sp. B49发酵糖蜜制氢条件

研究1株产氢细菌Ethanoligenens sp. B49利用废糖蜜为基本原料进行生物制氢的条件,及外加氮素营养物对废糖蜜生物制氢的影响。结果表明,在10.3～20.6 g·L^-1的化学需氧量（COD）范围内,经过驯化的Ethanoligenens sp. B49细胞具有较好的生物利用能力,细胞生长量和产氢能力随着废糖蜜COD的提高而增加。当废糖蜜COD超过20.6 g·L^-1时Ethanoligenens sp. B49的细胞生长受到抑制,同时产氢能力下降,COD超过41.2 g·L^-1时细胞基本不具有生长和产氢能力。Ethanoligenens sp. B49利用废糖蜜产氢的最佳COD为20.6 g·L^-1。在20.6 g·L^-1COD条件下外加有机氮源可以促进Ethanoligenens sp. B49利用废糖蜜制氢的能力,促进作用顺序为酵母粉>牛肉膏>蛋白胨>脲素。添加4 g·L^-1的酵母粉时,Ethanoligenens sp. B49细胞具有最好的生长活性和产氢能力。优化营养条件后,单位体积产氢量从44.82 mmol·L ^-1提高到78.97 mmol·L^-1,提高了76.2%。     

风车草和香根草在人工湿地中迁移养分能力的比较研究

为研究风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）和香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）迁移养分的能力,建立17.0 m²风车草潜流式人工湿地和13.3 m²香根草潜流式人工湿地处理猪场废水,在四个季节末测定植物生物量和组织氮、磷、铜、锌含量.结果表明,香根草地下部生物量大于风车草,地上部生物量则是风车草大于香根草.风车草年地上部收获量为3406.47 g·m^-2,比香根草的1483.88 g·m^-2高2.3倍;风车草的氮含量为22.69 mg·g^-1,比香根草的15.44 mg·g^-1高7.25 mg·g^-1;风车草的磷含量为6.09 mg·g^-1,比香根草的5.47 mg·g^-1高0.62 mg·g^-1.植株含铜、锌量风车草略比香根草高.风车草每年迁移N 68.72 g·m^-2和P 18.49 g·m^-2,香根草迁移N 8.93 g·m^-2和P 3.69 g·m^-2.风车草人工湿地每年由植物迁移的氮、磷、铜、锌比香根草高4～7倍.     

当归根际土对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

室内条件下测定了当归根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,采用化感作用效应指数（RI）和综合化感效应指数（M）及差异性检验评价了当归根际土的化感效应。结果表明：与蒸馏水和对照土实验组相比,根际土、非根际土水浸液对种子萌发、幼苗生长及4种酶活性均有显著的抑制作用;随着质量浓度的升高,根际土水浸液对当归种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合化感效应在各浓度（0.125～1.000 g·ml^-1）之间差异显著（P<0.05）,而在相同质量浓度条件下,根际土水浸液的综合化感效应较非根际土和对照土明显;当质量浓度均为0.500 g·ml^-1时,根际土、非根际土水浸液对4种酶活性均有明显抑制作用,且二者之间的差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;3种土壤水浸液供体对当归种子萌发、幼苗生长的抑制强度均表现为根际土>非根际土>对照土,因此推测自毒作用是当归连作障碍的原因之一。     

模拟氮沉降对典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳和养分的影响简

为探讨氮沉降对典型阔叶红松（Pinus koraiensis）林的影响,从2008年6月~2010年8月进行了人工模拟氮沉降实验,实验分为对照、低N、中N、高N4个处理,每个处理3个重复。所施氮肥为CO(NH₂)₂,以溶液的形式喷施,4个处理浓度分别为0、30、60、120 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。在氮沉降进行1年后,采集各处理0～20、20～40和40～60 cm的土壤样品,测定其土壤有机C、全N、碱解N和速效P、速效K。结果表明：相同处理下,有机C和全N含量随土层的加深均逐渐减少。总体上低、中N处理显著增加了土壤有机C、碱解N和速效K含量,中、高N处理显著降低了土壤速效P含量（P<0.05）,而对全N含量影响不显著（P>0.05）。土壤有机C与土壤全N、碱解N、速效P、速效K之间存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.001）。有机C和土壤养分对氮沉降的响应说明氮沉降在短期内可能影响阔叶红松林土壤碳库积累和土壤肥力水平。     

