深圳市大南山地区铁榄群落研究

对深圳市大南山地区的主要植被进行调查研究。结果表明,铁榄(Sinosideroxylon wightianum)常生长在瘠薄坡地、陡峭沟谷中,是该地区最重要的天然林群落,常组成单优势群落,呈斑块状分布,也是该地区存留的少数次生常绿阔叶林群落之一;大南山地区的铁榄群落有10个主要类型,铁榄是常绿阔叶林植被的主要特征种;大南山地区铁榄群落结构简单,物种分布不均匀,物种多样性指数差异较大;铁榄以Ⅱ级小树为主,兼有Ⅰ级苗木和Ⅲ级壮树,表明铁榄在群落中的优势度仍将保持较长一段时间;铁榄与漆树等物种间的种间联结关系薄弱,表明群落处于群落演替的早期发育阶段。     

长白山北坡植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化

群落同各生活植物及种所有植物种的共有度,一定程度上反映了群落间的相关性及沿环境梯度的物种替代关系。应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700－2600m之间,海拔每上升100m设置一块样地,共计20块样地,应用Jaccard指数,对各海拔植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化进行了分析,不同海拔群落间物种的共有度,无论以哪一层次的植物来表达,基本都以与其最相邻海拔的群落之间为最高;如相邻海拔的两个群落属于不同植被类型,其共有度较低。群落间物种共有度的峰值与谷点反映了群落类型随海拔具有间断性变化,乔、灌、草各生活型物种的共有度以及所有植物物的共有度,在同一海拔差群落间的数值都非常接近,并均随着海拔的增加呈明显的下降趋势,表明群落各层次物种的构成有很大的相关性以及物种之间的共存性。     

群落中克隆植物的重要性

综述了群落水平上克隆植物的重要性,克隆植物的生态习性,克隆植物的竞争关系等方面的研究进展,并试图在克隆植物竞争关系的背景下,结合其生境状况,探讨植物克隆性与植物物种多样性的关系。克隆植物的等级系统（基株—分株系统—分株）使其具有克隆性所赋予的多样的生活史、资源利用以及空间占据方式。列举了克隆植物的特性及其在群落中的作用。这些例子表明,克隆性强烈地影响和制约着植物群落的空间格局与竞争关系。然而克隆性也能通过权衡活动性与局部持久性来缓解对物种共存的抑制。克隆植物具有在时空尺度上分株间相互调节的机制,直接体现在群落中小尺度（个体与个体间）与大尺度（种群与种群间）间的相互作用上。丰富了传统的竞争和生态位划分理论,为群落中物种共存提供了合理解释。因此克隆植物在群落中的出现拓宽了群落系统潜在机制的范围。     

福建琅岐岛台湾相思群落灌木层主要物种生态位与种间联结

为探究福建琅岐岛台湾相思(Acacia confusa)群落种间关系和群落演替动态,对其灌木层主要物种的生态位和种间联结特征进行了分析。结果表明,重要值和生态位宽度最大的物种为雀梅藤(Sageretia thea),其竞争优势、环境适应能力最强;灌木层主要物种的生态位相似性和生态位重叠较小,表明种间对环境资源的利用和要求存在较大差异,表现为较稳定的种间关系;灌木层主要物种的总体联结性为显著正联结,种对间正负联结比为1.72,检验显著率为7.35%,表明种对间联结程度较弱,独立性相对较强,物种竞争不激烈,群落处于相对后期且稳定的演替阶段;红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)与许多物种间存在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性,生态位重叠较小,种间呈正联结关系;外来物种马缨丹(Lantanacamara)与福建胡颓子(Elaeagnus oldhamii)存在一定的竞争,与灌木层其他主要植物之间的资源竞争不激烈,其对该群落的影响相对较小。琅岐岛台湾相思群落目前已发展为地带性的顶级群落,物种竞争不激烈,种间关系较稳定;而海岛上恶劣的环境和外来物种的扩散会导致植物生境资源短缺,迫使物种聚集在...     

