甘肃省被子植物新资料

报道了甘肃省分布的菊科(Compositae)1个新记录属——母菊属(Matricaria Linn.)以及菊科、龙胆科(Gentianaceae)、唇形科(Labiatae)5个新记录种——同花母菊[Matricaria matricarioides(Less.)Porter ex Britton]、牛耳风毛菊(Saussurea woodiana Hemsl.)、打箭风毛菊(Saussurea tatsienensis Franch.)、南山龙胆(Gentiana grumii Kusnez.)和连翘叶黄芩(Scutellaria hypericifolia Lévl.)。     

甘肃省兰科1新记录属——冷兰属

报道了甘肃省兰科1个分布新记录属及其属下新记录1种,即冷兰属(Frigidorchis Z.J.LiuS.C.Chen),冷兰[Frigidorchis humidicola(K.Y.LangD.S.Deng)Z.J.LiuS.C.Chen]。甘肃新分布的发现对于冷兰属植物的系统分类和迁移演化研究具有重要意义。     

艾纳香中的黄酮类化合物及其抗氧化与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

本文对艾纳香Blumea balsamifera DC.叶中的黄酮类成分及其抗氧化与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性进行了研究。从艾纳香叶中分离得到9个黄酮类化合物,分别鉴定为:4'-甲氧基二氢槲皮素(1),柽柳黄素(2),3,3'-二甲氧基槲皮素(3),7,4'-二甲氧基二氢槲皮素(4),(2α,3β)-二氢鼠李素(5),艾纳香素(6),sterubin(7),enodicytol(8),二氢槲皮素(9)。化合物3、5、8为首次从艾纳香中分离得到。分别用DPPH法和PNPG法筛选化合物的抗氧化活性及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。结果表明化合物2、5~9表现出强抗氧化活性;化合物1~3、5、9表现有较高的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。该结果为艾纳香的品质评价和深度开发利用提供了理论依据。     

秦岭植物分布3新记录属

报道了秦岭植物分布3新记录属:鹿蹄草科(Pyrolaceae)的沙晶兰属(Monotropastrum Andres)、列当科(Orobanchaceae)的藨寄生属(Gleadovia Gamble et Prain)和爵床科(Acanthaceae)的十万错属(Asystasia Blume)。相应的新记录种或变种为无毛沙晶兰[M.humile(D.Don)H.Hara var.glaberrimum H.Hara]、藨寄生(G.ruborum Gamble et Prain)和白接骨[A.neesiana(Wallich)Nees]。     

鸢尾兰属(兰科)植物省级分布新记录

报道了兰科(Orchidaceae)鸢尾兰属(Oberonia Lindl.)共5种植物在中国3个省区的分布新记录,其中广西分布新记录有短耳鸢尾兰(O.falconeri J.D.Hooker)和小叶鸢尾兰[O.japonica(Maxim.)Makino],海南分布新记录有狭叶鸢尾兰(O.caulescens Lindl.)和勐腊鸢尾兰(O.menglaensis S.C.ChenZ.H.Tsi),西藏分布新记录有拟阔瓣鸢尾兰(O.langbianensis Gagnep.)。凭证标本存放于中国科学院华南植物园标本馆(IBSC)和中国科学院广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK)。     

艾纳香地上部分化学成分及其抗氧化与酪氨酸酶抑制活性研究

本文对艾纳香(Blumea balsamifera DC.)中的化学成分及其抗氧化与酪氨酸酶抑制活性进行了研究.利用各种色谱手段和波谱学方法,从艾纳香地上部分分离得到18个化合物,分别鉴定为:7,3',4'-三甲基槲皮素(1)、4',5-二羟基-3',7-二甲氧基黄酮(2)、木犀草素-7-甲醚(3)、鼠李素(4)、(2...     