典型湿地植物与湿地农田作物铁含量的季节变化特征

分析了三江平原自然湿地的优势种小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）、乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）、毛苔草（C. lasiocarpa）和湿地农田中的大豆（Giycine max）和水稻（Oryza sativa）各器官铁含量的季节变化特征。结果表明：3种湿地植物各器官的铁含量呈金字塔构型,成熟期（9月）时位于金字塔尖的叶的铁含量约为位于塔底的下草根层（地下20～30 cm）的3.08％、4.42％和1.18％;幼龄期（5月）的铁含量垂直剖面Logistic拟合很好,R²分别达1.0000、0.9902和0.9954;整个生长季地下部分铁含量均逐渐降低,而地上部分具有种间和器官间差异。相比之下,农作物大豆和水稻的铁库主要集中在地下根系中,且随生长季的延长而逐渐富集;地上部分的铁含量远低于根系,其中地上部分又以叶的含铁量最高,随生长期的延长有所增加,平均增长率分别为5.67%和75.61％;成熟期作为种子的大豆和稻米铁含量最低,仅相当于同期根铁含量的5.50%和0.44%。不同物种间相同器官铁含量的差异随生长期不同而变化。湿地植物对土壤铁的富集能力要大于湿地农田作物。     

长江口互花米草生长区大型底栖动物的群落特征

2005年对长江口潮滩湿地互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）生长区不同季节大型底栖动物群落特征的研究表明：长江口互花米草生长区的大型底栖动物有21种，其中甲壳纲10种、多毛纲5种、腹足纲5种、辨鳃纲1种。主要种类有拟沼螺（Assiminea sp.）、背蚓虫（Notomastus latericeus）、尖锥拟蟹守螺（Cerithidea largillierli）、中国绿螂（Glauconome chinensis）、钩虾（Gammaridae sp.）等。食性功能群均以碎屑食者和植食者为主。大型底栖动物平均栖息密度为(650.5±719.2)个/m²，标准误主要是由于北湖的拟沼螺密度很大。栖息密度从大到小的顺序为沿河口梯度从内到外分布的北湖边滩、崇明东滩、金山卫边滩。大型底栖动物群落分布不均匀，沿河口梯度变化存在明显的空间差异。栖息密度和物种多样性在夏季最高，冬季最低。大型底栖动物平均生物量为(20.8±6.1)g/m²，季相变化为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。BIO-ENV分析表明沉积物粒径和盐沼高度是大型底栖动物群落特征的主要影响因素。不同研究结果的差异除了时空因素外可能与互花米草的种群动态有关。加强不同时间尺度的研究有助于正确评价互花米草对大型底栖动物的影响。     

Cu胁迫对狭叶香蒲体内元素吸收分配的影响

采用水培法,研究了不同浓度Cu²⁺胁迫下狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）体内Cu及其他元素吸收分配的变化。结果表明：狭叶香蒲地上部和根系累积的Cu量均随Cu²⁺浓度升高显著增加;在同一浓度Cu²⁺胁迫下,根中Cu的累积量明显高于地上部。根系同一组织中的Cu百分含量随Cu²⁺浓度的升高均显著增加;同一Cu²⁺浓度下,根系各组织中Cu含量均表现为：中柱>皮层>表皮。低浓度（1和5 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺对地上部及根中Ca、Mg含量及地上部Mn含量均无显著影响,但高浓度（80和100 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺可促进植株对Ca的吸收,显著降低对Mg﹑Mn和Zn的吸收。较高浓度（55～100 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺胁迫后,根系各组织对Ca的吸收增加,对Zn的吸收降低;55～80 mg·L^-1 Cu²⁺胁迫下根系不同组织对Cl和K的吸收增加,但高浓度（100 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺胁迫下则显著降低。根系累积的Ca、Zn和K主要分配到中柱中,Cl主要分配到皮层中.     