一年生植物群落内取样效应和互补效应的分离

利用人工建植的1年生植物群落对物种多样性．生产力关系及其潜在作用机理——取样效应和互补效应进行了研究。结果表明,不同多样性水平内群落生产力变化幅度较大,不同的物种组合对生产力水平也有较大的影响。植物种多样性与群落生产力之间呈二次函数关系。计算表明,所有混播群落均程度不同地存在多样性净效应,但不同多样性水平间及同一多样性水平内,净效应变化较大。物种多样性与生产力净效应间亦呈二次函数关系。多样性净效应与群落生产力水平呈显著正相关关系。多样性净效应的两个组成部分——取样效应和互补效应对多样性的变化有不同的反应：互补效应与物种多样性间呈单峰格局关系;而取样效应与多样性间呈显著的正相关关系。取样效应和互补效应均随着群落生产力的提高而显著增强。结果还表明,除物种多样性外,物种的组成（或物种的特性）对群落生产力、多样性净效应及其分解成分——取样效应和互补效应均有显著影响。据此,可以认为在短期多样性实验中,取样效应和互补效应均对多样性．生产力正相互关系产生作用,但取样效应的强度要大于互补效应。     

合肥市不同类型湿地植物群落的物种多样性及群落特征研究

运用样地和样方相结合的调查方法,对合肥市不同演替进程的湿地类型进行调查研究,通过计算湿地植物的重要值与群落植物的α多样性与β多样性的相关指标分析了其群落多样性与群落特征.结果表明:合肥市典型的人工型湿地共有植物22科41属47种;半人工半自然型湿地共有植物10科21属21种;自然型湿地共有植物37科65属70种.湿地植物的多样性以及其群落特征与其人工性和自然性有关;在不同的外界干扰下,湿地的类型也不同,湿地处于不断的演替过程中.其群落的稳定性与物种多样性之间关系复杂,两者之间并非简单的正相关关系.在进行湿地群落和生态研究时,不仅要考虑其群落物种的多样性,也要考虑群落优势物种的组成,优势物种的优势度以及群落的演替趋势等因素.     

围封和放牧对科尔沁沙地植物群落种间关联的影响

为明确围封和放牧对科尔沁沙地植物群落种间关联的影响,在对植物群落进行样方调查的基础上,采用方差比率法（VR）、χ²检验、Ochiai指数、Spearman秩相关分析对种间关联性及相关性进行研究,得出如下结论：（1）围封和放牧改变了群落物种组成,围封群落出现30个物种,主要物种16个;放牧群落出现物种21个,主要物种13个。（2）VR值显示围封和放牧群落总体均呈正关联性,χ²检验表明围封群落正联结显著率大于负联结显著率,主要物种间显著联结率为27.5%,放牧群落仅有显著正联结种对4个,占6.06%,OI值与χ²检验结果基本一致。（3） Spearman秩相关分析表明,围封群落显著正相关对数略高于显著负相关对数,放牧群落则相反,且围封群落显著相关水平种对占比（44.17%）高于放牧群落（12.82%）,故围封群落处于稳定发展阶段,而放牧群落处于退化阶段。     

植物种多样性对生态系统功能的影响

采用8种1年生植物,利用室外盆栽方法构建的植物群落对物种多样性与群落生产力、杂草入侵性之间的关系及其潜在的作用机理进行了研究.结果表明,各物种单播时其生产力和抗杂草入侵能力都有较大差异.物种多样性与群落生产力之间不存在线性关系,而呈现单峰格局关系,即在一定范围内(本研究为4种),物种多样性对生产力增加有促进作用,超过该范围,物种多样性增加,群落生产力不再增加.但群落生产力和物种多样性均与杂草入侵量之间呈显著负相关关系.相对产量总和(RYT)分析表明,资源互补效应是本研究中所观察到的多样性-生产力、多样性-入侵性及生产力-入侵性关系的主要作用机理.     

