<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pedobacter yonginense</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a mesotrophic artificial Lake in Korea

A non-motile red-pigmented bacterium, designated strain HMD1002^T, was isolated from an artificial lake located on the campus of Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (29.6%), Summed Feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH; 17.5%) and iso-C_17:0 3-OH (12.5%). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The DNA G+C content was 41.0 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HMD1002^T formed a lineage in the genus Pedobacer and was closely related to Pedobacer terrae (96.3%) and Pedobacer suwonensis (95.8%) in sequence similarity. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HMD1002^T represents a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter yonginense sp.nov. is proposed. The type strain is HMD1002^T (=KCTC 22721^T = CEC^T 7544^T).     

Echinicola shivajiensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium of the family “Cyclobacteriaceae” isolated from brackish water pond

Strain AK12^T, an orange pigmented Gram-negative, rod shaped, non-motile bacterium, was isolated from a mud sample collected from a brackish water pond at Rampur of West Bengal, India. The strain was positive for oxidase, catalase and phosphatase. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (42.7%), iso-C_17:0 3OH (13.2%), C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c (summed feature 3) (8.0%), iso-C_17:1 I/anteiso-C_17:1 B (summed feature 4) (6.1%) and iso-C_17:1ω9c/C_16:0 10-methyl (summed feature 9) (9.4%). Strain AK12^T contained MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid and six unidentified lipids as the polar lipids. The G + C content of DNA of the strain AK12^T was 46.2 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain AK12^T was member of the genus Echinicola and closely related to Echinicola vietnamensis, Echinicola pacifica and Echinicola jeungdonensis with pair-wise sequence similarity of 96.8, 96.3 and 96.0% respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the strain AK12^T clustered with E. vietnamensis and together with E. pacifica and E. jeungdonensis with a phylogenetic distance of 5.1, 6.3 and 6.6% (94.9, 93.7 and 93.4% similarity) respectively. Based on data from the current polyphasic study, strain AK12^T is proposed as a novel species of the genus Echinicola, for which the name Echinicola shivajiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. shivajiensis is AK12^T (= MTCC 11083^T = JCM 17847^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphingobacterium bambusae</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil of bamboo plantation

A Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterial strain designated IBFC2009^T was isolated from soil of a bamboo plantation. The strain could grow at 11°C∼39°C, pH 6.0–9.0, and in the presence of 0∼5% NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, Strain IBFC2009^T belonged to the genus Sphingobacterium and showed the highest sequence similarity of 94.6% (S. composti T5-12^T) with the type strains within the genus. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1 ω7c, 34.4%), iso-C_15:0 (22.4%), C_16:0 3-OH (15.2%), and iso-C_17:0 3-OH (12.8%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.0 mol%. According to the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, Strain IBFC2009^T should represent a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium bambusae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IBFC2009^T (=CCTCC AB 209162^T =KCTC 22814^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gaetbulibacter jejuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A novel marine bacterium, designated strain CNURIC014^T was isolated from coastal seawater of Jeju Island in Korea. Strain CNURIC014^T formed yellow colonies on marine agar 2216 and the cells were Gram-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped. The temperature, pH and NaCl ranges for growth were 15–37°C, pH 6.0–9.0 and 1.0–7.0% NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CNURIC014^T was most closely related to Gaetbulibacter marinus and Gaetbulibacter saemankumensis, with a sequence similarity of 95.1% and 94.6%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 33.1 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:1 (22.8%), iso-C_15:0 (18.8%), summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH/C_16:1 ω7c, 12.9%) and iso-C_17:0 3-OH (11.5%). On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, and genotypic data, strain CNURIC014^T represents a novel species within the genus Geatbulibacter, for which the name Gaetbulibacter jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CNURIC014^T(=KCTC 22615^T =JCM 15976^T).     