通量的初步研究

该文利用涡度协方差法和生理生态学方法（不同分量的累积和）获得的通量观测数据,对老山落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林(45°20′N, 127°34 ′E)的碳收支进行了分析。通过对每0.5 h所测数据进行的分析表明,能量平衡达到75％,说明涡度协方差法适应于本站的研究。较阴天气情况 下,林分光照利用效率显著高于晴朗天气,可能归因于阴天较多的散射光。以单位土地面积计算发现,通过涡度协方差法计算的落叶松林生态 系统的总初级生产力在20～50 μmol•m^-2•s^-1之间,远高于冠层叶片的总光合速率9.8～23.4μmol•m^-2•s^-1 (平均值16.2μmol•m^-2•s^-1 ),而 当综合考虑冠层光合和林下植物光合作用时,两种方法测定结果吻合性较好,说明林下植物对落叶松林碳平衡有重要影响。在估计森林生态系 统呼吸方面,以有风夜晚净生态系统交换量（NEE）来代表生态系统呼吸总量（3～9μmol•m^-2•s^-1）低估了生态系统呼吸总量,粗略估计较生 理生态学方法（不同呼吸分量的累积和）低估了50%左右（14.2μmol•m^-2•s^-1）。结果发现两种方法在估计森林碳平衡方面存在一定的差异, 呼吸量的估计差异应是今后研究的重点。     

森草净杀灭薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其安全性

在深圳市内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害的不同群落生境中,设立9块样地81个小样方,用森草净（即70%嘧碘降水溶性粉剂）杀灭样地中的薇甘菊施量为0.0001~0.02 g•m^-2,结果表明：各浓度的森草净杀灭效果均较好,杀灭率随着用药量的增加而提高;在坡地和溪谷生境中,森草净用药量分别为0.05~0.1 g•m^-2、>0.2 g•m^-2能较彻底地杀灭薇甘菊。应用HPLC法检测样地土壤中嘧磺隆残留量,溪谷土壤中嘧磺隆半衰期C=C₀•e^-0.083T, T_1/2＝8.4,施药后37 d消解95.9％,坡地高浓度级半衰期C=C₀•e^-0.046T, T_1/2＝15.1 d,施药后37 d消解85.0％,坡地低浓度级半衰期C=C₀•e-0.090T, T_1/2＝7.7 d,施药后15 d消解742％。不同浓度森草净处理样地,施药后7、15、37 d均可检测到嘧磺隆,并且含量越来越小,但施药后68 d的土样,均未检测到嘧磺隆的存在。     

废弃汞矿山苔藓植物群落生态研究

对贵州省铜仁市云场坪镇废弃汞矿山的苔藓植物群落进行了研究,通过野外全面调查和实验室仔细鉴定,发现废弃汞矿山苔藓植物群落的种类组成有13科52属62种(苔类植物2科2属2种,藓类植物11科50属60种)。应用双向指示种分析法(TWlNSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)分析其分布格局表明,该区12个样点分为2个类型组,组1为废石、废渣样地,组2为废洞样地,说明废洞与废石、废渣生境差异性较大,废石、废渣生境较相似;北地扭口藓群落（Barbula fallax Com.）、阔叶小石藓群落（Weisia planifolia Com.）、尖叶扭口藓群落（Barbula constricta Com.）、拟丛净口藓群落（Gymnostomum anoectangioides Com.）、硬叶净口藓群落（Gymnostomum subrigidulum Com.）为该矿区废石、废渣上的优势群落,其生物量为55.20~448.20 g·m^-2,饱和吸水量为260.80~3 599.40 g·m^-2,说明在矿区这种干旱且保水能力弱的环境区域,苔藓植物群落以其特有的生态功能在矿区生态环境治理中具有十分重要的作用。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000