重度放牧对荒漠草原主要植物种间关系及群落稳定性的影响

种间关系是群落演替的表征之一,常由种间联结体现。本文采用方差比率法计算主要物种的总体联结性,以χ2统计量检验为基础,结合使用联结系数、共同出现百分率、Ochiai指数、Dice指数,计算了群落的时间稳定性与物种异步性,研究了无放牧与重度放牧时内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原群落7个主要物种之间的种间联结性,探讨了重牧对种间关系及群落稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)对照区主要物种总体呈不显著的负联结,负联结种对占比最大,为33.3%,而重牧区呈显著的正联结,正联结种对占比最大,为57.1%,表明重牧使群落物种间的关系由竞争为主转变为互利为主;(2)重牧区种对间的共同出现百分率、Ochiai指数、Dice指数均下降,表明重牧使主要物种间的关系更加松散;(3)重牧区群落的时间稳定性与物种异步性下降,表明重牧使群落处于相对不稳定状态。重牧对群落稳定性的影响与种间关系的改变密切相关,种间关系越紧密的群落稳定性越强。     

甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落种间关联性研究

为了探明甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落的物种组成和种间关系,在对其植物群落进行样方调查的基础上,通过2×2列联表,采用方差分析、χ2检验、Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Jaccard指数对甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落8个主要物种组成的28个种对间的关联性和相关关系进行了深入分析研究。结果表明:(1)芦苇群落总体间的关联性表现为显著正关联。(2)在28对种对中,有20对显示为正关联,占总关联对数的71.4%;有8对显示负关联,占总关联对数的28.6%。(3)芦苇群落种对间多呈正关联,正负关联的对数比为2.5,正关联占优势,但关联性较弱,负关联数较少,但关联性较强;28种物种对之间关联程度及共同出现概率不高,多数表现为无关联。     

Size and structure of bacterial, fungal and nematode communities along an Antarctic environmental gradient

The unusually harsh environmental conditions of terrestrial Antarctic habitats result in ecosystems with simplified trophic structures, where microbial processes are especially dominant as drivers of soil-borne nutrient cycling. We examined soil-borne Antarctic communities (bacteria, fungi and nematodes) at five locations along a southern latitudinal gradient from the Falkland Islands (51 degrees S) to the base of the Antarctic Peninsula (72 degrees S), and compared principally vegetated vs. fell-field locations at three of these sites. Results of molecular (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, real-time PCR), biochemical (ergosterol, phospholipid fatty acids) and traditional microbiological (temperature- and medium-related CFU) analyses were related to key soil and environmental properties. Microbial abundance generally showed a significant positive relationship with vegetation and vegetation-associated soil factors (e.g. water content, organic C, total N). Microbial community structure was mainly related to latitude or location and latitude-dependent factors (e.g. mean temperature, NO3, pH). Furthermore, strong interactions between vegetation cover and location were observed, with the effects of vegetation cover being most pronounced in more extreme sites. These results provide insight into the main drivers of microbial community size and structure across a range of terrestrial Antarctic and sub-Antarctic habitats, potentially serving as a useful baseline to study the impact of predicted global warming on these unique and pristine ecosystems.     

Die Anwendung einer ‘deduktiven Methode syntaxonomischer Klassifikation’ bei der Bearbeitung der strassenbegleitenden Pflanzengesellschaften Nordostböhmens

Zusammenfassung In der vorgelegten Arbeit wurde die sogenante deduktive Klassifikationsmethode der anthropogenen Pflanzengesellschaften behandelt. Diese Methode geht vom System der höheren Vegetationseinheiten der Braun-Blanquet Schule aus. Sie ermöglicht die syntaxonomische Bearbeitung zahlreicher anthropogener Gesellschaften unserer Kulturlandschaft, die nur aus Arten mit breiterer ökologischer und zönologischer Amplitude zusammengesetzt sind, und zwar ohne unerwünschte Verwechslung der Bestimmungsmerkmale einzelner Rangstufen des Systems (Klassen-, Ordnungs-, Verbands- und Assoziationskenn-und trennarten). Die Grundprinzipien der Methode wurden schon früher von Kopecký & Hejný (1971, 1973, 1974) und Kopecký (1976) erläutert. Die vorliegende Arbeit bringt eine präzisierte Auslegung der Methode auf Grund neuer Erfahrungen, die bei der Bearbeitung der spontan entstandenen strassenbegleitenden Gesellschaften derMolinio-Arrhenatheretea Tx. 1937 in Nordostböhmen gewonnen wurden. Aus dem reichen Aufnahmematerial werden nur einige Aufnahmen der Basalgesellschaften mitAlopecurus pratensis und der von ihnen abgeleiteten Derivatgesellschaften mitDactylis glomerata undAgropyron repens fur die anschauliche Demonstration der Methode beigegeben (Tab. 1 und 2). Die Aufnahmen der übrigen Gesellschafts-typen werden in einer anderen Arbeit (Kopecký 1978) veröffentlicht.