Rufibacter tibetensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from soil

A red-pigmented, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium which was motile by gliding, designated strain 1351^T, was isolated from the soil of Lengduo, Tibet in China and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. The isolate grows optimally at 30°C and pH 7. It grows with NaCl tolerated up to 1.5% (optimum, 0.5%). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence shows that strain 1351^T is closely related to members of the family ‘Cytophagaceae’ closest sequence similarity was observed with similarity with Adhaeribacter terreus (91.8%). The major whole-cell fatty acids are summed feature 4 (containing anteiso-C_17:1 B and/or iso-C_17:1 I, 29.2%), summed feature 3 (containing C_16:1ω6c and/or C_16:1ω7c, 13.0%) and iso-C_15:0 (12.0%). The predominant menaquinone of strain 1351^T is menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and the G+C content of the DNA is 46.8 mol%. According to the phylogenetic evidence and phenotypic data, strain 1351^T is considered to represent a new genus and species of the family ‘Cytophagaceae’ for which the name Rufibacter tibetensis gen nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is R. tibetensis and the type strain is 1351^T (=CCTCC AB 208084^T = NRRL B-51285^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Panacagrimonas perspica</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gammaproteobacteria</Emphasis> isolated from soil of a ginseng field

A taxonomic study was carried out on Gsoil 142^T, a bacterial strain isolated from the soil collected in a ginseng field in Pocheon province, South Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of this bacterium to the Gammaproteobacteria, and it was most closely related to Hydrocarboniphaga effusa ATCC BAA 332^T (94.4%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Nevskia ramosa DSM 11499^T (94.1%) and Alkanibacter difficilis MN154.3^T (92.0%). Strain Gsoil 142^T was a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.9% and predominant ubiquinone was Q-8. Major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or ω6c, 36.3%), summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1 ω7c, 20.6%) and C_16:0 (17.4%). The major polar lipids detected in strain Gsoil 142^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and an unknown glycolipid. On the basis of polyphasic evidence, it is proposed that strain Gsoil 142^T should be placed in a novel genus and species, for which the name Panacagrimonas perspica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 142^T (= KCTC 12982^T = LMG 23239^T).     

New taxa in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alphaproteobacteria: Brevundimonas olei</Emphasis> sp. nov., an esterase-producing bacterium

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a Gram-negative, non-motile bacterium, designated MJ15^T, that was isolated from soil of a GS-Caltex Oil reservoir in Korea. As shown by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MJ15^T belongs to genus Brevundimonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranged from 95.6–99.2% between strain MJ15^T and validated representatives of the genus Brevundimonas. With respect to Brevundimonas species, strain MJ15^T exhibited DNA-DNA relatedness values below 40.7%. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 61.7 mol%. Strain MJ15^T contained ubiquinone Q-10. The major fatty acids were C_16:0 (27.7%), C_19:0 cyclo ω8c (23.2%), summed feature 8 (containing C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 6c) (28.5%), and major hydroxyl fatty acid was C_12:0 3OH (3.7%). Based upon its phenotypic and genotypic properties, as well as its phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain MJ15^T (KCTC 22461^T; JCM 16237^T) should be classified in the genus Brevundimonas as the type strain of a novel species. The name Brevundimonas olei sp. nov. is proposed for this new species.     

Bacillus manliponensis sp. nov., a new member of the Bacillus cereus group isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment

A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, new Bacillus species, strain BL4-6^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea. Strain BL4-6^T is a straight rod, with motility by peritrichate flagella. The cell wall contains meso-diaminopimelic acid, and the major respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. The major fatty acids are iso-C_15:0 and summed feature 3 (containing C_16:1 ω7c/iso-C_15:0 2OH, and/or iso-C_15:0 2OH/C_16:1 ω7c). Cells are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 38.0 mol%. Based on a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate belongs to the genus Bacillus, forms a clade with the Bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to Bacillus mycoides (98.5%), Bacillus cereus (98.5%), Bacillus anthracis (98.4%), Bacillus thuringiensis (98.4%), Bacillus weihenstephanensis (98.1%), and Bacillus pseudomycoides (97.5%). The isolate showed less than 85% similarity of the gyrA gene sequence and below 95% similarity of the rpoB gene sequence to the members of this group. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BL4-6^T and B. cereus group was found to be in a range of 22.8–42.3%, and thus BL4-6^T represents a unique species. On the basis of these studies, strain BL4-6^T (=KCTC 13319^T =JCM 15802^T) is proposed to represent the type strain of a novel species, Bacillus manliponensis sp. nov.     

