紫云英叶片及叶肉原生质体的培养

本工作研究了豆科植物紫云英的叶片及叶肉原生质体的培养。叶片培养实验表明,诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS加1.0-2.0毫克/升2,4-D和0.25毫克/升KT;诱导根分化需加1.0—5.0毫克/升NAA和0.5毫克/升BA;而苗分化则以0—0.5毫克/升IAA和0.5毫克/升BA为好。高浓度的NAA有利于根分化而抑制茎芽形成;高浓度的IAA对根和芽分化都有抑制作用。叶肉原生质体分离和培养试验表明,紫云英叶肉原生质体的释放及其培养活力受叶龄、植株生理状态和酶浓度的影响。叶肉原生质体在改良的KM8P培养基中能分裂。用改良KM8细胞培养基定期稀释,可使分裂持续进行而得到细胞团。BA和2,4-D为诱导紫云英叶肉原生质体分裂所必需。其最佳组合激素为BA 0.21毫克/升和2,4-D 1.13毫克/升。葡萄糖作为渗透压稳定剂时,其浓度明显影响原生质体的存活率。弱光条件下培养比黑暗培养有利于叶肉原生质体分裂。由叶肉原生质体形成的愈伤组织能形成瘤状结构和根。     

豇豆根瘤菌NGR234和紫云英根瘤菌109感染紫云英的比较研究

利用光学和电子显微镜对紫云英根瘤菌菌株109和广宿主的快生型根瘤菌菌株NGR234感染温带型豆科植物紫云英进行了研究,结果表明根瘤菌感染紫云英是通过在根毛中形成侵染线的途径。电子显微镜研究揭示了固氮根瘤中细胞内侵染线的存在。接种二天后,首先可观察到根毛的卷曲或分枝。接种四至五天后,在每株植物卷曲的根毛中可看到侵染线。接种八至十天后的植株出现肉眼可见的根瘤。菌株NGR234能够在紫云英上诱导根毛的卷曲,侵染线和根瘤的形成,但所形成的根瘤却未能固氮,根瘤中无明显的类菌体区,但有少数包有细菌的侵染线。NGR234抗抗菌素的衍生菌均未能使紫云英结瘤。将NGR234的共生质粒转移至三叶草、苜蓿、豌豆、快生型大豆根瘤菌和农杆菌,亦未能使这些细菌获得紫云英上结瘤的能力。     

取样策略对SSR标记鉴别紫云英品种能力的影响

紫云英属于异花授粉植物, 品种内个体基因型杂合, 品种鉴定难度大。本文以紫云英闽紫系列3个审定品种为材料, 采用SSR标记进行取样策略对3个品种鉴别能力影响的研究。结果表明：（1）固定4对引物组合,从5～50进行梯度取样时,品种内的扩增位点总数、观测等位基因数趋于增多,但有效等位基因数、Shanon信息指数、遗传多样性指数增大到最大值后趋于下降,其中总体样品的最大值是出现在取样量为30的时候;随着样品量的增加,品种间Nei氏遗传距离以及分子方差分析的品种间期望变异系数比例值（PhiPT）均呈减少趋势,但PhiPT值的置信度在增大;（2）固定品种的样品容量为30和50,再加入2对能扩增出在品种间形成频率差异的标记位点的SSR引物对,基于这6对SSR引物可以将参试的3个紫云英品种有效的区分,品种间期望变异系数比例值（PhiPT）提高且差异的置信度具有明显的统计学意义（P<0.001）。主成分分析进一步表明：3个参试品种30个样品与50个样品的散布状况基本一致。对紫云英取样策略的研究表明：为提高对参试品种的鉴别能力,样品取样量以30株为宜,即达到较佳鉴别效果又降低分析成本。     

Cloning and identification of opa22, a new gene involved in nodule formation by Mesorhizobium huakuii

Using Tn5-sacB insertion mutagenesis, 3000 mutants were obtained from Mesorhizobium huakuii 7653R. Eight nodulation-defective mutants were screened by plant nodulation experiments. The DNA sequences of the contiguous region from the Tn5 insertion site were determined by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. A new gene was cloned and designated opa22, as judged from its structural and functional homology. Sequence analysis indicated that opa22 was composed of 774 nucleotides and encoded a protein of 257 amino acids. RPS-BLAST analysis of the Opa22 protein showed a sequence similarity (88.9%) to the opacity protein and related to surface antigens of the bacterial outer membrane, which can mediate various pathogen-host cell interactions and promote invasion. Our results from root hair curling experiments suggested that expression of the opa22 gene might occur at the stage of infection thread formation and nodule development. The complement stain HK24 was able to restore the nodule forming ability of the mutant.     

