Microfungal Contaminants on Mobile Phones of Health Services Vocational School Students in Marmaris,Turkey

In this study, it was aimed to determine microfungi on mobile phones. Totally, 50 mobile phones were used belonging to Health Services Vocational School students. The samples were taken by swabbing the screen and keys of mobile phones using moistened sterile swab sticks. A total of 24 different microfungal species were obtained belonging to Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Phoma, Rhinocladiella, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma, and Trichophyton genera. The genera of microfungi most abundant in terms of the number of species on the mobile phones were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium. Numerically, Cladosporium was found as the most abundant on the mobile phones. Cladosporium herbarum colonies were highest in number, followed by Cladosporium sphaerospermum, and Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium. When percentages of each species present on the mobile phones were considered, C. herbarum and C. sphaerospermum were the most common. There was a great similarity between the dominant microfungi isolated from mobile phones and dominant microfungi obtained from studies of atmospheric microfungi in Turkey.     

Intestinal ciliate composition found in the feces of racing horses from Izmir, Turkey

Species composition and distribution of intestinal ciliates were investigated in the feces from 15 racing horses living near Izmir, Turkey. Thirty-seven species belonging to 21 genera were identified. Although no new species were observed, this is the first report on intestinal ciliates in racing horses living in Turkey. The mean number of ciliates was 26.4 ± 13.9 × 10(4) cells ml(-1) of feces and the mean number of ciliate species per host was 18.8 ± 7.1. No ciliates were observed in one horse. Bundleia and Polymorphella were found to be the two dominant genera, occurring in high proportions. In contrast, Didesmis and Prorodonopsis were only observed at a low frequency. Bundleia nana, Blepharoconus hemiciliatus, Paraisotrichopsis composita, Prorodonopsis coli and Spirodinium equi were newly recorded from Turkey.     

Seasonal variation and distribution of microfungi in forest soils of Delhi

Seasonal occurrence and abundance of microfungi at three different depths in tropical forest soils of Delhi were studied using the soil dilution and soil plate techniques. Surface layer in all the soil types exhibited the highest population and species number which gradually declined with depth increase. In total, 58 genera comprising 118 species were isolated of which theDeuteromycetes was represented by 38 genera and 90 species, thePhycomycetes by 10 genera and 18 species, theAscomycetes by 6 genera and 8 species, and theBasidiomycetes andMyxomycetes by single genus and species. Besides the surface vegetation, the edaphic and environmental factors had a profound influence on the occurrence and distribution of microfungi at various depths of soils.     

Xerotolerant mycobiota from high altitude Anapurna soil, Nepal

Xerophilic and xerotolerant microfungi were isolated from soil samples collected in Anapurna Mountains, Nepal, at altitudes from 3000 to 5400 m. The total numbers and proportions of xerotolerant and psychrophilic strains in comparison with mesophilic mycobiota were determined by using different enumeration, selective media and four isolation methods. The most extreme xerophilic fungi were taxonomically identified as belonging to the genera Eurotium and Aspergillus. The low water activity of the soil due to dry climate and frequent binding of water in ice crystals favors a high proportion of xerotolerant fungal species. The correlation between xerotolerant and psychrophilic fungi was observed.     

Airborne fungi in vegetable growing areas of Edirne, Turkey

We aimed at the investigation of the airborne fungiand their outdoor incidence in five vegetable growingareas in Edirne province (Turkey) by exposing a petridish with potato dextrose agar medium to air for 15minutes and then counting the number of growingcolonies. Sampling procedure for fungi was performed6 times in research stations at an interval of onemonth between April–September 1996. From the 90petri dishes obtained fungi were isolated and 1166colonies were counted. 12 genera (Absidia,Alternaria, Aspergillus, Botryotrichum, Chlamydomyces,Cladosporium, Endocochlus, Fusarium, Nematochtonus,Penicillium, Trichoderma and Torula) and 25species were identified. Among them, Aspergillusclavato-nanica and Penicillium estinogenum arevery likely to be new records for Turkey. Cladosporium carpophilum and Alternariaalternata were the most abundant species in the studyarea. Correlation analyses were applied to the data.     

Yeasts and moulds contaminants of food ice cubes and their survival in different drinks

Aims

To evaluate the levels of unicellular and filamentous fungi in ice cubes produced at different levels and to determine their survival in alcoholic beverages and soft drinks.

