定位施肥对紫色菜园土磷素状况的影响

基于紫色菜园土壤莴笋-白菜轮作3a的12季连续定位施肥试验,研究施肥对土壤磷素状况的影响。结果表明,在紫色土上以化肥为基础增施有机肥(泥炭或菜籽粕)既提高土壤磷含量,又增加无机磷组分中有效磷源和缓效磷源的比例,且不会增加磷素淋失的风险,是所有处理中最优者;增磷、增钾处理虽然提高了土壤磷含量,但未能提高速效磷源与缓效磷源的比例;增氮、增硼及常规施肥降低土壤磷含量和提高无效磷源的比例;无肥处理磷含量最低,无效磷源比例最高。紫色菜园土无机磷约为有机磷的4—6倍,无机磷各组分以钙磷为主,占I-P总量的60.89%—67.92%,显示紫色土风化程度较低。各形态磷素呈Ca10-P>Ca8-P>Fe-P≈Al-P≈OC-P>Ca2-P序列变化,其中Ca2-P和Al-P总共仅占无机磷总量的11.47%—19.43%,表明紫色土中对植物最有效的磷源不足;而Ca10-P和OC-P共占无机磷总量的42.48%—59.55%,意味着紫色土无机磷有一半左右是以作物不可利用的形态存在的。紫色土全磷与无机磷、有机磷、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、OC-P及Ca10-P呈显著正相关;无机磷与多种形态磷呈显著正相关(除有机磷、Ca2-P、有效磷外);有机磷与全磷、Ca2-P显著正相关;有效磷与全磷、Ca2-P、Al-P、Fe-P显著正相关;无机磷组分间也都存在显著正相关关系(OC-P与Ca10-P间有极显著正相关,但它们与其它无机磷组分无相关性)。表明在土壤磷的整个循环系统中,不同组分无机磷与有机磷之间处于一个动态平衡中,它们之间存在着相互影响和制约。土壤pH与各形态磷关系密切。对土壤有效磷与无机磷组分间的关系进行系统分析,简单相关分析结果土壤有效磷与Ca2-P、Fe-P呈极显著正相关,与Al-P呈显著正相关,与Ca8-P、OC-P、Ca10-P正相关但不显著;通径分析结果对土壤有效磷直接影响较大的无机磷组分是Al-P、Ca8-P与Ca2-P,其中Ca8-P的直接影响为负效应;逐步回归分析结果与通径分析一致。综合分析得出,Ca2-P、Al-P是最有效的磷源,Fe-P、Ca8-P次之,Ca10-P与OC-P是非有效磷源。莴笋和白菜产量与紫色土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P呈显著正相关,与OC-P、Ca10-P无相关性。紫色土各形态无机磷与两种蔬菜产量的相关系数r大小依次为Ca2-P>Fe-P>AL-P>Ca8-P>Ca10-P>OC-P,这与各形态无机磷与有效磷简单相关分析的结果一致。     

Cropping systems for phytoremediation of phosphorus-enriched soils

Eutrophication of freshwater bodies is frequently attributed to elevated phosphorus (P) concentrations in surface runoff from P-enriched agricultural soils. Forage and grain-cropping systems were compared for their effectiveness at remediating P-enriched soils. At each of four locations, one of three forage systems (Forage I = cereal rye silage and corn silage annually; Forage II = alfalfa; Forage III = annual ryegrass and corn silage annually) and the grain system (corn, small grain, and soybean rotation) were maintained for 3 yr on soils with five distinct initial soil P concentrations that were established by using four annual applications (1994-1997) of five different rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg total P ha(-1) y(-1)) of poultry manure, dairy manure, or commercial fertilizer. Across all manure P treatments at all locations, the forage systems had greater removal of P than the grain system. Soil P concentration changes (2001-2004) did not reflect differences in crop P removal. Few significant reductions in soil P concentration were observed for either crop system. When reductions did occur, they were for the more highly enriched soil P treatments. No significant reductions in soil P concentration have occurred for the lowest manure P treatments. Considerable variability in crop P concentrations was observed among species at locations and among years produced. However, crop P concentrations did increase uniformly as soil P concentration increased, indicating that luxury consumption of P does occur in agronomic species produced on P-enriched soils.     

