive in bovine monocytes.     

结核分枝杆菌基因组学与基因组进化

在后基因组时代,特别是在新的测序理论和设备大发展的背景下,一些重大传染性致病微生物基因组序列正在被逐一测定,并且随后的基因功能注释,蛋白质三维结构重建等工作也正在开展,以期对致病微生物的生物学特性、诊断策略和治疗方法等有突破性的认识.作为对人类健康一直存在严重威胁的结核分枝杆菌,其基因组在进化中所发生的各种遗传事件对其生物学性质、致病能力和抗药性等各方面有重要作用.本文旨在阐述结核分枝杆菌的起源及其基因组特征,论述其基因组进化的研究进展.     

Upregulation of a histone-like protein in dormant Mycobacterium smegmatis

The aerobic saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis, like its pathogenic counterpart M. tuberculosis, has the ability to adapt to anaerobiosis by shifting down to a dormant state. Here, we report the identification and molecular genetic characterisation of the first dormancy-induced protein in M. smegmatis. Comparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein extracts of aerobically growing and dormant anaerobic M. smegmatis cultures revealed the upregulation of a 27-kDa protein in the dormant state. Peptide sequencing showed that the induced protein is a homologue of the histone-like protein Hlp, predicted by the M. tuberculosis genome project. The corresponding hlp gene was cloned from M. smegmatis and sequenced. Disruption of the hlp gene eliminated the histone-like protein but did not affect the viability of the dormant culture. Received: 3 June 1998 / Accepted: 22 September 1998     

耻垢分枝杆菌感染人脐带间充质干细胞模型的建立及其特征

【背景】结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb)休眠菌形成被认为是潜伏结核感染(latent tuberculosis infection, LTBI)的主要原因,但目前缺乏体内和体外模型进行机制研究。新近研究表明Mtb可感染间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)并以休眠状态在细胞中长期存活。然而Mtb感染细胞模型存在周期长和生物安全要求高等问题,需要探索可用的MSC感染细胞模型用于Mtb休眠机制的研究。【目的】建立快速生长型耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumsmegmatis,Ms)感染人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord MSC, hUCMSC)的细胞模型并研究其特征。【方法】取分离好的hUCMSC,流式细胞术鉴定其表面标志性抗原;以Ms菌株感染hUCMSC,DiI标记细胞膜,荧光显微镜下观察细胞吞噬作用;平板法计数Ms胞内存活率;油红O染色观察细胞脂滴形成;鬼笔环肽荧光染色观察细胞骨架变化;实时荧光定量PCR(realtimequantitativePCR,RT-qPCR)检测Ms...     

Some properties of phosphodiesterase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

The phosphodiesterase of Mycobacterium smegmatis; was strongly inhibited by ATP and ADP, CTP, GTP, TTP, their corresponding deoxy derivatives and deoxy ATP were inhibitory to the enzyme while the mononucleotides AMP, CMP, GMP and TMP were slightly stimulatory. Adenosine at 2.0 mM stimulated enzyme activity of 50%.     

Insights into battles between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophages

As the first line of immune defense for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), macrophages also provide a major habitat for Mtb to reside in the host for years. The battles between Mtb and macrophages have been constant since ancient times. Triggered upon Mtb infection, multiple cellular pathways in macrophages are activated to initiate a tailored immune response toward the invading pathogen and regulate the cellular fates of the host as well. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on macrophages can recognize pathogen-associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs) on Mtb and mediate the production of immune-regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and type I Interferons (IFNs). In addition, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Vitamin D-1-hydroxylase are up-regulated in Mtb-infected macrophages, by which Vitamin D participates in innate immune responses. The signaling pathways that involve TNF, typeI IFNs and Vitamin D are inter-connected, which play critical roles in the regulation of necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy of the infected macrophages. This review article summarizes current knowledge about the interactions between Mtb and macrophages, focusing on cellular fates of the Mtb-infected macrophages and the regulatory molecules and cellular pathways involved in those processes.     

Easy differentiation of Mycobacterium mucogenicum from other species of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex by thin-layer and gas chromatography of fatty esters and alcohols

The mycolate pattern of a recently recognized mycobacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium mucogenicum (formerly Mycobacterium chelonae-like organism), was established for the first time. The reference strains, together with 31 environmental and clinical isolates belonging to this species, were examined for their mycolate composition by thin-layer chromatography. All strains tested exhibited the same mycolate profile. Mycolates were identified as belonging to the type without additional oxygenated chemical groups (mycolate I) and the type with a dicarboxylic group (mycolate VI); the identification of the latter was reinforced by the presence of 2-octadecanol, as seen by gas-liquid capillary chromatography. This mycolate profile permits the clear differentiation of M. mucogenicum from other related species, as members of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex. This fact is especially important because strains of M. mucogenicum are very difficult to differentiate from other species of the M. fortuitum complex by means of conventional biochemical tests. Moreover, the characteristic mycolate profile exhibited by the strains of M. mucogenicum supports the recent proposal which considers them as members of a new species.     