On the inhibition of microsomal drug metabolism by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and related phenolic compounds.

The in vitro metabolism of p-nitroanisole, aminopyrine, and aniline by rat liver microsomal monoxygenases were studied in the presence of different polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures and some related hydroxybiphenyls. The tested PCB mixtures contained preferably dichloro- (di-CB), tetrachloro- (tetra-CB), or hexachlorobiphenyls (hexa-CB). All PCB were competitive inhibitors of only aminopyrine demethylation by normal microsomes (Ki 22-39 micron). In microsomes of PCB-pretreated rats the aminopyrine demethylation was inhibited noncompetitively by di-CB and hexa-CB whereas tetra-CB remained a competitive inhibitor (Ki 12 micron). Moreover, after PCB pretreatment all PCB were competitive inhibitors of p-nitroanisole demethylation. 2-OH-biphenyl and 4-OH-biphenyl caused competitive inhibition of aminopyrine demethylation and aniline hydroxylation but failed to inhibit p-nitroanisole metabolism by normal microsomes. Chlorinated 4-hydroxybiphenyls inhibited competitively the metabolism of both type I and type II substrates. However, after PCB pretreatment all phenolic compounds caused uncompetitive inhibition of aniline hydroxylation.     

Bioremediation of Aroclor 1242 by a consortium culture in marine sediment microcosm

Plant terpenes have proven to be effective in stimulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) biodegradation in soil systems. However, data on the application of plant terpenes in marine sediments contaminated with PCBs remains limited. The aim of this study was to ascertain the roles of a PCB degrading consortium and plant terpenes in stimulation of PCB biodegradation in marine sediments. The consortium culture 1-2Mix (strains 1-2M and 1-2T in commensalism), a utilizer of biphenyl and a natural substrate was enriched and isolated from marine sediments from the Busan coast, South Korea. PCB degradation by this culture was shown to be more effectively induced by tangerine peel extract than other known substrates (limonene, pinene, and cymene). Coastal sediment microcosms inoculated with 1-2Mix were set up to elucidate the effect of the consortium and plant terpenes on degradation of Aroclor 1242. After four weeks, the highest removal rates of PCBs, compared with the control (autoclaved sediment and no inoculation of 1-2Mix), were observed in order of the inducers tested; biphenyl (71.1%), tangerine peel extract (69.5%), surfactant (66.0%), and limonene (63.0%). Bioaugmentation effect was doubled in the presence of natural substrates such as tangerine peel extract and limonene, indicating effectiveness of these substrates in biostimulation. It was concluded that the tangerine peel extract could replace biphenyl as a feasible induction substrate for effective remediation of PCBs in the marine sediment.     

紫云英AD-cDNA文库构建及与豆血红蛋白Lb相互作用靶蛋白的筛选

【目的】本文旨在构建紫云英酵母双杂交AD-cDNA文库和互作靶蛋白筛选平台,为深入研究共生固氮作用的分子机理奠定工作基础。【方法】以接种华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R的豆科植物紫云英不同时期根部组织为材料,抽提和纯化RNA,构建了一个酵母AD-cDNA文库。库容量达到1.02×106/3μg pGADT7-RecDNA,插入片段大小1-1.5 kb左右。以紫云英豆血红蛋白基因AsB2510构建诱饵载体pGBKT7-AsB2510,利用酵母双杂交技术,筛选与诱饵蛋白相互作用的靶蛋白。【结果】在含有X-gal的SD四缺培养基上筛选得到26个克隆,经过质粒抽提、PCR鉴定、回转酵母验证获得10个阳性克隆。【结论】对阳性克隆的外源片段进行了测序和同源性分析,发现一个值得深入研究的含有tify domain和Divergent CCT motif的转录调控因子。     

假单胞菌菌株CTN-3对百菌清污染土壤的生物修复

百菌清被美国环境保护署列为优先控制污染物,利用微生物的降解作用修复被污染的土壤、清除环境中的污染物等具有重要的现实意义.假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)菌株CTN-3是一株从污染土壤中分离得到的百菌清降解菌,考察了其在实验室条件下对百菌清污染土壤的生物修复能力及其影响因素.结果表明:降解菌株在灭菌土壤中的降解效果略好于未灭菌土壤;在外源添加降解菌106 CFU·g-1、温度15 ～ 30℃和pH5.8～8.3条件下,该菌株能有效降解土壤中10 ～200 mg·kg-1的百菌清.菌株CTN-3在百菌清污染土壤的生物修复中具有良好的应用前景.     