不同林分土壤磷形态与磷酸酶特征

以湖南省平江县国有芦头林场的次生林以及经人工翻垦种植的油茶(Camellia oleifera)、黄桃(Amygdalus persica)、杨梅(Myrica rubra)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)四种人工林为研究对象,比较了不同林分土壤理化性质、磷酸酶活性与磷形态特征,分析了三者之间的相关性,探讨了次生林转变为人工林后,土壤磷形态和磷酸酶的变化特征以及驱动土壤磷素形态变化的关键因子。结果表明：(1)次生林土壤有机碳(SOC),全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)含量与磷酸酶活性显著高于其他四种林分。(2)五种林分中土壤残余磷(Residual-P)含量最高,是林地土壤主要的磷素存在形态。林分转变后,黄桃林与杉木林树脂提取态无机磷(Resin-Pi)显著增加,黄桃林与油茶林NaHCO₃提取态磷(NaHCO₃-Pi、NaHCO₃-Po)含量显著增加,而四种人工林的NaOH提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)含量均显著降低。可利用磷、中等可利用磷与稳定态磷...     

Phosphorus purification in buffer zones in cold climates

The retention of agricultural P by 10-m wide grass buffers (GBZ) and buffers under natural vegetation (VBZ) was studied for 10 years in southwestern Finland. The results were compared with those from 70-m long plots without buffers (NBZ). The GBZs were mowed but the VBZs were not managed. Surface waters were directed into a collector trench on each plot. Soil samples were taken from the buffers to determine easily soluble P by a Finnish method (0.5 M NH₄-acetate–0.5 M acetic acid, pH 4.6) and by the Olsen method.The highest losses of all P fractions were measured in spring, when the buffer vegetation had not yet started to grow. The mean annual total phosphorus (TP) loss from the GBZ and VBZ plots (0.7 kg ha⁻¹) was 40% lower than the TP loss from the NBZs (1.2 kg ha⁻¹). However, the loss of molybdate-reactive P (RP) was 70% higher from the VBZs than from the other plots. The concentration of Olsen-P was high (55.9 mg l⁻¹) on the soil surface, 0–2 cm, in the VBZs. The high loss of RP from the VBZs was most likely due to P leaching from the soil surface and decaying grass residue on the VBZs in spring.     

湖南会同不同年龄杉木人工林土壤磷素特征

对湖南会同不同年龄(7年生、17年生、25年生)杉木人工林土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分和有机磷进行了研究,结果表明:3种不同林龄杉木林土壤全磷和有效磷的含量分别在317.06—398.56 mg/kg和0.82—1.38 mg/kg之间,土壤全磷和速效磷含量均属低水平;杉木林土壤全磷含量从7年生幼龄林到25a近熟林出现先升高后降低的规律,并且17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分分别增加了19.68%、15.75%,土壤有效磷含量17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分提高了45.55%左右;土壤磷素活化系数均小于2.0%,这表明本研究区土壤全磷向速效磷转化较难,土壤中磷素的有效性较低,但该值随着林分年龄的增加而出现增大的现象;无机磷含量分别为:7年生169.50 mg/kg、17年生182.03 mg/kg、25年生175.94 mg/kg,从幼龄林到中龄林增高,中龄林以后降低;土壤中无机磷组分以O-P含量最高,其次是Fe-P,Ca-P,Al-P最少;杉木不同生长发育阶段对无机磷形态的吸收是有选择性的,幼龄林到中龄林阶段林木以吸收Al-P为主,近熟林阶段林木以吸收Fe-P和Ca-P为主;有机磷含量在全磷所占比例随林龄的变化来看,杉木生长过程中有部分的有机磷矿化为无机磷。土壤不同形态磷的相关性分析结果显示,土壤有效磷与有机磷相关系数为0.667,呈极显著相关性,是研究区杉木人工林土壤有效磷的主要来源。     

