不同浓度HGF、EGF优化大鼠胎肝干细胞体外培养的研究

目的:研究不同浓度肝细胞生长因子(Hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)和表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)对大鼠胎肝干细胞体外增殖的影响,探索二者间有无协同作用.方法:取孕14天胎龄F344大鼠胚胎的胎肝,经三步分离法分离纯化后,配置不同浓度HGF、EGF及HGF和EGF联合组培养基,将胎肝干细胞分组培养.光镜下观察细胞增殖状况,MTT法观察不同浓度和不同时间HGF、EGF及HGF和EGF联合对大鼠胎肝干细胞增殖的影响,并进行统计学分析.结果:HGF 10～80 ng/mL各浓度组,EGF 10～80 ng/mL各浓度组增殖效应均大于对照组.当HGF为20ng/mL,增殖效应明显大于对照组(P＜0.01),当HGF浓度继续增高时,增殖效应无明显增高.将20 ng/mL HGF组与不同浓度EGF组合后分组培养细胞,发现20 ng/ml HGF和10 ng/mLEGF联合组增殖效应明显升高,继续升高联合组中EGF浓度,增殖效应无明显提高.结论:HGF和EGF具有明显改善大鼠胎肝干细胞体外无血清培养条件的作用,二者对大鼠胎肝干细胞体外培养具有协同促进作用.其中20 ng/mL HGF和10 ng/mL EGF联合培养促进大鼠胎肝干细胞增殖效果最明显.     

肝细胞生长因子对四氯化碳损伤原代培养大鼠肝细胞的保护…

本工作采用无血清原供培养大鼠肝细胞法,观察了重组人肝细胞生长因子对四氯化碳致大鼠肝细胞损伤的保护作用。结果表明,ｒ－ｈＨＧＦ对ＣＣｌ４染毒肝细胞有明显的保护作用。ｒ－ｈＨＧＦ保护组较ＣＣｌ４染毒组细胞存活率显著升高,细胞内丙氨酸转氨酶,钾离子漏出明显降低。     

四氯化碳中毒对大鼠离体再生肝细胞钾离子外漏的影响

本工作用三种剂量四氯化碳(CCl_4,10,15和20mmol/L)损伤正常大鼠离体肝细胞,分别在5,10,15和20min测定细胞内K~+和GPT漏出量。实验观察到细胞内K~+和GPT漏出量与CCl_4染毒的剂量和时间有明显关系,而且K~+漏出量较GPT更能灵敏地反映细胞的损伤程度;用中等剂量CCl_4(15mmol/L)损伤离体再生肝细胞20min后,细胞内K~+漏出的变化百分数明显低于正常肝细胞。这些结果表明,大鼠离体再生肝细胞具有较强的抗CCl_4损伤作用,其机制可能与再生肝细胞膜稳定性较强有关。     

肝细胞生长因子对四氯化碳损伤原代培养大鼠肝细胞的保护作用

本工作采用无血清原代培养大鼠肝细胞法,观察了重组人肝细胞生长因子（ｒ－ｈＨＧＦ）对四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）致大鼠肝细胞损伤的保护作用。结果表明,ｒ－ｈＨＧＦ对ＣＣｌ４染毒肝细胞有明显的保护作用。ｒ－ｈＨＧＦ保护组较ＣＣｌ４染毒组细胞存活率显著升高,细胞内丙氨酸转氨酶、钾离子漏出明显降低。结果提示,ｒ－ｈＨＧＦ可减轻ＣＣｌ４对肝细胞膜的损伤,提高细胞膜的结构完整性     

肝细胞生长因子对四氯化碳损伤肝细胞的保护作用及相关基因表达

利用无血清原代培养大鼠肝细胞,观察重组人肝细胞生长因子（ｒｈＨＧＦ）对ＣＣｌ４染毒肝细胞的保护作用。结果表明：（１）ｒｈＨＧＦ（５ｎｇ／ｍｌ）预自理后可显著提高ＣＣｌ４（１５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）染毒肝细胞存活率,降低细胞内丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ＡＬＴ）、Ｋ＾＋的漏出;（２）表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ,５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ）和ｒｈＨＧＦ（５ｎｇ／ｍｌ）合用预处理肝细胞,ＣＣｌ４染毒后细胞内ＡＬＴ、Ｋ＾＋漏出较ｒｈＨＧＦ和     