禽分枝杆菌对豚鼠的致病性分析

【背景】我国禽型结核菌素(avian tuberculin)的制造用菌株为CVCC 68201、CVCC 68202和CVCC 68203株,但目前仍未明确这3株菌的生物学特性及对豚鼠致病性的情况。【目的】探究禽分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium avium)的生物学特性及对动物机体的致病性,为禽结核病和牛结核病的防控工作提供技术支撑。【方法】对3株禽分枝杆菌基因组进行鉴定分析及核酸相似度分析;用3株禽分枝杆菌分别感染豚鼠,观察感染后的临床症状、病理学变化、体重增重情况分析、皮内变态反应结果、脏器系数变化等,进而分析3株禽分枝杆菌对豚鼠的致病力。【结果】种型鉴定和进化分析结果表明,CVCC 68201、CVCC 68202和CVCC 68203均为禽分枝杆菌,基因组与Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium FDAARGOS_1608最为相近;在感染前期、中期、后期对3株禽分枝杆菌感染豚鼠的体重增重情况分析发现,感染禽分枝杆菌影响豚鼠增重,主要表现为生长迟缓,感染第5周时,CVCC 68201、CVCC 68202组豚鼠的平均体重明显轻于未感染组;皮内变态反应试验结果显示,感染CVCC 68201组豚鼠的皮肤红肿面积明显大于其他2个感染组,CVCC 68201可引起机体更为强烈的迟发型变态反应;3株禽分枝杆菌感染后,豚鼠脾脏和肺脏存在不同程度的肿大与出血,其中感染CVCC 68201豚鼠的肺脏系数与未感染组相比差异显著(P<0.01);病理学观察结果显示,豚鼠肺脏可见不同程度病变,其中CVCC 68201组更为严重,表现为肿大和轻微出血。各感染组豚鼠肺脏和脾脏组织切片抗酸染色均可见红色的分枝杆菌散在浸润。【结论】3株禽分枝杆菌对豚鼠均有一定程度的致病性,可引发局部病变。本研究为禽分枝杆菌的制备和鉴定提供依据,也为牛结核病的鉴别诊断方法研究提供参考。     

Characterization of ard B and ard C actin gene loci of Physarum polycephalum

Summary Physarum polycephalum (strain M₃CVIII) contains four unlinked actin gene loci, each with two alleles (ard A1, ard A2, ard B1, ard B2, ard C1, ard C2, ard D1 and ard D2). The 4.8 kbp HindIII component of the ard C2 locus was isolated as a recombinant phage-, after HindIII fragments of Physarum DNA ranging from 4.3 kbp to 5.5 kbp were cloned into phage- NM1149. The fraction of Physarum DNA cloned contained the ard C locus, and no other actin locus. Small inserts were favoured to reduce the probability of cloning a complete repetitive element, because such elements have been found to adversely affect the stability of recombinants.The coding sequences of the actin gene (approximately 1.1 kbp) spanned more than 3 kbp indicating the presence of introns. A 1.6 kbp HindIII/EcoRI fragment of the ard C locus, which contained some coding sequences, hybridized extensively with HindIII fragments of genomic DNA indicating the presence of repetitive sequences. A 2.3 kbp HindIII/EcoRI fragment containing most of the coding sequences of the C2 allele of the ard C locus hybridized with the C1, allele and both alleles of the ard B locus, but not with the ard A locus or ard D locus. This distinction was used to establish for the ard B and ard C loci the relationship between the EcoRI and HindIII fragments that define an ard locus. The ability to distinguish between ard loci may facilitate studies of the expression of particular actin loci.     

New probes used for IS1245 and IS1311 restriction fragment length polymorphism of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis isolates of human and animal origin in Norway

Background  

Mycobacterium avium is an environmental mycobacterium that can be divided into the subspecies avium, hominissuis, paratuberculosis and silvaticum. Some M. avium subspecies are opportunistic pathogens for animals and humans. They are ubiquitous in nature and can be isolated from natural sources of water, soil, plants and bedding material. Isolates of M. avium originating from humans (n = 37), pigs (n = 51) and wild birds (n = 10) in Norway were examined by IS1245 and IS1311 RFLP using new and specific probes and for the presence of IS901 and ISMpa1 by PCR. Analysis and generation of a dendrogram were performed with the software BioNumerics.     

雄烯二酮高产菌新金分枝杆菌MN4的全基因组测序及序列分析北大核心CSCD

【目的】新金分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium neoaurum)MN4是1株经诱变育种获得的高产雄烯二酮,并且能够耐受高浓度底物植物甾醇的突变菌株。为深入研究MN4菌株耐底物的机制及雄烯二酮的生物合成途径,有必要解析MN4菌株的全基因组序列信息。【方法】本研究采用高通量测序技术对MN4进行全基因组测序,然后使用相关软件对测序数据进行基因组装、基因预测与功能注释、COG聚类分析以及次级代谢产物合成基因簇预测等。【结果】新金分枝杆菌MN4基因组装获得33个Contigs,整个基因组大小为5.39 Mb,GC含量为66.9%,编码4920个蛋白基因,序列提交至Gen Bank数据库,登录号为JXYZ00000000。【结论】本研究首次报道了1株高产雄烯二酮菌株MN4的全基因组序列,分析了基因组的基本特征,初步解析了该菌株降解植物甾醇生产雄烯二酮的关键基因,将为MN4的功能基因组学研究及相关次级代谢产物的生物合成途径与异源表达研究提供基础。     

三种致病性耶尔森氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定研究进展

3种致病性耶尔森氏菌包括鼠疫耶尔森氏菌、假结核耶尔森氏菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,其噬菌体可用于耶尔森氏菌的诊断、防治和生态进化学研究。本文重点分析3种致病性耶尔森氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定史。将3种耶尔森氏菌噬菌体基因组进行比较分析,并对各菌的噬菌体受体进行总结,为研究及利用3种耶尔森氏菌噬菌体提供思路。