Phosphorus concentrations in the leaves of defoliated white clover affect abscisic acid formation and transpiration in drying soil

Increased leaf phosphorus (P) concentration improved the water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance of regularly defoliated white clover plants by decreasing the rate of daily transpiration per unit leaf area in dry soil. Night transpiration was around 17% of the total daily transpiration. The improved control of transpiration in the high-P plants was associated with an increased individual leaf area and WUE that apparently resulted from net photosynthetic assimilation rate being reduced less than the reductions in the transpiration (27% vs 58%). On the other hand, greater transpiration from low-P plants was associated with poor stomatal control of transpirational loss of water, less ABA in the leaves when exposed to dry soil, and thicker and smaller leaf size compared with high-P leaves. The leaf P concentration was positively related with leaf ABA, and negatively with transpiration rates, under dry conditions ( P < 0.001). However, leaf ABA was not closely related to the transpiration rate, suggesting that leaf P concentration has a greater influence than ABA on the transpiration rates.     

Biological and geochemical controls on phosphorus fractions in semiarid soils

This study examined the concentration of organic and inorganicphosphorus in surface soils of a Boutelouagracilis-Bouteloua eriopoda grassland, and a Larreatridentata shrubland, in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, NewMexico, U.S.A. In this desert where the grassland vegetation has auniform spatial distribution and individual shrubs have a patchy spatialdistribution across the landscape, vegetation strongly influences thedistribution of soil nutrients. Most studies of soil phosphorusfractions in desert soils have focused primarily on inorganic Pfractions and have demonstrated the importance of geochemical controlson soil P cycling. The research presented here addressed the question ofwhether organic phosphorus, determined by the presence of differentvegetation types, also contributes to soil P cycling. Within soils ofsimilar age, topography, parent material, and climatic regime, sampleswere collected under and between vegetation and analyzed for P fractionsfollowing a modified sequential fractionation scheme. Most soilinorganic P was found in the HCl- and cHCl-extractable forms in both thegrassland and shrubland soils, indicating CaCO₃ control overphosphorus availability. In contrast, most soil organic P was bound toAl and Fe minerals. Labile, plant-available P fractions summed to9.5% of total P in the grassland and 6.1% in theshrubland. Organic P comprised 13.3% of the total phosphorus poolin the grassland and 12.0% in the shrubland. Our results showthat the organic P pool may represent an important, yet oftenoverlooked, source of P in semiarid ecosystems.     

天山高寒草原土壤团聚体结构与养分含量对模拟氮磷沉降的响应

为更好地理解高寒草原土壤团聚体结构及其养分含量对氮(N)、磷(P)沉降增加的响应,于2018年开始依托全球营养网络(Nutrient Network)在巴音布鲁克草原生态系统研究站开展模拟氮磷沉降的短期(<5年)氮磷添加控制实验,设置对照(CK)、N添加、P添加、NP交互添加4个处理。N、P添加量均为10 g m^-2 a^-1。于2021年8月采集植物与土壤样品,采用湿筛法分析土壤水稳定性团聚体组成,测定全土和各粒级团聚体有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)含量。研究结果表明：(1)巴音布鲁克高寒草原各粒级土壤团聚体比例从低到高依次为：0.053—0.25 mm、<0.053 mm、0.25—2 mm、和>2 mm,以>2 mm团聚体占主导,其比例在45.48%—71.81%之间。(2)N添加显著降低了0—10 cm土壤层>2 mm团聚体比例和团聚体稳定性,而P添加则显著降低了10—20 cm土壤层>2 mm团聚体比例和团聚体稳定性。(3)0—10 cm土壤层各粒级团聚...     