肝细胞生长因子对氧糖剥夺/再灌注神经元的保护作用

本文旨在探讨肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor,HGF）对神经元氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤的影响。取原代培养12d的Sprague-Dawley大鼠大脑皮层神经元,无糖、无氧（95%N2＋5%CO2）孵育2h后,换含25mmol/L葡萄糖的培养液、常氧培养0-24h,以MTT比色法检测细胞活力、乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）漏出率作为细胞损伤指标,建立体外氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤细胞模型;用流式细胞仪和Hoechst33258染色分析细胞凋亡率;用RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测大鼠脑皮层神经元HGF受体c-Met mRNA和蛋白的表达。于氧糖剥夺2h/再灌注24h处理前2h,加入不同终浓度（5-120ng/mL）的HGF,观察HGF对皮层神经元的影响。结果显示,c-Met表达于皮层神经元,氧糖剥夺2h/再灌注24h后,c-Met mRNA和蛋白表达均显著上调,神经元细胞活力明显降低,LDH漏出率和细胞凋亡率显著增高。HGF预处理明显促进氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤神经元的存活,降低LDH漏出率,最大效应剂量为80ng/mL。流式细胞术和Hoechst33258染色结果均显示,HGF（80ng/mL）显著降低氧糖剥夺/再灌注神经元的细胞凋亡率。此外,c-Met抑制剂SU11274（5μmol/L）完全阻断HGF的神经保护作用。结果表明,HGF对皮层神经元氧糖剥夺/再灌注损伤具有直接的保护作用,呈一定的剂量依赖关系,并能有效对抗神经元凋亡。     

人肝刺激因子对CCl4损伤大鼠离体肝细胞内钙和钾离子稳态的影响

本工作从自愿流产孕妇的胎儿取肝,按照LaBrecque法提取人肝刺激因子(human hepaticstimulator substance,hHSS)。用荧光探针Fura-2/AM测定离体肝细胞内游离钙,用离子分析仪测细胞染毒(四氯化碳CCl_4)前后基质中钾离子含量,观察hHSS对染毒肝细胞内Ca~(2+)和K~+稳态的影响,并测定肝细胞存活率和细胞内转氨酶(ALT)的漏出作为佐证。结果表明,人胎肝中含有hHSS,hHSS能提高离体肝细胞的存活率,维持肝细胞内游离钙的相对恒定,减少细胞内钾离子和ALT的漏出。这些结果提示,hHSS可保护肝细胞内钙,钾离子稳态和肝细胞膜的稳定,从而加强大鼠离体肝细胞抗CCl_4的损伤。     

肝细胞生长因子结构和功能研究进展

肝细胞生长因子是一种能够促进肝细胞分裂增殖的多效性细胞因子．它是由一条重链和一条轻链组成的异二聚体,其中重链由N端和4个Kring1e区组成。目前,NKl的晶体结构已经解出,在N端有肝素糖蛋白结合区,HGF分子与肝素糖蛋白的相互作用对HGF分子二聚化和内吞清除都有重要意义。Kring1e区的空间取向对HGF分子与受体结合非常重要．其中K1、K2发挥重要作用,而K3、K4发挥辅助作用。轻链有促进受体酪氨酸磷酸化的作用。     

肝细胞生长因子研究进展

肝细胞生长因子是一个多效应生长因子,参与机体多种器官组织细胞的生长。再生和重塑过程。本综述近年来对HGF在生物学方面的研究。包括HGF/c-met受体的生化。结构,基因表达和信号分子转导等方面。     

重组人肝细胞生长因子真核表达的定性及定量检测

将人肝细胞生长因子（human hepatocyte growth factor hHGF)全长cDNA重组入pEE14真稳定表达质粒,用lipofectin脂质体将pEE14/rhHGF转染入CHO－K1细胞,蛋氨酸亚氨基代砜（methionine sulfoximine,MSX)筛选出阳性细胞克隆,利用RT－PCR检测rhHGF mRNA的表达通过ELISA法测定rhHGF的蛋白表达,3H掺入法检测培养上清液对大鼠原代培养肝细胞DNA合成的影响,结果表明转染pEE14/rhHGF的细胞可扩增出hHGF特异的396bp RT-PCR片段,培养上清液明显促进大鼠肝细胞DNA的合成,ELISA法测出上清液中,rhHGF的含量在8ug/L以上,显示rhHGF在CHO细胞中以活性形式得到表达。     