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Summary Use of a so-called deductive method in syntaxonomic classification of roadside plant communities in NE Bohemia.The present paper explains the so-called deductive method of syntaxonomic classification of plant communities, derived from the system of syntaxa of higher rank of the Braun-Blanquet approach. This method enables the synthesis of vegetations units of the varied anthropogenic plant communities in the man-made landscape, and their arrangement within the existing system, without changing the classification and determination criteria of both the higher and lower syntaxa in this system. Basic principles of this method have been outlined earlier by Kopecký & Hejný (1971, 1973, 1974) and Kopecký (1976). Following the newly obtained data and experience, this paper brings further details and more precise explanation of the method. Recently, the deductive method has been applied to the classification of turf communities which spontaneously develop along the roads in NE Bohemia. In order to illustrate the principles of the method, selected relevés of basal communities withAlopecurus pratensis (Table 1), and respective communities derived from these basal communities (Table 2) are presented. A complete set of vegetation relevés of all other roadside communities will be published elsewhere (Kopecký 1978).

Die wissenschaftlichen Pflanzennamen sind nach Rothmaler et al. (1966) angeführt.     

农业有机废物与城市生活垃圾堆肥高温期微生物种群结构比较

通过PCR、克隆文库方法分析了农业有机废物和城市垃圾堆肥高温期间细菌和真菌种群的多样性.提取堆肥高温期的DNA,PCR扩增,构建各高温期的16S rDNA和18S rDNA克隆文库,结果表明:农业有机废物和城市生活垃圾16S rDNA克隆文库中分别共有18个、21个OTUs,分别属于细菌域的14个、15个不同属,其18S rDNA克隆文库中分别共有8个、9个OTUs,分别属于细菌域的8个、9个不同属,推断农业有机废物堆体的优势菌为Bacillus megaterium、Rhizobium sp.、Phanerochaete chrysosporium、Penicillium sp.同属或同种的菌株;城市生活垃圾堆体的优势菌为Bacillus megaterium、Azospirillum sp.、Phanerochaete chrysosporium同种或同属的菌株.     

森林群落复杂性分析:以广东黑石顶森林为例

本文将森林群落复杂性定义为消除群落中任意一个树木个体的种名及层次不确定性所需的平均信息量,提出用联合熵H(X,Y)测度群落复杂性.H(X,Y)=H(X)+H(Y|X),其中H(X)=-∑Si=1(ni)/(N)log2((ni)/(N)),H(Y|X)=-∑Si=1(ni)/(N)∑4j=1(nij)/(ni)log2((nij)/(ni)),分别为树种组成复杂性和树种结构复杂性.式中S为森林群落树种数,N为森林群落的树木总株数,ni(i=1,2,...,S)为第i个树种的株数,nij(j=1,2,3,4)为第i个树种在第j层次的株数.用联合熵分析了广东省封开县黑石顶自然保护区针叶林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林等3种典型森林类型的复杂性.结果表明,群落复杂性的顺序为常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林.同时,各森林类型的群落复杂性H(X,Y)与取样尺度之间具有较好的分形关系.     

Reversed trends in the benthic community structure in two confluent streams; one spring-fed,the other lake-fed

The community structure of two confluent streams in southern Sweden was investigated, one stream was spring-fed and the other lake-fed. There was a downstream decrease in the number of species present in the lake outlet stream, no such change being discernible in the spring-fed stream. Taking the sampling site nearest the source of the spring-fed stream as the reference point, there was a downstream increase in dissimilarity and this increase was maintained upstream from the confluence in the lake-fed stream. Apart from generalists, all functional feeding groups showed decreased numbers from the lake outlet to the confluence in the lake-fed stream. In the spring-fed stream, densities of functional groups increased downstream, with the exception of grazers and generalists. There were indications of more predictable changes along the lake-fed stream compared to the spring-fed one, which seemed more influenced by site-specific factors.     