我国北方3种典型土壤-作物体系中微生物量磷库特征

土壤微生物量磷(Microbial Biomass Phosphorus, MBP)是土壤磷组分中最为活跃的形态,在土壤磷素的形态转化与生物地球化学循环过程中起着关键作用,是植物可利用磷的重要来源。研究土壤MBP库容的大小对于充分认识微生物的固磷潜力和掌握土壤磷素循环与转化能力意义重大。以我国北方农田3种典型的土壤-作物体系为研究对象,基于定点采样,通过分析测定采集的362个表层(0—30 cm)土壤样品来量化不同土壤-作物体系MBP库容的大小。结果表明：黑土-春玉米、潮土-冬小麦/夏玉米、灰漠土-棉花体系表层土壤MBP平均含量分别为17.36、14.45、8.75 mg/kg,且不同土壤-作物体系间MBP含量存在显著差异;3种土壤-作物体系表层土壤(0—30 cm)MBP库容的大小分别为83.60、54.26、39.80 kg P/hm~2,其储存的磷在数量上相当于当季作物需磷量的1.10—2.73倍,表明土壤MBP库是农田生态系统中一个不容忽视的巨大有效养分磷储库。其库容的大小受土壤性质和气候因素的共同影响,土壤pH、有机碳、年均气温和年均降雨量是我国北方农田土壤MBP库容大小的主...     

中亚热带南酸枣落叶阔叶林土壤磷素空间变异及其影响因素

在湖南省长沙县大山冲国有林场南酸枣落叶阔叶林建立1 hm²固定样地,基于植物群落学调查数据和等距离网格布点取样的土壤养分测定数据,采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,研究土壤P含量的空间变异特征及其影响因子.结果表明: 腐殖质层及0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土层的全P、有效P含量的均为中等强度变异,同一土层有效P含量的变异程度较全P含量高,随着土壤深度增加,全P、有效P含量下降,变异程度增大.土壤全P、有效P含量具有较高的空间自相关性,主要受结构性因素影响.有效P含量的空间异质性较全P强,各土层全P、有效P含量空间自相关范围分别为92.80～168.90 m、79.43～106.20 m.同一土层全P含量分维数高于有效P,空间格局较有效P复杂,有效P含量空间依赖性更强,具有更好的结构性.腐殖质层及0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土层的全P、有效P含量呈现条带状和斑块状梯度性分布,且全P、有效P含量的空间变化趋势基本一致,高值出现在洼地,低值则出现在山脊.全P、有效P含量与高程、地表凋落物现存量呈显著负相关,与凹凸度、树种种数、株数、土壤pH相关性不显著,与土壤有机C、全N含量呈显著正相关.这反映出土壤P的淋溶特性,其空间变异性受到多种因子相互作用的影响.     

磷高效利用野生大麦基因型筛选及其根际土壤无机磷组分特征

通过土培盆栽试验,研究了16份野生大麦种质资源在相同供磷水平下磷素吸收利用的基因型差异,探讨磷高效野生大麦根际土壤无机磷组分特征.结果表明：拔节期和扬花期磷素干物质生产效率（CV=11.6%、12.4%）、成熟期磷素籽粒生产效率（CV=13.7%）基因型间差异较大.不同生育时期磷高效基因型IS-22-30和IS-22-25生物量、磷积累量和磷素干物质生产效率均显著高于低效基因型IS-07-07,且高效基因型的籽粒产量分别是低效基因型的3.10和3.20倍.不施磷、施磷30 mg·kg^-1条件下,不同磷素利用效率野生大麦根际土壤有效磷和水溶性磷含量均显著低于非根际土壤,且高效基因型较低效基因型根际土壤水溶性磷亏缺量更大.根际与非根际土壤无机磷组分含量为Ca₁₀-P＞O-P＞Fe-P＞Al-P＞Ca₂-P＞Ca₈-P.在拔节期和扬花期,施磷30 mg·kg^-1条件下,磷高效基因型根际土壤Ca₈-P含量显著高于低效基因型,而Ca₂-P含量显著低于低效基因型;不施磷条件下,高效基因型根际土壤Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P含量均显著高于低效基因型,且根际土壤Ca₁₀-P均减少.施磷30 mg·kg^-1条件下,根际土壤Fe-P和O-P含量均表现为高效基因型显著高于低效基因型,Al-P含量则呈现相反的趋势;不施磷条件下,高效基因型根际土壤Al-P、Fe-P和O-P含量均显著低于低效基因型.低磷胁迫下,高效基因型活化吸收Ca₂-P、Al-P的能力强于低效基因型.     