中国球盖菇科(六):盔孢菌属

通过观察吉林农业大学菌物研究所标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、中国科学院昆明植物研究所标本馆隐花植物标本馆(HKAS)和广东微生物研究所标本馆(GDGM)及作者野外采集标本的宏观形态和微观结构,对中国盔孢菌属进行了分类学研究。对中国分布的16个种进行了形态学描述、显微线条图绘制,并编写了分组、分种检索表。其中,包括内蒙古新记录种2个:秋生盔孢菌[Galerinaautumnalis(Peck)A.H.Sm.&Singer]和单色盔孢伞[Galerina unicolor(Vahl)Singer];黑龙江省新记录种3个:异囊盔孢菌[Galerina heterocystis(G.F.Atk.)A.H.Sm.&R.Sin.]、黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)Singer]和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];吉林省新记录种2个:异囊盔孢菌[Galerina heterocystis(G.F.Atk.)A.H.Sm.&R.Sin.]和苔藓盔孢菌[Galerina hypnorum(Schrank)Kühner];辽宁省新记录种1个:黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)singer];浙江省新记录种1个:沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];湖北省新记录种1个:沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];湖南省新记录种1个:秋生盔孢菌[Galerina autumnalis(Peck)A.H.Sm.&Singer];广西省新记录种1个:沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vit-tiformis(Fr.)Earle];四川省新记录种3个:苔藓盔孢菌[Galerina hypnorum(Schrank)Kühner]、条盖盔孢菌[Galerina sulciceps(Berk.)Singer]和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];贵州省新记录种3个:单色盔孢伞[Galerina unicolor(Vahl)Singer]、毒盔孢菌(Galerina venenataA.H.Sm.)和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];西藏新记录种3个:单色盔孢伞[Galerina unicolor(Vahl)Singer]、黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)Singer]和沟条盔孢菌[Galerina vittiformis(Fr.)Earle];新疆新记录种1个:黄褐盔孢伞[Galerina helvoliceps(Berk.&M.A.Curtis)Singer]。     

贵州西南部艾纳香内生真菌多样性研究

本文以研究不同地点、时期和组织部位的艾纳香内生真菌类群多样性及分布为目标,从艾纳香Blumea balsamifera根、茎和叶中分离得到内生真菌152株,经形态分类学和分子生物学鉴定分别归属于11个属,其中Fusarium、Aspergillus、Trichoderma和Curvularia为艾纳香内生真菌的优势种群。结果表明,叶片内生真菌类群丰富度和类群多样性最高;罗甸、望谟、册亨和贞丰艾纳香内生真菌的分布比较集中,其中罗甸内生真菌类群多样性和类群丰富度最高;7月份在内生真菌类群多样性和类群丰富度上表现突出;而12月份分离获得的内生真菌菌株数量较多;不同地点、不同时期内生真菌分布相似程度较高,茎、根与叶的相似程度差别较大。     

NAA处理对艾纳香扦插生根生理生化特性的影响

为探讨NAA对艾纳香(Blumea balsamifera)扦插生根的影响,4 a生艾纳香健康枝条用500 mg/L NAA处理,对生根过程中的生理生化特征进行了研究.结果表明,艾纳香扦插生根率与内源IAA、GA含量和IAA/ABA呈正相关,而与ABA含量呈负相关.NAA处理能提高插穗的IAA含量,降低ABA含量,有助...     

中国的球盖菇科(五) 广义斑褶菇属

通过观察吉林农业大学菌物研究所标本馆(HMJAU)、中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)、广东微生物研究所标本馆(GDGM)及作者野外采集的共180份标本的宏观形态和微观结构,对中国球盖菇科的广义斑褶菇属及其所含的灰斑褶菇属(Copelandia Bres.)、疣孢斑褶菇属(Panaeolina Maire)和狭义斑褶菇属[Panaeolus(Fr.)Qul(s.str.)]进行了分类学研究,对中国分布的16个种进行了形态学描述、显微线条图绘制,并编写了分种检索表。其中,包括1个新组合:栗褶疣孢斑褶菇[Panaeolina castaneifolia(Murr.)Sarentoya et Tolgor];2个中国新记录种:热带灰斑褶菇[Copelandia tropicalis(Ola′h)SingerR.A.Weeks]、小型斑褶菇[Panaeolus alcidisM.M.Moser];12个省级新记录种:北京新记录种硬腿斑褶菇[Panaeolus solidipes(Peck)Sacc.],内蒙古新记录种硬腿斑褶菇[Panaeolus solidipes(Peck)Sacc.]、锐顶斑褶菇[Panaeolus acuminatus(Schaeff.)Qul.]、黑斑褶菇[Panaeolus ater(J.E.Lange)KhnerRomagn.]、紧缩斑褶菇[Panaeolus sphinctrinus(Fr.)Qul.]、红褐斑褶菇[Panaeolus subbalteatus(Berk.Broome)Sacc.],吉林省新记录种半卵圆斑褶菇[Panaeolus semiovatus(Sowerby)S.LundellNannf.]、栗褶疣孢斑褶菇[Panaeolina castaneifolia(Murrill)Bon],黑龙江新记录种红褐斑褶菇[Panaeolus subbalteatus(Berk.Broome)Sacc.],宁夏新记录种变蓝灰斑褶菇[Copelandiacyanescens(Berk.Broome)Singer]、锐顶斑褶菇[Panaeolus acuminatus(Schaeff.)Qul.],西藏新记录种红褐斑褶菇[Panaeolus subbalteatus(Berk.Broome)Sacc.]。     