Arenimonas aquaticum sp. nov., a member of the gammaproteobacterium, isolated from a freshwater reservoir

A novel bacterial strain, designated NA-09^T, was isolated from a freshwater sample collected from the Cheonho reservoir, Republic of Korea. Colonies were creamy-white pigmented, translucent, and circular with convex shape. The isolate was Gram-staining negative, strictly aerobic, motile, and rod-shaped. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain NA-09^T belonged to the genus Arenimonas and showed the highest sequence similarities with Arenimonas malthae CC-JY-1^T (95.4%), A. oryziterrae YC6267^T (94.9%), A. composti P2-12-1^T (94.8%), and A. donghaensis H03-R19^T (94.1%). The major fatty acids were iso-C_16:0 (20.8%), iso-C_15:0 (16.9%), summed feature 1 (13.2%), and iso-C_16:1 ω7c alcohol (10.2%). The major isoprenoid quinone of the isolate was ubiquionone-8. On the basis of the data from the polyphasic characterization, the strain NA-09^T represents a novel species, for which the name Arenimonas aquaticum sp. nov. is proposed (type strain NA-09^T =KACC 14663^T =NBRC 106550^T).     

Pontibacter jeungdoensis sp. nov., isolated from a solar saltern in Korea

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped and red-pigmented bacterial strain, HMD3125^T, was isolated from a solar saltern in Jeungdo, Republic of Korea. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HMD3125^T formed a lineage within the genus Pontibacter and was similar to Pontibacter salisaro (96.1%) and P. korlensis (95.3%). The major fatty acids of strain HMD3125^T were summed feature 4 (comprising iso-C_17:1 I and/or anteiso-C_17:1 B; 30.4%), iso-C_15:0 (20.4%) and iso-C_17:0 3OH (17.2%). The polar lipid profile of HMD3125^T consisted of the phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified polar lipids, unidentified phospholipid, unidentified aminolipid and unidentified aminophospholipid. Strain HMD3125^T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and sym-homospermidine as the major polyamine. The DNA G+C content of strain HMD3125^T was 45.6 mol%. Strain HMD3125^T assigned as a novel species in the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter jeungdoensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HMD3125^T (=KCTC 23156^T =CECT 7710^T).     

Pigmentiphaga soli sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from soil

Strain BS12^T, a Gram-negative motile bacterium, was isolated from soil in South Korea and characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain belonged to the family Alcaligenaceae in the class Betaproteobacteria. The highest degree of sequence similarities of strain BS12^T were found with Pigmentiphaga litoralis JSM 061001^T (98.3%), Pigmentiphaga daeguensis K110^T (98.2%), and Pigmentiphaga kullae K24^T (98.1%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain BS12^T possessed ubiquinone-8, which is common in the family Alcaligenaceae, and the predominant fatty acids were C_16:0, C_17:0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/ω7c), and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The major polar lipids of strain BS12^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on these data, BS12^T (=KCTC 23577^T =JCM 17666^T =KEMB 9004-082^T) should be classified as a type strain of a novel species, for which the name Pigmentiphaga soli sp. nov. is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphingomonas jejuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from marine sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hymeniacidon flavia</Emphasis>

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod shaped, and orange-pigmented chemoheterotrophic bacterium, strain MS-31^T was isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon flavia, collected from near Jeju Island, Korea. The Strain MS-31^T was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the novel isolate could be affiliated within the genus Sphingomonas. The strain MS-31^T showed 95.6% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the most closely related species Sphingomonas koreensis JSS26^T. The DNA G+C content of the strain MS-31^T was 69.4 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiqunone 10 and predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 7 (comprising C_18:1 ω7c, C_18:1 Ω9t and/or C_18:1 ωl2t, 39.7%), C_16:0 (16.3%), C_14:0 2OH (15.9%) and summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_15:0 iso 2OH, 11.7%). The polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidyletha-nolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified glycolipid. Based on the evidence from the polyphasic taxonomic study, the strain should be classified as a new species of the genus Sphingomonas. As a result, the name Sphingomonas jejuensis sp. nov. (type strain MS-31^T =KCTC 23321^T =NBRC 107775^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acinetobacter brisouii</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a wetland in Korea