Comparative microbiome analysis reveals bacterial communities associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus infection in the Huanglongbing insect vector Diaphorina citri

The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) is a major pest of the citrus industry and is also the vector for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), a destructive Huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus trees. Insect endosymbionts and gut bacteria play important roles in vector-pathogen interactions and host immunity. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the correlation between CLas infection and the microbiome in D. citri by conducting 16S rRNA amplification sequencing on insects successfully and unsuccessfully infected with CLas (CLas-infected and non-infected). Genera Candidatus Profftella, Wolbachia, and Candidatus Carsonella were highly abundant genera in all tested samples. Compared with the non-infected and control groups, CLas-infected samples harboured more observed OTUs and showed higher alpha diversity metrics. Principal coordinate analysis based on beta-diversity metrics indicated two distinct clusters between the CLas-infected samples and non-infected/control samples. Subsequent LEfSe analysis revealed that Candidatus Profftella was more abundant in the non-infected group than in the control and CLas-infected groups. The interaction network also indicated a co-exclusion relationship between Candidatus Profftella and CLas, while CLas co-existed with Wolbachia, several Enterobacteriaceae spp., and multiple other bacteria. Our study provides insight into the interaction between the microbiome community in D. citri and CLas, which can facilitate the management of this pest and its associated pathogen.     

Distribution of Benthic Fauna in Relation to Environmental Conditions in an Inundated Opencast Sulphur Mine (Piaseczno Reservoir, Southern Poland)

Highly specific environmental factors such as the presence of strongly mineralized water, oxygenation of the water down to 10 m, a low trophic status of the water and low organic matter content in the bottom sediments, were found in the studied post-exploitation Lake Piaseczno. Of the 42 macroinvertebrate taxa found, Oligochaeta (Tubificidae) and Chironomidae predominated. Almost exclusively ubiquitous species were found, except for some chironomid taxa recorded for the first time in Poland. The most diversified faunal communities occurred at 1 m water depth whereas the highest densities were found at 5 m. At the deepest points studied only oligochaetes and Chaoborus flavicans were found. There was no correlation between organic matter content and macrofauna densities. Differences in inhabitation at the studied transects could result from various environmental factors such as the degree of macrophyte cover and protection from the wind. Undisturbed transects overgrown by macrophytes had a similar community composition and higher faunal densities than those which were less protected.     

The characteristics of species in an evolutionary food web model

We explore the consequences of modifying the way in which species are defined in an evolutionary food web model. In the original version of the model, the species were defined in terms of a fixed number of features, chosen from a large number of possibilities. These features represented phenotypic and behavioural characteristics of the species. Speciation consisted in occasionally replacing one of the features by another. Here we modify this scheme by firstly allowing for a richer structure and secondly by testing whether we are able to eliminate the need for an explicit choice of features altogether. In the first case we allow for changing the number of features which define a species, as well as their nature, and find that in the resulting webs the higher trophic levels typically contain species with the greatest number of features. In the second case, by a simplification of the mechanisms for inter and intra-species competition, we construct a model without any explicit features and find that we are still able to grow model food webs. We assess the quality of the food webs produced and discuss the consequences of our findings for the future modelling of food webs.     

贺兰山木本植物群落物种多样性的海拔格局

 贺兰山位于中国温带草原和温带荒漠的过渡带,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性海拔格局的理想区域。该文通过样方法调查研究区的森林和灌丛群落,并运用广义可加模型分析物种多样性的海拔分布格局。结果表明：1）海拔是物种丰富度的重要影响因子,一般能解释原始数据30%～40%的变差。2）对于森林和灌丛群落,草本植物都是群落中比例最高的物种, 而且决定了群落总物种丰富度的海拔分布格局。3）森林群落的乔木层物种丰富度在中海拔区域最高,反映了中海拔区域相对优越的水热条件。灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度明显受到乔木层郁闭度的影响,有随海拔升高而降低的趋势。4）灌丛群落的灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均呈单峰格局,皆因低海拔的干旱和高海拔的寒冷抑制了多数物种的生存,仅气候条件适宜的中海拔区域能够生存丰富的物种。