Selenium and sulfur accumulation and soil selenium dissipation in planting of four herbaceous plant species in soil contaminated with drainage sediment rich in both selenium and sulfur

Four selenium (Se) nonaccumulator plant species, including a forage grass species, Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), a forage legume species, Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a wetland species, Rush (Juncus tenuis Wild.), and a dry-land alkaline soil species, Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), were grown in soil contaminated by agricultural drainage sediment having elevated levels of Se and sulfur (S). The above-ground plant tissues were consecutively harvested five times and examined for Se and S accumulation. Plant tissue Se concentrations ranged from 23.0 mg kg-1 to 8.3 mg kg-1. Tissue S concentrations ranged from 3239 mg kg-1 to 7034 mg kg-1. Both tissue Se and S concentrations were significantly different between harvests, species, and species/harvest interactions. Total Se accumulation by the plant biomass harvested ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 mg per soil column and total S accumulations ranged from 87.5 to 321.1 mg per soil column. The reduction in the percentage of total soil Se after 24 weeks growth of the plant species ranged from 12.0% in the Tall Fescue planting to 17.3% in the Rush planting. Over 90% of the soil Se losses were unidentified losses and leaching of Se was prevented. The accumulations of Se and S in the plant biomass were very small compared with the total soil Se and S losses, but substantial amounts of total soil Se (12.0 to 15.0%) and S (28.0 to 50.9%) inventories were dissipated by the growing and harvesting of the plants. The soil S concentration was several hundred times higher than the soil Se concentration, but Se accumulation by the plants and Se dissipation from the soil were not impaired by the high level of soil sulfur. For natural grassland habitat restoration, such as at the Kesterson Wildlife Refuge in the Central Valley of California, or for restoration of large-scale Se contaminated agricultural lands, Se nonaccumulator plant species are favorable candidates, because the possibility of introducing Se toxicity into the food chain can be minimized.     

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) depends on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for growth and P uptake at intermediate but not high soil P levels in the field

The contribution of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to growth and phosphorus (P) uptake by oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was examined in two field experiments covering soil P levels from 20–86 mg kg-1 NaHCO3-extractable P. The fumigant dazomet was applied to the soil in half of the plots to obtain control plants with reduced mycorrhiza formation. An extensive AMF colonization of up to 48% of the root length was established in untreated soil of both experiments, although P fertilization reduced colonization to 28–39% at the latest harvests. Fumigation markedly decreased or totally prevented AMF colonization throughout the experiments. Root growth responded to fumigation by increased total and specific root length. Shoot P uptake was decreased by fumigation at soil P levels lower than ca. 50 mg kg-1 whereas shoot growth was reduced by fumigation at soil P levels lower than ca. 40 mg kg-1. The effects of fumigation were ascribed to the suppression of mycorrhiza formation. The effect of the AMF increased with decreasing soil P levels. Phosphorus inflow through roots (based on shoot P uptake) was reduced more strongly by fumigation than total P uptake. The P inflow through fungal tissue in roots was estimated to 4 × 10-14 mol P cm-1 s-1. We conclude that AMF are essential to flax growth at soil P levels below ca. 40 mg P kg-1, which is representative of the conditions under which most flax is grown.     

不同磷浓度植株残体降解对紫色土磷素有效性的影响

植株残体降解可直接或间接地影响土壤磷素的有效性,为探讨不同磷浓度植株残体降解对紫色土磷分级体系的影响,结合31P核磁共振分析技术,选取了3种磷浓度不同的植物残体与两种紫色土进行室内模拟培养试验,得出了以下研究结论:(1)添加植株残体显著增强了紫色土呼吸强度,且紫色土分级体系中的活性磷含量均高于对照处理(2)31P-NMR分析结果得知,植株残体的正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯占浓缩液全磷比例的90%以上,高磷植株的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量显著高于中磷和低磷植株,土壤磷素有效性的变化与植株残体的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量有关;(3)紫色土分级体系中的活性磷在0 d含量最高,随着培养周期的延长,土壤磷素有效性会出现降低的趋势;酸性紫色土的累积呼吸强度、分级体系中活性磷(Resin-P、Na HCO3-Pt)所占比例均高于中性紫色土,与土壤钙含量有关。综上所述,植株残体的磷浓度越高,更有利于提高土壤磷素的有效性,本研究结果为农业生产中秸秆还田技术提供了理论参考。     