瑞香属和荛花属的数量分类研究

瑞香属和荛花属为瑞香科瑞香亚科的落叶或常绿灌木,中国西南部是瑞香属和荛花属的重要分化中心。全世界共有瑞香属95种、荛花属70种,中国分布有瑞香属52种、荛花属49种。瑞香属和荛花属的分类学研究一直存在不同程度的分歧。花盘形状和果实类型在传统分类中一直是区分瑞香属和荛花属的典型特征,而花盘形态和果实类型在2个属中存在交叉和过渡,部分植物分类学家根据这些特征将两个属进行过不同程度的归并。该研究采用数量分类法对瑞香属77种(变种)和荛花属62种(变种)植物,选取32个形态学性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:聚类分析和主成分分析均显示两属均未形成单系类群。在主成分分析中,前3个主成分分析的贡献值为35.56%,传统分类中用来区分两属的花盘形状、叶序及果实类型等特征对前3个主成分贡献相对较小,因此,传统分类学中对这两个属进行区分的性状并没有典型的分类学意义。同时,聚类图和主成分分析得到的散点图均不能将这两个属区分开来。数量分类研究结果显示两属植物存在明显的交叉,支持瑞香属和荛花属不是两个独立自然类群的观点。     

Phylogeny of Chinese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polystichum</Emphasis> (Dryopteridaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequence data (<Emphasis Type="Italic">trnL-F</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">rps4-trnS</Emphasis>)

Polystichum is one of the largest and most taxonomically complex fern genera in China. The evolutionary relationships of Chinese Polystichum and related genera, and the relationship between our Polystichum phylogeny and ecogeographic distribution, were tested by the use of DNA sequence data. Fifty-one species of Polystichum and 21 species in allied genera were sequenced for the plastid intergenic spacers rps4-trnS and trnL-F. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of both individual and combined data sets showed that Chinese Polystichum as commonly recognized was paraphyletic: one clade (the CCPC clade) included Cyrtomidictyum lepidocaulon, two Cyrtogonellum species, three Cyrtomium species, and a small number of Polystichum species usually occurring on limestone. A second clade, Polystichum sensu stricto, included the remainder of the Polystichum species; these often occur on non-limestone substrates. The remaining Cyrtomium species formed the third clade. Three subclades resolved within Polystichum sensu stricto (s.s.) clade do not correspond with recent sectional classifications, and we outline the issues relevant to a new classification for the genus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of the subclass Astomatia (Ciliophora) based on a sampling of six genera from West African oligochaetes (Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae), including description of the new genus Paraclausilocola n. gen

To more confidently assess phylogenetic relationships among astome ciliates, we obtained small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences from nine species distributed in six genera and three families: Almophrya bivacuolata, Eudrilophrya complanata, Metaracoelophrya sp. 1, Metaracoelophrya sp. 2, Metaracoelophrya intermedia, Metaradiophrya sp., Njinella prolifera, Paraclausilocola constricta n. gen., n. sp., and Paraclausilocola elongata n. sp. The two new species in the proposed new clausilocolid genus Paraclausilocola n. gen. are astomes with no attachment apparatus, two files of contractile vacuoles, and an arc-like anterior suture that has differentiations of thigmotactic ciliature on the anterior ends of the left kineties of the upper surface. Phylogenetic analyses were undertaken using neighbor-joining, Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony. The nine species of astomes formed a strongly supported clade, showing the subclass Astomatia to be monophyletic and a weakly supported sister clade to the scuticociliates. There were two strongly supported clades within the astomes. However, genera assigned to the same family were found in different clades, and genera assigned to the same order were found in both clades. Thus, astome taxa appear to be paraphyletic when morphology is used to assign species to genera.     

Natural enemies ofPlutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) on crucifers in Honduras

Three primary parasitoids in three genera were reared fromPlutella xylostella (L.) larvae and pupae collected in various crucifer producing regions of Honduras. The ichneumonidDiadegma insulare (Cresson) was by far the most abundant species. TwoSpilochalcis species, facultative hyperparasitoids attackingP. xylostella andD. insulare, were encountered as well as eleven species in nine genera of obligate hyperparasitoids attackingD. insulare. Three vespid predators are noted as predating on larvae.      

Molecular phylogeny of the Acre clade (Crassulaceae): Dealing with the lack of definitions for Echeveria and Sedum

The phylogenetic relationships within many clades of the Crassulaceae are still uncertain, therefore in this study attention was focused on the “Acre clade”, a group comprised of approximately 526 species in eight genera that include many Asian and Mediterranean species of Sedum and the majority of the American genera (Echeveria, Graptopetalum, Lenophyllum, Pachyphytum, Villadia, and Thompsonella). Parsimony and Bayesian analyses were conducted with 133 species based on nuclear (ETS, ITS) and chloroplast DNA regions (rpS16, matK). Our analyses retrieved four major clades within the Acre clade. Two of these were in a grade and corresponded to Asian species of Sedum, the rest corresponded to a European–Macaronesian group and to an American group. The American group included all taxa that were formerly placed in the Echeverioideae and the majority of the American Sedoideae. Our analyses support the monophyly of three genera – Lenophyllum, Thompsonella, and Pachyphytum; however, the relationships among Echeveria, Sedum and the various segregates of Sedum are largely unresolved. Our analyses represents the first broad phylogenetic framework for Acre clade, but further studies are necessary on the groups poorly represented here, such as the European and Asian species of Sedum and the Central and South American species of Echeveria.     