Methods and Results

Sixty samples of ice cubes collected from home level (HL) productions, bars and pubs (BP) and industrial manufacturing plants (MP) were investigated for the presence and cell density of yeasts and moulds. Moulds were detected in almost all samples, while yeasts developed from the majority of HL and MP samples. Representative colonies of microfungi were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The identification was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the region spanning the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5·8S rRNA gene. The process of yeast identification was concluded by sequencing the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene. The fungal biodiversity associated with food ice was represented by nine yeast and nine mould species. Strains belonging to Candida parapsilosis and Cryptococcus curvatus, both opportunistic human pathogens, and Penicillium glabrum, an ubiquitous mould in the ice samples analysed, were selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the ice cubes to transfer pathogenic microfungi to consumers, after addition to alcoholic beverages and soft drinks. All strains retained their viability.

Conclusions

The survival test indicated that the most common mode of consumption of ice cubes, through its direct addition to drinks and beverages, did not reduce the viability of microfungi.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study evidenced the presence of microfungi in food ice and ascertained their survival in soft drinks and alcoholic beverages.     

Soil-borne <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium</Emphasis> spp. and other microfungi as efficient degraders of the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine)

Soil microfungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Coniothyrium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium and Trichoderma, as well as wood-and litter-decomposing basidiomycetes, were able to degrade the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) co-metabolically, but were unable to utilize it as a sole carbon or nitrogen source. The most efficient RDX-degrading microfungi were characterized morphologically and by analysis of the ITS region of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster as Penicillium janczewskii and an unidentifiable Penicillium sp. with uniseriate phialides. Both species catalysed 80–100 % disappearance of RDX in a liquid defined medium. RDX degradation was inhibited by the presence of 30 mM NH₄ ⁺ but not by 40 mM NO₃ ⁻. In basidiomycetes but not Penicillium spp., RDX degradation was greatly reduced when biomass pregrown at 23 °C was incubated with RDX at 15 °C. Because of their production of copious conidial inoculum, simple growth requirements and ability to degrade RDX at reduced temperature, Penicillium spp. show promise for the bioremediation of RDX-contaminated groundwater.     

Faunistic,Ecological and Zoogeographical Evaluations on the Click-Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) of Middle Part of the Blacksea Region of Turkey

The focus of this study is to display the faunistic, ecological and zoogeographical status of Elateridae fauna from the middle part of the Blacksea Region in Turkey. Materials are specimens collected from 2006 to 2009 during field studies, as well as the species - of which localities are unpublished-received from the private collection of Dr. Giuseppe Platia and the species present in the available literature. 54 species of 21 genera belonging to 6 subfamilies of Elateridae were recorded in the collected specimens. Along with the species present in literature and the private collection, the total material representing the study area was shown to comprise six subfamilies, 24 genera and 73 species. Number of specimens, collecting habitats-methods, months, altitudes are given in tables and graphs for collected species. Distributions of species in other regions of Turkey and zoogeographical regions are also given in tables and graphs for all species. Diversity of the collected species and collecting habitats-methods were compared by using Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Zoogeographical status of all species were discussed.     

Checklist of the springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) of Turkey

A checklist of the species of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) hitherto recorded from Turkey is presented. This list contains 53 species belonging to 39 genera in 13 families. The diversity of Collembola in Turkey is poorly known and it is clear that numerous species wait to be discovered.     

高黎贡山南北段种子植物区系比较研究

为了解高黎贡山的种子植物资源,采用植物区系研究原理和方法,将高黎贡山南段与北段种子植物区系进行对比分析。结果表明,南段有192科878属2807种植物,种可分为15个分布类型9亚型14个变型;北段有172科778属2816种植物,种可分为15个分布类型9亚型20个变型。通过比较科属分化程度、数量构成及古热带成分比例等,南段区系具有较为古老和保守的特点,而北段植物区系具有较为年青和新生的特点。回归分析显示南北段区系地理成分相似度较高,而科属相似性却因分化在逐级降低。     