Probing hepatocyte heterogeneity

To maintain homeostasis, organs replace cells lost through normal cellular turnover, often through the straightforward replication of existing cells. A recent paper in Nature shows that cells in the liver are not equivalent when it comes to their replicative capacity; rather, a subset of hepatocytes defined by the maintenance of active Wnt signaling bears the brunt of responsibility for maintaining liver mass.Since at least the 1930s, and possibly well before, the mammalian liver has been recognized for its extraordinary ability to regenerate following injury¹. Over the course of the 20^th century, a paradigm emerged which posited that the liver uses two distinct mechanisms for regeneration depending on the mode of injury. According to this paradigm, the liver regenerates via the replication of existing cells following removal of a part of the liver (i.e., partial hepatectomy) and via the expansion and differentiation of a specialized stem/progenitor cell pool following exposure to toxins, particularly those toxins that interfere with hepatocyte replication². Recently, however, several studies have called into question whether stem/progenitor cells contribute substantively to liver regeneration, at least in those injury models previously thought to involve progenitors. Hence, liver regeneration may be driven almost entirely by the replication of existing cells (i.e., hepatocytes), regardless of the mode of injury³. Nevertheless, such findings still leave open the possibility that hepatocytes differ in their replicative potential.To address the issue of possible heterogeneity, Wang and colleagues⁴ developed techniques for labeling hepatocytes within different portions of the hepatic lobule to follow their capacity for renewal. The lobule represents the main functional unit of the liver and can be divided into three “zones” (Figure 1). Blood enters the liver through portal tracts located in zone 1, and then percolates between sheets of hepatocytes (“sinusoids”) through zones 2 and 3 until exiting the liver through the central veins. This arrangement facilitates the exchange of small molecules between the bloodstream and the hepatocytes, subserving the liver''s roles in detoxification, metabolic regulation, and synthesis of plasma proteins.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Specialized hepatocytes in the pericentral region of the hepatic lobule. The hepatic lobule is represented as a hexagon, with blood entering through portal tracts at the periphery and converging on a central vein (CV) at the epicenter. As blood makes its way inward, it passes through three “zones” of hepatocytes. As shown by Wang et al., central vein endothelial cells release Wnt ligands, resulting in the activation of Wnt signaling in hepatocytes adjacent to the central vein (zone 3). When labeled with a Wnt-responsive reporter (illustrated in green), these cells exhibited a heightened ability to replicate, with label subsequently appearing in hepatocytes in zone 2 (and even zone 1) of the liver.Zonation within the lobule is known to be under the control of Wnt signaling, with Wnt activity highest in zone 3 hepatocytes near the central vein and lowest in zone 1 hepatocytes near the portal tracts^5,6. Based on this, Wang et al.⁴ hypothesized that the zone 3 cells might constitute a hepatocyte subset with a heightened replicative potential. Taking advantage of the fact that zone 3 hepatocytes have higher Wnt activity (and hence higher expression of the Wnt target gene Axin2), the authors used an Axin2-CreER mouse strain⁷ to label these cells and follow their fate.Using this approach, Wang et al. made a number of important observations about the dynamics of cellular turnover in the liver. First, they found that pericentral hepatocytes divide at roughly twice the rate as other hepatocytes, with an estimated doubling time of roughly 14 days, confirming suggestive results from a previous study⁸. Second, they found that the labeled cells made up an increased percentage of liver mass over time, expanding from roughly 5% of liver area a week following labeling to roughly 30% of liver area a year later. Third, the authors discovered that central vein endothelial cells produce high levels of the soluble Wnt ligands Wnt2 and Wnt9b. Wnt signaling in the pericentral cells was required for their enhanced proliferation, suggesting that central vein-derived Wnts might define a “niche” for fast-replicating pericentral cells. Finally, Wang et al. showed that in contrast to most hepatocytes, which are polyploid and contain a 4N or 8N complement of DNA, the majority of Axin2+ hepatocytes are diploid. This latter finding was interpreted as an explanation for the enhanced replicative activity of pericentral hepatocytes; however, other studies have shown that diploid and polyploid hepatocytes have equivalent growth rates in vivo⁹.In light of these findings, it is enticing to think that this population of pericentral hepatocytes might be the long sought-after “liver stem cells”. Indeed, other work has shown that in addition to robust self-renewal properties, hepatocytes have the capacity to differentiate into cholangiocytes, a distinct cell type¹⁰. According to the formal definition of a stem cell — a cell which has the capacity to both self-renew and give rise to another lineage — pericentral hepatocytes would thus appear to fit the bill. Paradoxically, however, pericentral hepatocytes are uniquely incompetent incompetent in terms of their ability to become cholangiocytes¹¹, suggesting that there is a tradeoff in a cell''s ability to replicate vs (trans)-differentiate.Because lineage tracing studies, particularly those that rely on Cre recombinase, can be misleading, the results of Wang et al. will need to be confirmed using independent approaches. Nevertheless, the findings raise a number of stimulating questions. How does Wnt signaling govern hepatocyte replication and other features of hepatocyte behavior? Why are pericentral hepatocytes enriched for diploid cells if euploidy does not result in a growth advantage for hepatocytes, and what are the factors that determine replicative capacity? And finally, how do pericentral hepatocytes factor in during liver regeneration, when the liver must sense, and return to, an appropriate size? Regardless of the answers to these questions, this study points to the importance of considering heterogeneity within the pool of differentiated cells — and not just stem cells — when evaluating mechanisms of tissue homeostasis and regeneration.     