Microsatellites for three distantly related genera in the Brassicaceae

Microsatellites are important genetic markers both in population genetics and for delimitation of closely related species. However, to develop microsatellites for each target organism is expensive and time consuming. In this study, we have therefore developed 65 new microsatellite primers for the species Draba nivalis and tested cross-species and cross-genus transfer success of these primers for two other genera in the Brassicaceae; Cardamine and Smelowskia. Furthermore, 15 previously developed microsatellites were tested for amplification in these three genera. The microsatellite markers that amplify across these genera may be useful for other genera in the Brassicaceae as well.     

Phylogenetic relationships in Peniocereus (Cactaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data

The phylogenetic relationships of Peniocereus (Cactaceae) species were studied using parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data. The plastid rpl16 and trnL-F regions were sequenced for 98 taxa including 17 species of Peniocereus, representatives from all genera of tribe Pachycereeae, four genera of tribe Hylocereeae, as well as from three additional outgroup genera of tribes Calymmantheae, Notocacteae, and Trichocereeae. Phylogenetic analyses support neither the monophyly of Peniocereus as currently circumscribed, nor the monophyly of tribe Pachycereeae since species of Peniocereus subgenus Pseudoacanthocereus are embedded within tribe Hylocereeae. Furthermore, these results show that the eight species of Peniocereus subgenus Peniocereus (Peniocereus sensu stricto) form a well-supported clade within subtribe Pachycereinae; P. serpentinus is also a member of this subtribe, but is sister to Bergerocactus. Moreover, Nyctocereus should be resurrected as a monotypic genus. Species of Peniocereus subgenus Pseudoacanthocereus are positioned among species of Acanthocereus within tribe Hylocereeae, indicating that they may be better classified within that genus. A number of morphological and anatomical characters, especially related to the presence or absence of dimorphic branches, are discussed to support these relationships.     

Laminar hydathodes inUrticaceae: Survey of tribes and anatomical observations onPilea pumila andUrtica dioica

Laminar hydathodes are known from only three dicot families. InUrticaceae they are associated with minor vein junctions in all five tribes, as surveyed from cleared leaves of 43 species in 30 genera. Only one species lacked hydathodes. Exclusively adaxial hydathodes were found in 28 genera. In tribeElatostemeae, laminar hydathodes inPilea andPellionia species are abaxial, adaxial, or on both surfaces. Guttation was observed in four species.Urtica dioica (adaxial) andPilea pumila (abaxial) were studied anatomically in detail. Hydathodes in the former have normal bundle structure but xylem gaps sometimes occur. In the latter, phloem is displaced in three previously undescribed ways: 1) ends abruptly near hydathode, 2) curves into connecting vein at adjacent junction, or 3) departs xylem, skirts hydathode independently, and rejoins adjacent xylem strand. Laminar hydathodes are a unifying character of theUrticaceae, and they also strengthen its close relationship to theMoraceae.     

Pollen-ovule ratios in some Neotropical Araceae and their putative significance

The correlation between pollen-ovule (P/O) ratio and breeding system has generally been analysed with respect either to pollination efficiency, or in terms of sex allocation theory. Pollen/ovule ratios were measured in nine species of Araceae belonging to two genera with bisexual flowers (Anaphyllopsis, Monstera) and three genera with unisexual flowers (Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, Montrichardia). The family Araceae with its unique inflorescence morphology allows the analysis of variations of the P/O ratio with respect to two basal morpho-functional pollination units: the flower or the inflorescence. We found a relationship between the value of the P/O ratio and the breeding system that is partially different from Cruden's results (1977). Some facultative xenogamous species have a higher P/O than the obligatory xenogamous species. A link was found between the P/O and the type of inflorescence, the floral cycle, and the mode of growth.     

Phytogeny of Epidermophyton floccosum and other dermatophytes

Eleven strains of Epidermophyton floccosum were compared with 5 Microsporum and 5 Trichophyton species with respect to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the mitochondrial DNA to reveal their phylogenetic relationships. The phylogeny of 11 species showed that the three dermatophyte genera could not be separated from each other and could be considered to be congeneric. This result is not inconsistent with the results from ribosomal RNA sequences.