A bacterial strain 5YN5-8^T was isolated from peat layer on Yongneup in Korea. Cells of strain 5YN5-8^T were strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, coccobacilli, non-spore forming, and non-motile. The isolate exhibited optimal growth at 28°C, pH 7.0, and 0–1% NaCl. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated a close relationship of this isolate to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (97.8% similarity for strain DSM 30006^T). It also exhibited 94.4–97.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the validly published Acinetobacter species. The value for DNA-DNA hybridization between strain 5YN5-8^T and other members of the genus Acinetobacter ranged from 16 to 28%. Predominant cellular fatty acids were C_18:1 ω9c, summed feature 4 containing C_15:0 iso 2-OH and/or C_16:1 ω7c, and C_16:0. The DNA G+C content was 43.9 mol%. Phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data accumulated in this study revealed that the isolate could be classified in a novel species of the genus Acinetobacter. The name Acinetobacter brisouii sp. nov. is proposed for the novel species, with 5YN5-8^T (=KACC 11602^T = DSM 18516^T) as the type strain.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteimonas aestuarii</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment

A novel bacterium B9^T was isolated from tidal flat sediment. Its morphology, physiology, biochemical features, and 16S rRNA gene sequence were characterized. Colonies of this strain are yellow and the cells are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and do not require NaCl for growth. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain B9^T is associated with the genus Lysobacter (≤ 97.2%), Xanthomonas (≤ 96.8%), Pseudomonas (≤ 96.7%), and Luteimonas (≤ 96.0%). However, within the phylogenetic tree, this novel strain shares a branching point with the species Luteimonas composti CC-YY255^T (96.0%). The DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed a DNA-DNA homology of 23.0% between strain B9^T and Luteimonas mephitis B1953/27.1^T. The G+C content of genomic DNA of the type strain is 64.7 mol% (SD, 1.1). The predominant fatty acids are iso-C_11:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, iso-C_17:0, iso-C_17:0 ω9c, and iso-C_11:0 3-OH. Combined analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, fatty acid profile, and results from physiological and biochemical tests indicated that there is genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolate from other Luteimonas species. For these reasons, strain B9^T was proposed as a novel species, named Luteimonas aestuarii. The type strain of the new species is B9^T (= KCTC 22048^T, DSM 19680^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphingomonas rosea</Emphasis> sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphingomonas swuensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., rosy colored <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-glucosidase-producing bacteria isolated from soil

Two strains PB196^T and PB62^T of Gram-negative, non-motile, and non-spore-forming bacteria, were isolated from soil in South Korea and characterized to determine their taxonomic positions. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the two strains belonged to the genus Sphingomonas. The highest degree of sequence similarity of strain PB196^T was found with PB62^T (98.9%), Sphingomonas humi PB323^T (98.9%), Sphingomonas kaistensis PB56^T (98.2%), and Sphingomonas astaxanthinifaciens TDMA-17^T (98.0%). The highest degree of sequence similarity of strain PB62^T was found with Sphingomonas humi PB323^T (98.8%), Sphingomonas astaxanthinifaciens TDMA-17^T (98.2%), and Sphingomonas kaistensis PB56^T (98.1%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that they possessed ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as common in the genus Sphingomonas, that the predominant fatty acids were summed feature 7 (C_18:1 ω7c/ω9t/ω12t), summed feature 4 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_15:0 iso 2OH), C_16:0, and C_17:1 ω6c, and that they contained sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidyle-thanolamine (PE) in common but they showed difference for diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG). Based on these data, PB196^T (=KCTC 12339^T =JCM 16604^T) and PB62^T (=KCTC 12336^T =JCM 16605^T =KEMB 9004-005^T) should be classified as type strains of two novel species, for which the names Sphingomonas rosea sp. nov. and Sphingomonas swuensis sp. nov. are proposed, respectively.     

Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deinococcus sahariens</Emphasis> sp. nov., a radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from a Saharan hot spring

An ultraviolet-radiation-resistant, Gram-positive, orange-pigmented, thermophilic and strictly aerobic cocci was isolated from Saharan water hot spring in Tunisia. The newly isolated bacterium, designated HAN-23^T, was identified based on polyphasic taxonomy including genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed this strain within Deinococcus genus. However, strain HAN-23^T is different from recognized species of the genus Deinococcus, showing less than 94.0% similarity values to its closest relatives. The predominant cellular fatty acids determined by gas chromatography were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 and iso C_17:1 ω9c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-8. The DNA G + C content was 66.9 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization measurements revealed low DNA relatedness (6%) between the novel isolate and its closest neighbor, the type strain Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain HAN-23^T represents a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus sahariens sp. nov. is proposed, the type strain being HAN-23^T (=DSM 18496^T; LMG 23756^T).     

Pedobacter soyangensis sp. nov., isolated from Lake Soyang in Korea

Strain HME6451^T was isolated from Lake Soyang in Korea. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain HME6451^T formed a lineage within the genus Pedobacter. The strain HME6451^T was closely related to Pedobacter daechungensis (95.4% sequence similarity), Pedobacter lentus (94.4%), and Pedobacter glucosidilyticus (93.8%). And strain HME6451^T was a Gram-staining-negative, short rod-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (41.2%), summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c; 23.1%), and iso-C_17:0-3OH (10.1%). The polar lipids of HME6451^T were consisted of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 36.0 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME6451^T represent a novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the name Pedobacter soyangensis sp. nov., is proposed the type strain HME6451^T (=KCTC 23467^T =CECT 7865^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lysobacter daecheongensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from sediment of stream near the Daechung dam in South Korea

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Dae08^T, was isolated from sediment of the stream near Daechung dam in South Korea, and was characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position, using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Dae08^T belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae of the Gammaproteobacteria, and is related to Lysobacter brunescens ATCC 29482^T (97.3%). The phylogenetic distances from any other species with validly published names within the genus Lysobacter were greater than 3.7%. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strain Dae08^T was 69.3 mol%. The detection of a quinone system with Q-8 as the predominant compound and a fatty acid profile with iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:1, ω9c, iso-C_17:0, iso-C_16:0, and iso-C_11:0 3-OH as the major acids supported the affiliation of strain Dae08^T to the genus Lysobacter. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain Dae08^T and its phylogenetically closest neighbour was 28%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Dae08^T (= KCTC 12600^T) should be classified in the genus Lysobacter as the novel species, for which the name Lysobacter daecheongensis sp. nov. is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Photobacterium atrarenae</Emphasis> sp. nov. a Novel Bacterium Isolated from Sea Sand

The gram-reaction-negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive bacterial strain M3-4^T was isolated from black sea sand and subjected to a taxonomic study. Cells of strain M3-4^T have monotrichous flagella, grow optimally at 37°C and at pH 7–8 in the presence of 1–4% (w/v) NaCl and hydrolyze casein, starch and l-tyrosine. According to phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain M3-4^T belongs to the genus Photobacterium and is most closely related to Photobacterium rosenbergii LMG 22223^T (97.4%) and P. gaetbulicola KCTC 22804^T (96.6%). The DNA–DNA relatedness value between M3-4^T and P. rosenbergii LMG 22223^T was 21.5%. The DNA G+C mol% of strain M3-4^T was 53.6. The major cellular fatty acid of strain M3-4^T was a summed feature 3 consisting of C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH (35.0%), followed by C_16:0 (25.4%) and C_18:1ω7c (16.8%). These data suggest that strain M3-4^T represents a novel species in genus Photobacterium, for which the name P. atrarenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M3-4^T (= KCTC 23265^T = NCAIM B 02414^T).