根瘤菌N613胞外多糖发酵条件及抗肿瘤作用研究

用摇瓶正交试验研究了根瘤菌Rhizobium sp.N613合成根瘤菌胞外多糖(rhizobium exopolysaccharide,REPS)的最佳培养基配方和最适培养条件。采用10L自动控制罐进行了分批发酵试验,获得了合成REPS的发酵动力学参数。经40h的补料分批发酵与代谢调控,REPS产量达到11.31g/L。此外,抗肿瘤实验表明,当REPS剂量为5mg/kg时,其抑瘤率可达53.40%。结果表明,REPS的发酵周期短,产量高,成本低,且具有良好的免疫活性与增稠性,有着极高的开发应用价值。     

Evaluation and improvement of the energy efficiency of nitrogen fixation in Lotus corniculatus nodules induced by Rhizobium loti strains indigenous to Uruguay

In order to evaluate energy efficiency of nitrogen fixation by the Lotus corniculatus/Rhizobium loti symbiosis, Uruguayan R. loti strains were tested for hydrogen-uptake (Hup) status. Nodules induced in L. corniculatus by all eight R. loti strains tested evolved high amounts of hydrogen (2.0–8.7 mol H2/h.g nodule fresh weight). This production of hydrogen corresponds to 38–69% of total nitrogenase activity estimated as acetylene reduction, suggesting that hydrogen is not recycled within these nodules. This was confirmed by the lack of hydrogenase activity in bacteroid suspensions. Additionally, no hybridization signals were observed in total DNA restriction digests from these strains when a DNA fragment containing part of hydrogenase structural genes from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae was used as probe. Cosmid pHU52, containing the complete gene cluster required for hydrogen oxidation in Bradyrhizobium japonicum, was introduced into two R. loti strains. Transconjugants from only one of the strains were able to express hydrogenase activity in vegetative cells incubated under the derepression conditions described for B. japonicum. Bacteroids induced by both transconjugant strains in L. corniculatus and Lotus tenuis expressed hydrogenase activity in nodules. The level of hydrogenase activity induced in L. tenuis nodules was two-fold higher than those induced in L. corniculatus. This implies the existence of a strong host effect on hydrogenase expression in this symbiotic system.     

Characterization of Rhizobium sp. Q32 Isolated from Weathered Rocks and its Role in Silicate Mineral Weathering

One mineral-solubilizing strain was isolated from weathered potassic trachyte surfaces and identified as Rhizobium sp. Q32 based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The mineral (feldspar and biotite) dissolution potential and the physiological characteristics of the bacterium were investigated. Laboratory mineral dissolution experiments indicated that inoculation with the live bacterium significantly increased feldspar and biotite dissolution by a factor of 1.2–4.7 for Si and 1.2–1.5 for K in comparison with the dead bacterium inoculated controls. In addition, extracellular polysaccharide production by the bacterium increased with time but the bacterium produced small pH changes (6.0–6.5) in the course of mineral dissolution experiment. The bacterium was found to produce siderophores and have the characteristics of acid or alkali and salt tolerance and temperature resistance. The result suggested that feldspar and biotite dissolution may be mainly caused by extracellular polysaccharide and/or siderophores produced by the bacterium.     

紫云英花蜜腺的发育解剖学研究

紫云英花蜜除环绕在子房基部周围,属于花托蜜腺。成熟蜜腺的结构由分泌表皮和泌蜜组织构成。分泌表皮单层,细胞壁薄,其上有少量气孔存在,外切向壁角质层薄。泌蜜组织细胞5—6层。泌蜜组织基部具维管束、筛管或导管分子直达泌蜜组织基部。紫云英花蜜腺形成较晚,至露冠期基本成熟。PAS反应结果表明,紫云英花蜜腺是淀粉型蜜腺。蜜腺发育早期即在蜜腺细胞内充满众多的多糖颗粒。从结构和发育过程分析,紫云英花蜜腺的花蜜以分泌表皮层直接泌出为主,气孔泌出是辅助途径。