甘肃中南部原尾虫物种多样性及区系分析

在甘肃中南部设置12个样区,对该地区原尾虫的物种多样性进行了研究。发现原尾虫11种,隶属于2目6科7属。其中包括1个甘肃新记录属、4个甘肃新记录种和1个未定名种。古蚖科Eosentomidae、檗蚖科Berberentulidae为优势类群。华山蚖Huashanentulus huashanensis为广布种;檗蚖科Berberentulidae有2属3种;古蚖科Eosentomidae有3属7种,占甘肃原尾虫总数的44％;始蚖科Protentomidae有1属1种;夕蚖科Hesperentomidae有1属2种;日本蚖科Nipponentomidae有1种,中华雅娃蚖Yavanna sinensis是甘肃的新记录种;蚖科Hesperentomidae有1属2种,包括1个华山蚖属未定名种Huashanentulus sp.,只分布在临夏太子山自然保护区。对甘肃原尾虫区系进行了分析,结果显示：古北界种类占总数的20％,东洋界物种占53.3％,广布种类占总数的26.7％。     

Studies on siderophore exchange properties between staphylococci and various species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

The ability of iron utilizing by means of staphylococcal siderophores by bacteria belonging to genera: Acinetobacter, Corynebacterium, Curtobacterium, Clavibacter, Bacillus and Mycobacterium was investigated. The staphylococcal donor strains (18 species) used in these experiments were characterized by the ability to utilize siderophores produced by various strains belonging to aforenamed genera. The utilization of staphylococcal siderophores was studied on agar media in which minimally effective concentrations of ethylenediaminedi-ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (EDDA) were used to inhibit indicator strains. Test colonies (staphylococcal) were applied to the surface of the media to determine whether the indicator organisms could obtain the required iron for growth by utilizing chelators from the test colony. The growth inhibition by EDDA of most strains from the Acinetobacter rods and from the coryneform-organisms (plant pathogen) genera, and strains from the species: B. subtilis, M. phlei, M. smegmatis, M. fortuitum was reversed by staphylococcal siderophores. None of the staphylococcal strains investigated, had the ability to exchange siderophores with strains from the species: C. pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ANF group, B. megaterium, M. vaccae, M. chitae and M. parafortuitum.     

广州城区生态安全岛典型植物群落的结构及物种多样性研究

以广州城区生态安全岛典型的自然和半自然型植物群落为研究对象,通过样方调查,对物种组成、区系成分、群落结构、珍稀濒危种、物种丰富度和多样性等要素进行了研究,结果表明:广州城区6处生态安全岛3.238hm²的调查样方中,共记录到维管束植物145科342属495种,热带亚热带区系特征明显。不同保护级别的珍稀濒危植物6科7属7种;群落垂直结构复杂,乔木层一般都能划分亚层。物种丰富度Partrick指数值在22-100之间变化、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数值在0.3861-3.0901之间变化、Simpson优势度指数值在0.1380-0.9261之间变化以及Pielou均匀度指数值J_sw在0.1289-0.9427之间变化,相似性系数S和Bray-Curtis指数存在一定差异。目前广州城区生态安全岛的植物群落随着正向演替的进行,物种多样性在不断增加。在区系上,生态安全岛与具有南亚热带地带性典型植被的鼎湖山联系较密切,虽然在物种多样性方面尚有一定差距,但演替时间较长的生态安全岛植物群落的物种多样性已相当于鼎湖山南亚热带地带性植被演替的后期阶段。植被之间的空间距离、与城市中心距离的远近等生境条件差异、人为干扰均对群落的物种多样性产生影响。因此,需加强保护,才能在高度城市化的区域保存这样一些具有地带性顶级群落的结构和物种多样性特征的植物群落。     

Comparative study on the identification of food-borne yeasts

Morphologically distinct yeast colonies from partially and fully processed fruits and vegetables were isolated over a 3-year period. Identification of 239 strains was achieved by using standard methods, commercial identification kits (API 20C and API YEAST-IDENT), and a simplified system for food-borne yeasts. The identified strains of fruit origin represented 36 species belonging to 19 genera. Among strains of vegetable origin, 34 species representing 17 genera were identified. The simplified identification system and the conventional method provided the same results in 80% of the cases. The commercial identification kits were easy to use but were not appropriate for food-borne yeast species. Computer-assisted identification was helpful.     