Rat hepatocyte primary cultures

Summary Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes survived well for up to 4 days in defined medium in the presence of dexamethasone but not in its absence. The loss of viability was accompanied by a loss of ultrastructural features characteristic of hepatocytes. The cultures began producing plasminogen activator and a neutral protease after 24 hr in culture. Dexamethasone inhibited the production of both of these substances. The deterioration of the cultures appeared not to be related to plasminogen activator, but prolongation of survival by a variety of protease inhibitors suggested that the neutral protease might contribute to deterioration. Dr. Goldblatt was supported by Grant No. SG-87 from the American Cancer Society as an American Cancer Society Scholar while on sabbatical leave from the Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut. This study was supported by Contracts NO1-CP-55705 from the National Cancer Institute and 68-02-2483 from the Environmental Protection Agency.     

Principles of hepatocyte repopulation

Hepatocyte transplantation (HTx) is technically feasible and can be clinically beneficial. Current research focuses on optimizing parameters which relate to the outcome of HTx, including site of transplantation, cell number and, most notably, the preferred cell type to be transplanted (differentiated adult vs. fetal hepatocytes vs. putative progenitor or precursor cells). However, the single major impediment towards the clinical effectiveness of HTx is the limited expansion of donor cells in the recipient liver. To this end, a relative growth advantage must be present or is to be imposed on transplanted hepatocytes versus resident cells. Possible strategies are presented and discussed.     

肝脏再生的动物模型

肝细胞移植相对于全肝脏移植有其优越性,包括低致死率,低耗费,技术可行,有克服器官短缺的可能性,具有临床应用的潜能。目前关于移植肝细胞再生的研究大多数关注在选择最佳的移植位点、移植细胞数、移植细胞类型。然而,临床应用的最大障碍是移植细胞在受体扩增能力有限。移植细胞在多种动物实验模型中能大量替换肝实质细胞。通过对这些模型的探讨初步探索了移植细胞再生的相关条件 。     

The hepatocyte calcium oscillator

Hepatocytes stimulated with calcium-mobilising agonists generate free Ca transients whose frequency is modulated by hormone concentration. Importantly, the time-course of individual free Ca transients is independent of agonist dose but does change with agonist species. A receptor-controlled model in which protein kinase C provides negative feedback directed against the different receptors, or receptor-specific G proteins, has been proposed in order to explain the agonist-specificity of the falling phase of the free Ca spikes. Here we show further evidence, from mixing of hormones and from the effects of elevated cAMP, of receptor-specific information within the spikes.     

Requirments for primary human hepatocyte

‘Requirements for Primary Human Hepatocyte’ is the first set of guidelines on Primary Human Hepatocyte in China, jointly drafted and agreed upon by experts from the Chinese Society for Stem Cell Research. This standard specifies the technical requirements, test methods, test regulations, instructions for use, labelling requirements, packaging requirements, storage requirements and transportation requirements for Primary Human Hepatocyte, which is applicable to the quality control for Primary Human Hepatocyte. It was originally released by the China Society for Cell Biology on 9 January 2021. We hope that publication of these guidelines will promote institutional establishment, acceptance and execution of proper protocols and accelerate the international standardization of Primary Human Hepatocyte for applications.     

Portocaval shunt for hepatocyte package

In developing therapeutic alternatives to liver transplantation, we have used the strategy of applying a small intestinal segment as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation and also as a portocaval shunt (PCS) system to address both liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of such an intestinal segment in animal models. Hepatocytes isolated from luciferase-transgenic Lewis rats were transplanted into jejunal segments of wild-type Lewis rats with mucosa removal without PCS application. Luciferase-derived luminescence from transplanted hepatocytes was stably detected for 30 days. Then, we performed autologous hepatocyte transplantation into the submucosal layer of an isolated and vascularized small intestinal segment in pigs. Transplanted hepatocytes were isolated from the resected left-lateral lobe of the liver. On day 7, hepatocyte clusters and bile duct-like structures were observed histologically. To create an intestinal PCS system in pigs, an auto-graft of the segmental ileum and interposing vessel graft were anastomosed to the portal vein trunk and inferior vena cava. However, thrombi were observed in vessels of the intestinal PCSs. We measured the correlation between infusion pressure and flow volume in whole intestines ex vivo in both species and found that the high pressure corresponding to portal hypertension was still insufficient to maintain the patency of the intestinal grafts. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of the small intestine as a scaffold for hepatocyte transplantation in rat and pig models, but PCS using an intestinal graft failed to maintain patency in a pig model.     

Rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures

Summary The conditions for obtaining representative, adult rat hepatocyte primary cell cultures were improved such that viable yields of 50% of the liver were produced which gave rise to cultures representing 30% of the liver. The survival of the cultures in various media was compared revealing that in complex media, particularly containing galactose, survival was improved. This study was supported by Contract No. N01-CP-55705 from the National Cancer Institute and Research Grant No. BC-133B from the American Cancer Society.