不同浓度和形态磷处理下内生真菌感染对高羊茅的影响

以感染内生真菌(endophyte-infected,EI)和不感染内生真菌(endophyte-free,EF)的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)为材料,在温室沙培条件下研究内生真菌对高羊茅适应缺磷及利用不同形态磷肥的影响。结果表明,1)缺磷条件下,高羊茅EI和EF植株生长差异不显著;正常供磷条件下,高羊茅EI植株拥有更多分蘖数和绿叶数。说明正常供磷条件下内生真菌改善了宿主高羊茅的生长。2)与水溶性磷相比,高羊茅根有机酸和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,APase)活性在难溶性磷条件下显著增加,而根总酚含量无显著变化。在水溶性磷条件下,高羊茅EI植株根总酚含量显著高于EF植株,此时EI植株比EF植株拥有更多分蘖数和绿叶数,说明在水溶性磷条件下内生真菌对宿主地上部生长具有一定贡献。在难溶性磷条件下,虽然高羊茅EI植株根总酚含量仍然高于EF植株,但同时EI植株根有机酸含量显著低于EF植株,因此内生真菌感染只是增大了宿主植物的根冠比,而对分蘖数和绿叶数等无显著影响,说明内生真菌对宿主利用难溶性磷贡献不大。可见,内生真菌对宿主植物的生长在水溶性磷条件下更有利。     

疏勒河上游土壤磷和钾的分布及其影响因素

土壤中磷和钾是植物不可缺少的营养元素,研究它们的含量及其分布规律对高寒草地的可持续发展和区域土壤碳氮循环的认识均具有重要意义。以疏勒河上游13处生态观测样地(7种土壤类型)为研究对象,结合土壤有机碳、全氮、粒径和pH等理化性质和气象因子,分析了不同土壤类型表层和剖面中土壤磷、钾分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:0—20 cm表层土壤全磷、有效磷、全钾和有效钾平均含量分别为(0.50±0.14)g/kg、(2.69±1.61)mg/kg、(14.84±0.59)g/kg和(151.03±117.57)mg/kg。表层土壤全磷含量与年均气温和土壤粉粒含量呈显著正相关,而与年均降水量呈显著负相关;表层土壤有效磷含量与有机质、全氮呈显著正相关;表层土壤有效钾含量与土壤粉粒含量和年均气温呈显著正相关。全磷、有效磷、全钾和有效钾密度主要集中在0—40 cm的土壤层,它们均随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。不同深度土壤全磷的总密度与年均气温均呈显著的正相关,其相关系数随着土层深度逐渐增加。温度和降水是影响表层全磷含量和分布的主要环境因子;土壤全钾含量受成土母质影响,变异性不大。该区域土壤中有效磷和有效钾相对缺乏,草地管理措施是影响它们变化的重要因素之一。气温是该区域土壤全磷和全钾密度分布的主控因子。     

Effects of soil phosphorus on pollen production,pollen size,pollen phosphorus content,and the ability to sire seeds in Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)

To determine the effects of soil phosphorus on pollen production, pollen grain size, phosphate concentration per pollen grain, and the siring ability of pollen, two cultivars of the common zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) were grown under two soil phosphorus conditions in an experimental garden. Overall, soil phosphorus availability had a significant effect on reproductive output through the female function and on traits affecting the male function of plants (staminate flower production, pollen production per flower, and pollen grain size). In addition, pollen produced by plants in the high phosphorus soils had a higher phosphate concentration than pollen produced by plants in the low phosphorus soils. A pollen mixture experiment revealed that pollen produced by plants in the high phosphorus treatment sired significantly more seeds than pollen produced by plants in the low phosphorus treatment. This study showed that growing conditions such as soil phosphorus can influence the size of a pollen grain and its chemical composition, which, in turn, can affect its ability to sire mature seeds.     