广州市郊蔬菜根际真菌物种多样性

对广州市郊种植的小白菜（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）根际真菌进行了分离鉴定．从不同地点采集的４８个土样中,分离鉴定出７７种（包括１９株未定名种）,共２９属,其中鞭毛菌１属１种,接合菌５属６种,子囊菌５属７种,半知菌１８属６３种．所得结果表明了小白菜根际真菌区系的物种多样性     

Comparative study on the identification of food-borne yeasts.

Morphologically distinct yeast colonies from partially and fully processed fruits and vegetables were isolated over a 3-year period. Identification of 239 strains was achieved by using standard methods, commercial identification kits (API 20C and API YEAST-IDENT), and a simplified system for food-borne yeasts. The identified strains of fruit origin represented 36 species belonging to 19 genera. Among strains of vegetable origin, 34 species representing 17 genera were identified. The simplified identification system and the conventional method provided the same results in 80% of the cases. The commercial identification kits were easy to use but were not appropriate for food-borne yeast species. Computer-assisted identification was helpful.     

辽宁省高等植物多样性编目

为给辽宁植物多样性保护提供本底数据, 更准确地评价植物濒危及保护等级, 以及更好地给农学、林学、生态学、系统学等研究提供可靠的基础性数据, 本文首次将几代人在辽宁境内发现的高等植物进行汇总、编目, 包括苔藓植物和维管束植物。苔藓植物根据正式发表的文献和中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所东北生物标本馆(IFP)馆藏采自辽宁省全域的苔藓植物标本编制。维管束植物主要根据5个方面的信息整理: 作者多年野外调查的一手资料、文献、同行交流、公众提供信息、标本等。编目内容包括辽宁省高等植物总名录、辽宁省栽培植物名录、辽宁省外来植物名录、辽宁省仅有栽培植物的科属目录、辽宁省仅有外来植物的科属目录; 编目中涉及的物种均有科属地位、中文名、拉丁名、生境、产地(县级), 总名录中附有每个物种的信息凭证, 包括标本信息、文献信息或照片依据。本编目共计收录植物254科1,176属3,241种73亚种447变种119变型。其中, 苔藓植物为辽宁地区首次披露名录信息, 计83科205属491种4亚种7变种(含藓类52科156属373种1亚种5变种, 苔类29科46属114种3亚种2变种, 角苔类2科3属4种)。维管束植物虽非首次披露名录信息, 但与以往发布的维管束植物名录相比, 本次收录的种类数最多, 计171科971属2,750种69亚种440变种119变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科19属47种1亚种13变种2变型, 被子植物147科910属2,607种66亚种420变种117变型)。经统计, 辽宁省所有苔藓植物均为本土野生植物。维管束植物中, 野生植物计149科741属2,077种62亚种378变种93变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物4科8属12种6变种1变型, 被子植物145科133属1,969种60亚种365变种92变型), 栽培植物计104科390属673种7亚种62变种26变型(含裸子植物5科17属35种1亚种7变种1变型, 被子植物99科373属638种6亚种55变种25变型); 本土植物计158科796属2,235种65亚种421变种116变型(含石松类植物2科3属13种, 蕨类植物17科39属83种2亚种7变种, 裸子植物5科14属29种12变种2变型, 被子植物134科740属2,110种63亚种402变种114变型), 外来植物计88科316属515种4亚种19变种3变型(含裸子植物3科10属18种1亚种1变种, 被子植物85科306属497种3亚种18变种3变型)。本编目仅是辽宁省高等植物的阶段性汇总, 尚需要根据野外工作的拓展和研究工作的深入不断完善。     

Spiders active on snow in eastern Turkey

Abstract

At temperatures below zero in winter months, a total of 202 spiders was collected by pitfall traps from a snow-covered grassland in eastern Turkey. 16 genera and 20 species were recorded, belonging to the families Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae, Theridiidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, and Tetragnathidae.     

青海湟水流域蝶类

1995～2003年调查并整理分析青海湟水流域的蝶类,有9科52属80种,其中凤蝶科1属2种,绢蝶科1属6种,粉蝶科8属22种,斑蝶科1属1种,眼蝶科12属13种,蛱蝶科15属18种,蚬蝶科1属3种,灰蝶科9属10种,弄蝶科4属5种.以古北界为主,青藏区最为丰富.