Phosphorus supply and the growth of frequently defoliated white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in dry soil

A previous study found that increased phosphorus (P) supply to frequently defoliated white clover plants, growing in a low-P, dry soil, alleviated water stress symptoms and increased plant recovery on rewatering. In this study we determined how these stresses influence white clover growth. Measurements were made of the leaf canopy, stolon infrastructure and root system of the white clover plants growing in a low-P soil. Treatments included the factorial combination of four levels of P supply, two defoliation frequencies and two soil water treatments. White clover growth declined markedly when P-deficient plants were exposed to frequent defoliation and dry soil conditions. Leaf area was more affected than other parameters, in that the combination of stresses reduced leaf area to 2% of maximum observed for infrequently defoliated plants growing in high-P soil, with adequate water. Increased P supply generally increased the growth of all plant parts. Frequently defoliated plants growing in dry soil produced similar or greater leaf mass and leaf area as plants from similar treatments growing in wet soil, when the P supply increased to 50 mg P kg-1 soil. Higher P rates were able to negate the effect of dry soil on these frequently defoliated plants, as a result of larger water and P uptake. Also, the frequently defoliated plants with restricted root growth did not respond to a small increase in P supply (17 mg P kg-1 soil) for the leaf growth, irrespective of whether they were growing in wet or dry soil. Infrequently defoliated plants with greater root growth, compared to frequently defoliated plants, more than doubled their leaf mass with this P treatment.     

The rise and fall of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity during ecosystem retrogression

Ecosystem retrogression following long‐term pedogenesis is attributed to phosphorus (P) limitation of primary productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance P acquisition for most terrestrial plants, but it has been suggested that this strategy becomes less effective in strongly weathered soils with extremely low P availability. Using next generation sequencing of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene in roots and soil, we compared the composition and diversity of AMF communities in three contrasting stages of a retrogressive >2‐million‐year dune chronosequence in a global biodiversity hotspot. This chronosequence shows a ~60‐fold decline in total soil P concentration, with the oldest stage representing some of the most severely P‐impoverished soils found in any terrestrial ecosystem. The richness of AMF operational taxonomic units was low on young (1000's of years), moderately P‐rich soils, greatest on relatively old (~120 000 years) low‐P soils, and low again on the oldest (>2 000 000 years) soils that were lowest in P availability. A similar decline in AMF phylogenetic diversity on the oldest soils occurred, despite invariant host plant diversity and only small declines in host cover along the chronosequence. Differences in AMF community composition were greatest between the youngest and the two oldest soils, and this was best explained by differences in soil P concentrations. Our results point to a threshold in soil P availability during ecosystem regression below which AMF diversity declines, suggesting environmental filtering of AMF insufficiently adapted to extremely low P availability.     

山东寿光不同利用方式下农田土壤有机质和氮磷钾状况及其变化

通过对山东省寿光市不同利用方式下土壤相关性质的比较,探讨了农田土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量状况,并分析了设施菜地种植年限与有机质、全量氮磷含量的相互关系.研究结果表明:山东寿光农田土壤有机质和全量氮磷含量与第二次土壤普查时比较均有较大幅度增加,其中以设施菜地增加幅度最大,分别达120%、160%和364%,但全钾含量的增加幅度很小、仅为17.5%;不同利用方式比较,设施菜地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量均明显高于露天菜地、小麦/玉米地及棉花地,而全钾含量则低于小麦/玉米地和棉花地;从养分含量的分级结果看,设施菜地有机质、全量氮磷钾含量主要分布于>20g · kg-1、>1.2g · kg-1、>1.0 g · kg-1、20～25g · kg-1的级别中;设施菜地种植年限与土壤有机质、全量氮磷含量变化间有显著相关性,且均可用Y=a+bX+cX2的形式来表示,即随种植年限增加,有机质与氮磷含量首先呈逐步增加的趋势,并分别在第9.6年、8.9年和11.4年时达到最高值,之后则有随种植年限延长而下降的趋势.